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By J Miedecke

A metalliferous mine has operated at Storys Creek from the 1890s to 1979. Storys Creek drains from a pristine catchment and National Park and remains as the most degraded stream from historic mining in north-eastern Tasmania. It has been the subject of public concern since the closure, particularly at times of high rainfall such as existed in 1985 and 1986. The mine is located on the banks of the creek, which flows into a major river, the South Esk River, which is one of TasmaniaÆs largest rivers and important for recreational fishing and water supplies. For much of the life of the of the operations tailings were directly discharged into the creek, and in latter years stockpiled or very close to it. Little rehabilitation was carried out at mine closure. The result was erosion and subsequent deposition on the banks of the creek downstream. Direct emissions of adit water and the consequential emission of contaminated ground water to the creek continue to affect water quality. Contaminant loads discharging from the mine and tailings comprise 70% of the metal load in the catchment and are by far the largest single source. Acidity data suggested that the introduction of systems to introduce alkalinity could be effective in ameliorating the residual acid drainage impacts in the Storys Creek catchment. After a period of investigations and trials which proved their effectiveness, treatments adopted have included the following: relocation of tailings to a constructed and clay capped disposal area and rehabilitation of tailings area; crushed limestone addition to stream flows; crushed limestone addition to creek banks and exposed tailings; sealing of a drainage Adit; and construction of an anoxic drain to generate alkalinity to surface waters draining to old mine workings. These innovative treatments have resulted in a marked improvement in water quality draining from the area. The anoxic drain is believed to be one of the few, if any, which has been constructed to have generated high levels of alkalinity from clean waters and offers a solution to the clogging problems experienced in such drains in the past. Similarly, the use of crushed limestone in an active stream has proved effective in buffering acid drainage and removing metals from solution.

Jan 1, 2003

By F T. Suorineni

Empirical methods are deeply rooted in geomechanics. This is a consequence of the recognised complexity of the nature of the rock mass. The usual assumptions of material continuity, homogeneity, isotropicity and linear elasticity often assumed for soil, concrete and steel are difficult to justify in a rock mass except for mathematical convenience. These assumptions form the bases for most mechanistic, analytical and numerical methods in geomechanics. Believers in empirical methods argue that the complexity of the rock mass and its interaction with structures developed in it is adequately accounted for in empirical methods, which compensate for our ignorance.Franklin (1993) defines empirical design as quantified judgement based on experience. He further states that empirical methods often prove ‘closer’ to the ‘truth’ than the apparently more precise predictions of theoretical analysis, adding that based on real data empirical methods provide a standard against which theoretical predictions are measured and can be judged. This paper takes a critical look at the common empirical methods in geomechanics – rock mass classification systems (Bieniawski, 1973; Barton, Lien and Lunde, 1974; Hoek, 1994a), Laubscher block caving design rules (Laubscher, 1994), the stability graph (Mathews et al, 1981), pillar design equations (Salamon and Munro, 1967; Hedley and Grant, 1972; and their derivatives), pillar design chart (Lunder and Pakalnis, 1997) and failure criteria (Hoek and Brown, 1980; and its derivatives). The common thread in the application of these methods is that in most cases they are often applied blindly without an understanding of the underlying assumptions and database limits. This paper emphasises that users of these methods need to know the underlying assumptions, database limits and inherent hidden risks that are often unmentionable for their satisfactory use. Finally, suggestions are provided for the efficient use of empirical methods and how they can be improved.CITATION:Suorineni, F T, 2014. Reflections on empirical methods in geomechanics – the unmentionables and hidden risks, in Proceedings AusRock 2014: Third Australasian Ground Control in Mining Conference , pp 143–156 (The Australasian Institute of Mining and Metallurgy: Melbourne).

Nov 5, 2014

By C A. Foss, D A. Clark, D Hillan

While magnetic surveys are the most common geophysical method used in mineral exploration, magnetics and geology remain to be fully integrated quantitatively in iron ore provinces. Although high-resolution aeromagnetic data has been collected over prospective areas of the Hamersley Province, much of the information in the data sets has hitherto not been fully exploited due to a lack of suitable interpretation methods. Recent advances in the processing and modelling of magnetics in highly magnetic terrains, constrained inversion and 3D visualisation and understanding the magnetic properties of banded iron formations and iron ores potentially create the capability to generate realistic 3D mapping of magnetite and hematite concentrations over large areas. Initial processing of conventional total magnetic intensity data produces true potential field maps that are unaffected by local perturbations of the regional geomagnetic field direction by intense local anomalies. The true potential field can be converted into vector and tensor components, each of which emphasises different structural features of the geology. Scalar quantities derived from these components simplify interpretation, using new methods, developed by CSIRO and elsewhere, that are less sensitive to magnetisation direction. Preliminary interpretations allow interpolation between mapped units and structures and evaluation of remanence and anisotropy effects. Accurate modelling requires rigourous treatment of self-demagnetisation and magnetic interaction effects. Semi-automated constrained inversion, combining magnetics with available geological information and other geophysical data, can be utilised to generate models of disposition of major magnetic units and the 3D magnetisation distribution within them. The final stage of interpretation is to exploit the understanding of magnetic properties (susceptibility, anisotropy and remanence) developed over many studies by CSIRO, the University of Western Australia and others to convert the interpreted magnetisation distributions into 3D maps of magnetite and hematite contents, which are the quantities of direct exploration interest.CITATION:Clark, D A, Foss, C A, Austin, J and Hillan, D, 2015. Three-dimensional mapping of magnetite and hematite concentrations from reprocessing of detailed aeromagnetic data, in Proceedings Iron Ore 2015, pp 229–240 (The Australasian Institute of Mining and Metallurgy: Melbourne).

Jul 13, 2015

The non-renewable energy resources of Queensland comprise coal, petroleum (oil and gas), oil shale and uranium. Coal is widely distributed., and has been developed extensively both for export and for use within the State. Proven reserves total 5 390 million tonnes recoverable of coking coal and 5 580 million tonnes recoverable of non-coking; very large resources particularly of non-coking coal are still to be quantified by further drilling. Annual production is of the order of 20 million tonnes of coking coal, principally for export, and 6 million tonnes of non-coking, mainly for power generation within the State. Petroleum resources are meagre in com- parison with those of coal. Initial recover- able reserves of liquids (mainly in the now substantially depleted Moonie Oil Field) totalled only 4.2 million m3. Initial recover- able reserves of gas (mainly in the western Surat and Bowen Basins) totalled 7 800 million m3. Annual production is of the order of 64 thousand m3 of liquids for refining in Bris- bane, and 268 million m3 of gas mainly for production of fertiliser and for industrial and domestic heating, in Brisbane. Prospects are fair for the discovery of additional reserves. Two deposits of oil shale are potentially of economic significance. The Rundle deposit at The Narrows in central Queensland has the

Jan 1, 1979

By C Beal

Proper understanding and management of production drilling in sublevel cave (SLC) mines is essential for meeting production targets and for avoiding inefficiencies that could lead to costly bottlenecks. In many SLC mine management models drilling is considered a derivative activity of firing and bogging. Its scheduling is considered to be implied in a firing schedule and given an arbitrary target completion, ‘several weeks’ or ‘a month’, ahead of production firing. Like development, drilling activities are most efficient when conducted separately from other production activities. Unlike development, however, it is not apparent during planning and feasibility how far in advance of firing drilling activities ought to be conducted. This paper presents a method of defining a minimum threshold of drilled stocks above which drilling, firing and bogging operations occur most efficiently. As an example, the drilling activities, procedures, and maintenance at Glencore Xstrata’s Ernest Henry Mine are presented, and the larger scale consequences of improvements to these areas are presented to illustrate their importance in the operation of an SLC mine.CITATION:Beal, C, 2014. Understanding the role of production drilling and drilled stocks in efficient operation of a sublevel cave mine, in Proceedings 12th AusIMM Underground Operators’ Conference 2014 , pp 235–242 (The Australasian Institute of Mining and Metallurgy: Melbourne).

Mar 24, 2014

By N Boughen

This paper synthesises the findings of five studies undertaken by the CSIRO Wealth from Oceans Flagship in 2009-10. This research explores the concerns, expectations, and information needs of a range of stakeholders, (ie government, seafloor exploration and mining industry, other marine industries, environmental non-government organisations (NGOs), community members) in relation to the possible exploration and mining of minerals and aggregates from the seafloor, as well as the conditions for meaningful engagement with communities regarding seafloor exploration and mining (SEM) activities. The SEM industry has been described as the ‘next minerals frontier’, as incentives to explore and mine seafloor resources increase because of diminishing reserves of easily accessible onshore mineral and aggregate deposits. However, the conditions (if any) under which SEM would be acceptable to stakeholders (notably the public and regulators) have not been established. This work seeks to address this gap and ascertain the levels at which potential environmental and social impacts become unacceptable to those stakeholders. The research follows an earlier phase of studies undertaken in 2006 - 2008 that: identified the opportunities and barriers to the development of SEM in Australia, took the first step towards understanding the public and political contexts surrounding the industry, and mapped the positions of key stakeholders and captured their major issues and concerns. Together, these two phases of research confirm that environmental concerns dominate stakeholders’ responses to the idea of an expanded industry. However, the most recent phase of research has also found that, similar to current onshore scenarios, reservations due to environmental concerns do not completely outweigh social and economic objectives. This is provided stakeholders feel confident that there are systems in place (regulatory frameworks, watchdogs, independent research, and stakeholder consultation) to ensure that all interests are protected. When making decisions about the social acceptability of potential seafloor mining, stakeholders favour a precautionary approach, supported by rigorous scientific analysis of the potential environmental impacts, transparent and socially responsive management processes, and meaningful stakeholder engagement. This paper outlines the details of these findings, which may also be relevant to understanding the social acceptability or ‘social licence to operate’ for other future mining scenarios featuring a new approach or technology.

Nov 22, 2011

ILZRO sights are locked securely on the targets of the expanded applications and ever-improving quality in the major market for zinc-coated steel. A wide range of ILZRO-sponsored research projects examine issues of formability, paintability, and corrosion resistance for traditional hot-dip galvanising, electrogalvanising, and ILZRO's own proprietary zinc coating, Galfan. Recent research has focussed on the on the interaction between Galfan and different substrate steels to determine optimum combinations for different applications. ILZRO enjoys an evolving role in providing the connection between research laboratories and marketing divisions through supporting research and services for the Galfan Technical Resource Centreò(GTRC) and the recently formed North American Galfan Development Authority (NAGDA). GTRC has just produced a new problem-solving manual that provides a comprehensive source of hands-on solutions for the many Galfan licensees throughout the world, and should contribute substantially to the reputation of Galfan as a consistently top-quality steel-coating product. Meanwhile, NAGDA is advancing the market with new advertising for Galfan based on superior corrosion-resistant qualities proven through ILZRO-sponsored research. Practical manufacturing issues remain at the forefront of ILZRO priorities, with research emphasis on cutting and welding zinc-coated steel to provide direct assistance towards improved product quality and a more secure market. Moving to the arena of die casting, when the specifier looks to zinc to fill a design need, ILZRO-sponsored research projects provide comprehensive documentation on metallurgical characteristics for every zinc alloy under almost any imaginable application. On-going ILZRO-sponsored research is integrating this wealth of data with sophisticated computer programs that model die-casting designs with ever-increasing accuracy, as other ILZRO projects lay the market groundwork for zinc in applications ranging from vibration damping to electromagnetic shielding.

Jan 1, 1993

By M Chen, G H. Wang, J R. Zhou, P Yan, W B. Lu

Blast vibration analysis is one of the important topics in the control technology of blast vibration damage. Nowadays, blasting vibration safety standards are based on both the particle velocity and the frequency of vibration and they have been adopted widely and internationally. However, the analysis on vibration frequencies is less studied compared to investigations of peak particle velocity. For the vibration induced by a spherical charge in a viscoelasticly infinite rock mass, an expression of vibration spectrum taking into account the damping effect of rock mass is inferred. Then the attenuation laws of dominant frequencies and centroid frequencies are compared theoretically. For the case of cylindrical charge, dynamic finite element method (DFEM) software of LS-DYNA is employed to analyse the attenuation laws of characteristic frequencies. The research demonstrates that, no matter whether it is a spherical charge or a cylindrical charge, there is a local mutation or fluctuation at some distance when the blast proceeds, while the centroid frequencies conform to a smooth attenuation law. Both the multipeaks structures of vibration spectra and the decay rate difference between high- and low-frequency components contribute to the mutation or fluctuation investigated in this study. Additionally, an increase in longitudinally sonic velocity or the quality factor of rock mass produces an increase in the vibration frequencies, whereas an increase in blast source diameter or the rise time of blast load produces a decrease in vibration frequencies from a spherical charge. In borehole blasting, there is a positive correlation between the vibration frequencies and charge diameter, whereas there is a negative correlation with charge length. And altering the initiation plan will change vibration frequencies to various degrees. Finally, theoretical analysis results were validated by the empirical data from field experiments of Fengning pumped storage power station.CITATION:Zhou, J R, Lu, W B, Chen, M, Yan, P and Wang, G H, 2015. A further study on the attenuation laws of blasting vibration frequency, in Proceedings 11th International Symposium on Rock Fragmentation by Blasting, pp 673–682 (The Australasian Institute of Mining and Metallurgy: Melbourne).

Aug 24, 2015

Brand se Baai, on the North-Western Cape Coastline of Southern Africa, is the site of the Namakwa Sands Limited Heavy Mineral Sands Mining Operation. The mine is a 14 000 000 tonnes per annum open-cast strip-style mining operation using truck and excavators to mine the sand. The orebody consists of relatively unconsolidated sands reworked by fluvial, marine and aeolian mechanisms. The total orebody includes three primary ore types, namely the Red Aeolian Sands, the Dorbank (a hardcap layer) and the Orange Feldspathic Sands, which forms the bulk of the resource. Mine planning and scheduling is done using a 50 m + 50 m variable bench height system with three primary bench heights. The Aeolian and Dorbank each have a bench that varies with their thickness of up to a maximum eight metres and the Orange feldspathic sand, a standard bench height of eight metres. For a number of years Namakwa Sands used a complex 2D, Datamine Based, macro system to perform the resource evaluation and mine design. As the mining operations expanded it became clear that a complete system redesign was required to cope with the increasing operational pressures coming to bear on the old system. The biggest challenges facing any replacement system are the sheer scale of the mining operation (16 km long and 7 km wide resulting in a minimum of 30 000 individual 50 m + 50 m mining blocks), the size of the geological data files (up to one gigabyte) and representing the benching system accurately (as the benches follow the topography and are not horizontal). In addition to these large-scale issues, the ability to run multiple mine design scenarios was required, an aspect which the old system was unable to perform adequately. Based upon these primary difficulties, a new business process was developed which required a complete rethink of the mine design methodology as well as the creation of a new system to deplete the resource model, produce monthly reconciliation evaluations and create a ultimate pit limit based on the operations mining cost model. Using a system based on the Earthworks Mine2-4D Mine Design and Scheduling System (with its mine design and scheduling specific tools), as well as a small, customised program, massive time-savings have been made. It is now possible to run several life of mine scenarios in the same timeframe that a single life of mine run took under the old system. This paper will present the methodology and business decisions behind the new Namakwa Sands system, and detail the restructuring and development used to deal with the large data set sizes and long processing times inherent in the old system. Future enhancements to the system that will make it more generically applicable to open-cast mining scenarios will also be dealt with.

Jan 1, 2003

By Chaturvedula V. K

Pillar extraction carried out using various methods (split and lift, Wongawilli and Old Ben) involves the formation of narrow fenders (commonly 7 m of coal) formed by driving "splits" for lifting off with a continuous miner. The strata above a split and fender adjacent to the goaf consists of a cantilever beam (usually >3 m thick) that extends from the solid coal and bridges across the fender. Lifting off the fender from the split in safe conditions depends upon the bridging capability of the cantilever and the fender strength. The nature and competence of the immediate and near roof, the support capability of the coal fender and the presence of faults and or joints can adversely affect the bridging behaviour of the cantilever. Insufficient knowledge of these parameters can lead to extraction under dangerous conditions. Remnants of fenders ("stooks") also support the cantilever and their dimensions are critical to obtain regular caving and goaf falls. Stook area, goaf roof span and roof stand-up time after lifting can be related and only a relatively small increase in stook area of 10-15 m2 can lead to a significantly increased stand-up time, especially under a massive roof. Such conditions strongly influence the re- distribution of abutment stresses and can create increased outbye pillar loading. Based on detailed underground geotechnical investigations, it is concluded that strata caveability, roof cantilever behaviour, fender H:W ratio and remnant stook size are all critical parameters for successful and safe pillar extraction.

Jan 1, 1992

By I M. Platten, Y Xie, B W. Cuffley, S C. Dominy

"Geometallurgical programs require the collection of representative samples for geochemical, mineralogical and metallurgical test work. Such protocols must be designed to suit the style of orebody in question. The distribution, proportion and size of gold particles have a direct impact on the effectiveness of sampling and test work protocols, and the gold recovery processes employed. Characterisation studies focusing on ore mineralogy, and gold particle deportment, size and distribution are required. High resolution X-ray computed tomography provides a non-destructive method for analysing the 3D nature of gold in rock samples. It can be used to calculate the modal abundance, particle size and distribution of gold in the sample volume. This paper presents a case study of the imaging of in situ gold particles in a high-grade gold ore. The Nick O’Time reef system comprises laminated quartz veins, which locally bear extreme grades of up to 100 oz/t gold. The mineralisation has previously been characterised from both a mineralogical and metallurgical perspective. Eight visible gold-bearing vein samples were scanned using X-ray microtomography. Microtomographic data were integrated with previous mineralogical and metallurgical test work outputs.CITATION:Dominy, S C, Platten, I M, Xie, Y, Cuffley, B W and O’Connor, L, 2016. Characterisation of Gold Ore from the Nick O’Time Shoot (Tarnagulla, Australia) Using High Resolution X-ray Computed Tomography, in Proceedings The Third AusIMM International Geometallurgy Conference (GeoMet) 2016, pp 241–254 (The Australasian Institute of Mining and Metallurgy: Melbourne)."

Jun 15, 2016

The Gympie Goldfield was the sixth largest producer of gold in historic terms in Australia. The Joint Venture Agreement between BHP Gold Mines Limited and Devex Limited was signed in January 1987. Since that time, some $20 million have been spent on underground and surface exploration work in the southern portion of the goldfield. The project is of considerable interest as the dewatering, rehabilitation and equipping of an old rectangular timber-lined shaft has been undertaken. The project is located in Gympie, a city of 10,000 people. The issues of dealing with urbanisation and associated environmental aspects are vital to the success of the project. An outline of the project and the geology of the mineralised structures follows:

Jan 1, 1989

AT Broken Hill, N.S.W., where flotation is tbe final stage in concentration, the gangue minerals are discharged as an aqueous pulp, and water recovery from the pulp being essential, provision must be made for the clisposal of the solids and for the return of the clear water to the cemcentrating mill circuit. This water also contains an appreciable quantity of flotation reagents, and is more effective for flotation than supply water.In the development of a scheme for the disposal of large quantities of residues, several of the more important factors for consideration are:(a) Tonnage to be handled.(b) Grain size of residues and pulp density.(c) Dewatering of residues and return of clear water to mill circuit.(d) Possible uses of residues.-A varying proportion of sand residues is used for underground filling, and to a limited extent for yoncrete making and other engineering work.(e) Choice of a suitable dumping area. - Before deciding upon this area consideration will be given to possible future operations so that the dump will not be likely to interfere with any development which may be necessary. Again, residues dumped at the present time as worthless or...

Jan 1, 1927

Backfil ling of excavated Sub Level Open Stopes has been underway since March 1989 and as at December 1992 some 1 100 000 cubic metres of Cemented Aggregate Fill have been placed. During these three years significant developments in fill quantities, types and cost have taken place.Operational improvements have reduced the quantity of Cement Aggregate Fill by 40 per cent. These results have been achieved by:ò rescheduling stopes,ò designing smaller primary stope, and ò use of uncemented rockfill.Unit cost for Cement Aggregate Fill have fallen in the order of 50 per cent through:improving fill hole reli ability,simplified barricade construction procedures, reducing the cement content,ò substituting dune sand for deslimed mill tailings, ò improved maintenance at the Backfill plant, and ò renegotiated site freight agreement.This paper will review the historical developments of backfill use at Olympic Dam.

Jan 1, 1993

Competition in the mining industry is the main driving force for both equipment manufacturers and end users to develop and apply the most cost efficient solution to a mining problem. Therefore the challenge to find new solutions is usually met by several suppliers under various factors of influence affecting specifications. Time and timing are particularly important, but all new developments ultimately have to successfully perform on site.Consideration of all aspects of planning, manufacturing, user liaison and ultimate satisfactory commissioning hinges on the necessities of assessing of all the expectations in the mining application and the requirements of the concept and layout team. To apply the maximum available technical competence with solid thorough workmanship is the best possible foundation for success of underground machinery development.

Jan 1, 1991

By Eggleton R. A, Taylor G

As the search for major orebodies continues, the regolith dominated areas of the Broken Hill region remain one of the major exploration frontiers. The past exploration philosophies emphasising bedrock related characteristics have been limited in their ability to effectively explore in the regolith dominated areas, that are a feature of most of the Broken Hill region (Figure 1). If mineral exploration is to be more effective across all of the Broken Hill region, particularly in the regolith dominated areas, an appreciation and increased understanding of the regolith and landscape features are a necessity. Ironically, there have been very few studies of the regional regolith and landscape features of this region. Owing to the previous lack of an established regolith-landform framework, this study initially concentrated on the general characterisation and variation in regolith types corresponding to the area of the Broken Hill Block, within NSW (Willis, 1989; Stevens, 1986). The approach has been to produce a regional regolith-landform map at 1:100 000 scale and conduct a complimentary program of regolith sampling and site descriptions. This was a basis to identify areas for more detailed regolith-landform mapping (1:25 000 scale) and for producing a regional stratigraphic framework and models for landscape and regolith evolution. This information can then be used to provide a basis for regional mineral exploration models and strategies. This paper highlights some of the regionally significant regolith-landform features and their general significance to mineral exploration. More detailed information on specific regolith-landform features and study sites may be found in Hill et al (1994; 1996; in press) and Hill (in prep).

Jan 1, 1997

By Bearman R. A, Parkin R. M

In the comminution industry cone crushers are widely used for secondary and subsequent stages of size reduction. Traditionally cone crushers have been operated and monitored manually. Alteration of discharge setting is now commonly achieved via hydraulic means, however, compensation of liner wear can still involve plant shutdown and loss of production. Drift in discharge setting due to liner wear is still a major problem that must be addressed to improve product quality, consistency and reduce recirculating load. The continuous demand for better quality products and the high cost of reprocessing or discarding unsaleable material, highlights the need for re-examination of the technology associated with the crushers to ensure optimum control and system efficiency. A collaborative project between Pegson Ltd, one of the leading UK manufacturers of jaw and cone crushers, De Montfort University Leicester, and Transfer Technology plc was established to address the technological requirement for automation of the control of cone crushers. The machine chosen for the study is a 900 Autocone cone crusher manufactured by Pegson Ltd. The design philosophy is based on a mechatronic approach providing a complete solution through a distributed network of intelligent sensors, artificial intelligence technology and adaptive control. The modular design of the system ensures a progressive sophistication in technology that allows the automation to be phased in as required. This will ensure maximum benefits to all sectors of the aggregate industry. It is estimated that the automation will result in savings of around ten per cent. The savings will result from minimising the production of unsaleable products by reliable condition monitoring and automation of the control and maintenance of system parameters to optimise system efficiency. Extension of the methods and principles into the mining sector is anticipated. The control over the size of crusher product will offer great benefits to the mining industry with significant implications for subsequent milling and beneficiation processes.

Jan 1, 1995

By B J. Monaghan, R J. Longbottom, S Prabowo, D Del Puerto, B Maisuria, C W. Bumby

The use of hydrogen as a reducing agent can substantially reduce carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions from the ironmaking process. Iron ore fines can be reduced in a fluidised bed (FB) using hydrogen (H2) at high temperatures (>800°C), although several studies have reported the sticking of particles which causes the bed to defluidise, effectively shutting down the process. Here, we report results from the reduction of New Zealand (NZ) titanomagnetite (TTM) ironsands in a small-scale laboratory FB (100 g) at temperatures between 800–1000°C using H2 flow rates up to 5 standard L/min. No sticking phenomena are observed under any of these conditions, which is attributed to the formation of a stable titanium-bearing oxide layer on each particle’s exterior, preventing iron-iron contact at the particle surfaces. Pre-oxidised NZ TTM ironsands have also been studied and shown not to stick. Interestingly, at lower reaction temperatures the reduction kinetics for pre-oxidised ironsands is faster than for as-received ironsands. This increased kinetic rate can be attributed to the preoxidation stage inducing micro-fractures that create a void for the hydrogen to diffuse into the inner regions of the particle. In addition, oxidation of TTM appears to segregate the particle into two distinct phases, a high Aluminium-Magnesium (Al-Mg) phase and a high Titanium (Ti) phase. The findings are important as increasing the operating temperature of the FB reactor results in a faster reaction rate and higher gas utilisation, making the process more economically attractive. Furthermore, oxidation of NZ TTM ironsands results in a faster reduction rate at lower temperatures (800°C– 900°C) opening the opportunity to reduce the reaction temperature which might be beneficial in a final commercial-scale process.

Sep 18, 2023

By L Abrahamsson

This paper describes results from a gender study for a new mine in Pajala, a small community in northern Sweden. Using a gender perspective, the study examines migration, education, local culture, the labour market, and work organisation as problems and opportunities in the regional context for the planned mine. The most obvious ‘gender issue’ for the Swedish mining industry is the very low percentage of employed women, which is even lower among mining workers. To recruit the best people, a company actively needs to attract both women and men; however, the mining companies find it difficult to recruit women as cultural, labour market and educational traditions as well as the mining companies’ own cultures often make it difficult for women to find work in the mining industry.The Torneå river valley, the region surrounding Pajala, has a gender-segregated labour market and gender-stereotyped culture and few young women live in this traditional and oldish region. Many young people leave the region and this is especially true for women. Compared to the rest of Sweden, there is a low educational level, especially among the men. In the mining companies, as in many other male homosocial workplaces, the workplace culture has strong connections to a certain type of traditional masculinity (laddishness, a kind of ‘macho-style’) and for a long time this has excluded women. ‘Gender’, however, is not only a question of recruiting women to a male-dominated industry. An organisation that discriminates according to gender can become inflexible, hindering communication, learning, innovations and change processes. In mining companies, this can manifest itself in hesitant attitudes among the miners about safety as well as organisational and technological development.This study found that companies establishing a presence in this region should develop a strategy for how to deal with and manage the risks and opportunities in the surrounding society (the regional culture) as well as inside the company (the mining culture). This need to be strategic will also be required of future mining companies as they will face higher demands on safety, gender equality, and technology to become modern, efficient and lean organisations.

Nov 22, 2011

Newmont Australia Limited has for some 15 years mined a number of large open cuts associated with the Telfer Gold Dome deposits. The principal ore body exploited has been the East Flank of the Main Dome where a very high grade gold reef deposit of mixed metal sulphides, grades in excess of 20gA Au, has been mined in conjunction with dissemi- nated mineralisation contained in the overburden material. The main ore body has been under review for some years as an under- ground mine, however due to the ore body widths of less than 1 metre and a dip generally less than 35 degrees and a very weak host rocks earlier studies all resulted in a continuation of open pit mining activities. In early 1988 it was recognised that open cast mining would not be able to mine all of this valuable resource and a feasibility study was commenced to come up with a practical and economic approach to underground mining.

Jan 1, 1991