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By Milene Muniz Eloy da Costa

Devido à grande aplicação de polímeros no nosso dia a dia sob condições de trabalho reais, ou seja, sob a influência de intempéries, surgiu a necessidade de estudos visando a avaliação de resistências estruturais e mecânicas desses polímeros. O envelhecimento é um processo que envolve mecanismos simultâneos que influenciam diretamente suas propriedades mecânicas, degradando os materiais. Com esse intuito, foi avaliado o envelhecimento por análise de espectroscopia no infravermelho por transformada de Fourier (FTIR) do PEMD de controle (tempo 0) e das amostras ensaiadas sob raios UV por 300, 600 e 900 horas. Os resultados obtidos mostraram o aparecimento e desaparecimento de bandas nos espectros de FTIR, que, relacionados aos resultados de emissão acústica (EA), indicaram a ocorrência de cisão de cadeias, ramificações e reticulações.

Aug 16, 2017

By Dyego Irineu Silva de Almeida

O presente trabalho foi proposto em sala de aula, na disciplina de tratamento térmico de ligas metálicas, do curso de Engenharia Metalúrgica da Universidade Federal do Ceará e teve como objetivo comparar as diferenças entre microestruturas e propriedades de um aço SAE 1016 após os tratamentos térmicos de normalização, têmpera e têmpera intercrítica. Três amostras do mesmo material foram tratadas termicamente. Uma amostra foi normalizada, outra temperada e outra temperada na zona intercrítica e após as análises metalográficas e ensaios de dureza foi possível concluir que a amostra normalizada apresentou uma microestrutura ferrítica com ilhas de perlita, a amostra temperada a 930ºC apresentou microestrutura martensítica e a amostra temperada na zona intercrítica formou microestrutura bainítica em uma matriz ferrítica.

Oct 30, 2017

By Carolina Conter Elgert

O impacto de alguns elementos microligantes no tamanho de grão e nas propriedades mecânicas obtidas em diferentes rotas de processamento foi estudado neste trabalho para uma laminação de barras de aços especiais, special bar quality em inglês, SBQ. Esse estudo compreende as etapas iniciais da metodologia para o desenvolvimento de um modelo capaz de prever o comportamento da microestrutura e as propriedades mecânicas obtidas em processos de laminação de barras, que é pouco difundido para aços microligados. Foram testadas duas variações de aços microligados, com diferentes percentuais de Nb e Ti A rota de processamento mostrou um papel fundamental para a obtenção de melhores propriedades mecânicas nos aços testados – um aprimoramento considerável foi observado quando o material foi laminado seguido uma sequência termo-controlada.

Oct 30, 2017

By Willian Facundes

Foram estudados os aspectos termoquímicos e operacionais dos aços ultrabaixo carbono com alto teor de silício e alumínio, visando eliminar a obstrução da válvula gaveta (clogging) que gera transtornos operacionais como: redução da velocidade de lingotamento, retorno de aço remanescente na panela para o convertedor e interrupções de sequenciais. Realizou-se também a caracterização do material solidificado no interior da válvula gaveta utilizando técnicas de microscopia óptica e eletrônica. Os estudos mostraram que as inclusões eram formadas principalmente por alumínio, contendo também oxigênio e cálcio. Visando reduzir a quantidade de alumina no aço, substituiu-se o alumínio pelo ferro silício como agente desoxidante e exotérmico. Após essa alteração conseguiu-se eliminar a obstrução de válvula gaveta e consequentemente, os transtornos operacionais.

Aug 16, 2017

By Tiago Fernando de Abreu e Silva Tomanik

Massa plástica refratária e placas isolantes têm sido utilizadas por um longo período em Fornos de Reaquecimento de Placas e Tarugos na Indústria Siderúrgica. Novas tecnologias para o revestimento refratário tem ganhado crescente interesse nos últimos anos em função da redução no consumo de combustíveis, redução em tempo e custos de manutenção e, consequentemente aumento de produtividade. Esse trabalho apresenta o desenvolvimento de um novo concreto isolante, de aplicação por projeção, para condições de alta temperatura, que permitiu a substituição do concreto denso na face de trabalho. Essa nova tecnologia permitiu uma redução no tempo de reparo e alta confiabilidade, pois suporta muito bem as agressivas condições da atmosfera do forno. Também será discutido o futuro desenvolvimento de projetos com significantes economias em energia.

Oct 30, 2017

By André Luiz Monteiro Martins

O objetivo do projeto foi otimizar a disponibilidade e o tempo de utilização do equipamento responsável pelo refino secundário de aço líquido da CSN, o Desgaseificador a vácuo RH. Esta otimização ocorreu através da monitoração de eventos gerados por sensores instalados no equipamento para verificar quando o mesmo iniciou a operação e qual foi o tempo necessário para completar o processo. O Disponibilidade do Desgaseificador a Vácuo RH se trata de uma ferramenta gerencial que realiza o mapeamento completo da produção no Desgaseificador durante vinte e quatro horas por dia, capaz de mapear o tempo do processo com base no tempo padrão do grau de aço e tempo de parada do equipamento, apontando todos os problemas que afetam a produção.

Aug 16, 2017

By Rene Guilherme Lopes

A refrigeração necessária a separação e liquefação dos gases do ar em uma planta de separação de ar do tipo PL de fabricação Praxair, é produzida em um equipamento denominado “Bridge Machine”. Foi identificada a oportunidade de operar este equipamento acima da capacidade nominal, porém havia algumas restrições para atingir a pressão necessária, tais como: a linha de descarga, a calibração da PSV, a MAWP (pressão máxima te trabalho admissível) do aftercooler e PHX (trocador de calor principal da Planta) e de outras linhas no processo. Para aumentar a produção na Bridge Machine, fez-se necessário requalificar a MAWP do aftercooler e do PHX, além de substituir as linhas de descarga e recalibrar a PSV, assim podendo trabalhar com a pressão máxima possível.

Jul 31, 2018

By Henry Chumienski

Next to the paper industry, the steel industry is a major user of water. Without an adequate and reliable source of “good” water, steel cannot be produced. The use of water has a direct impact on steel quality and on our environment. Used improperly, water can also add unnecessary costs. Used properly, water can maintain and improve steel quality, enhance our environment and control or reduce the “total cost of operation”. Water needs to be more than just “wet and not lumpy”. Water quality needs to be based on the end use. This paper discusses ways to manage many of the water systems. With little or no capital investment it is possible to develop operating practices that protect your initial investment, ensure that the water systems do not have a negative impact on quality or your production costs and also minimize your chance of having an environmental incident.

Jul 30, 2018

By Pedro Jorge Walburga Keglevich de Buzin

The steel production in mini mills generates several process residues, among them the electric arc furnace dust (EAFD). This residue has as main elements Fe, O, and Zn, being classified as hazardous by the presence of Pb and Cd. In recent years, a rise in the chlorine content of this residue was observed, motivated by the increased use of scrap with impurities bearing this element. In this work, a qualitative assessment of the presence of chlorine in the electric steelmaking process is made. Complementing it, theoretical considerations based on the computational thermodynamics tool FactSage show the effects of the chlorine on the mineral species in EAFD and on gaseous species in the gas phase (HCl and Cl2). For this study, PVC polymer was used as the chlorine carrier substance which contaminates the EAF charge; presence of other minor elements in the system such as K, Na and Pb were also considered.

Aug 7, 2018

By Maciej Korecki

Pyrowear®Alloy 53 steel is an excellent material for the construction of drive transmission components (gears, shafts, etc.) which have to operate in difficult conditions primarily in the aviation industry (Fig. 1.). Among the properties of such items is a high case hardness and abrasion-resistance, while the core remains flexible and is capable of carrying large impact loads. They can work at elevated temperatures with limited lubrication. The thermal treatment of such materials is based on case hardening by means of carburizing. This paper presents the technology of vacuum carburizing of Pyrowear® Alloy 53 steel. It discusses the methods of establishing different profiles of carbon concentration in a layer and their influence on the hardness profile. The effects of sub-zero treatment and tempering on the properties of the hardened case are also considered. It also presents a SimVaC® simulator of vacuum carburizing, designed especially for Pyrowear® Alloy 53 steel, which provides highly accurate predictions of the outcome of the process as the profile of carbon concentration in the layer, or vice versa: establishes the process parameters which will guarantee the required profile.

Aug 16, 2017

By Anna Carolina Cerqueira Neves

Synthetic fibers have been gradually replaced by lignocellulosic fibers. Compared to the synthetic fiber, natural fiber showed economic and environmental advantages presenting interfacial characteristics with polymer matrices that favor the impact energy absorption by the composite structure. However, so far little has been reported about the hemp fiber embedded in polymer matrices, such as tensile properties. This study aims to evaluate the resistance in tensile tests of epoxies composites reinforced with different percentages of hemp fiber. Tensile tests were submitted with percentage of 0%, 10%, 20% and 30% incorporated hemp fiber in epoxy matrix. The tensile strength and deformation substantially increased the relative amount of hemp fibers incorporated into the polymeric matrix.

Aug 16, 2017

By Pedro Augusto David Machado

The hot metal produced in small blast furnaces runs with a highly heterogeneous charcoal. The result is a significantly higher hot metal chemical composition variation, especially for the silicon content, which varies from 0.4 to 1.5% in Mini Blast Furnaces - MBFs, designed to feed an EAF and/or a BOF. These MBFs operate with frequent variation in their productivities to feed preferably only one of the steelmaking reactors, that is, EAF or BOF. The hot metal suitable amount, chemical composition and temperature, to be delivered at the steelmaking vessel, become the major concerns in the integrated operation MBF to EAF or BOF. In order to cope with those undesirable frequent variations, a solution has been proposed based on the existing technologies of oxygen jets and ladle refining techniques adapted to a hot metal ladle or to a Torpedo Car. The proposed technique is not only able to adjust hot metal temperature and chemical composition, but it also generates the adequate conditions for refinement from P and S, as well as “cleaning” hot metal ladles and Torpedo Cars by melting pig iron skulls. Therefore, this new technique development results in high hot metal yield, an adequate chemical composition and bigger campaign of hot metal ladle.

Aug 17, 2017

By Constantino Capurro

For certain applications, coarse titanium nitride (TiN) precipitates can be deleterious for the final properties of the material. Hence, in order to better understand the mechanisms involved in the generation of these precipitates, a thorough characterization of the particles observed in steels with different titanium and nitrogen content was carried out. Samples from liquid steel (tundish), continuous casting billets and final product were evaluated using an Automatic Particle Analyzer (APA) coupled to a Scanning Electronic Microscope (SEM). The location, frequency, size distribution and composition of the different particles observed were assessed. While only few TiN precipitates were observed in liquid steel samples, the density of this type of particle significantly increased in the continuous casting billets samples. Particles ranging from 1 to 10 µm were mainly found in the interdendritic zones of the as-cast structure. The density of TiN particles observed in these samples did not change after re-heating and rolling operations. A model to predict TiN precipitation during solidification was developed. A reasonable agreement was found between model results and measured data. Results of this analysis confirmed that the precipitated fraction of TiN increases as the product of steel Ti and N contents rises.

Oct 30, 2017

By Georg Keintzel

The origin and elimination of 3rd octave mill chatter is a frequently investigated topic since tandem cold mills are in operation. So far only chatter monitoring systems have been successfully deployed, but this implies speed reductions and therefore a significant loss in mill output. Primetals Technologies has developed a new system using active injection of damping in order to eliminate 3rd octave mill chatter. The new hydraulics-based ChatterBlock® Control has now been proven successfully in mill operation. 3rd octave mill chatter, typically occurring in a frequency range between 90 and 150Hz, is a self-excited vibration phenomena typically occurring in the rear stands of tandem cold mills. It can produce significant gauge variations and even cause strip breaks. 3rd octave mill chatter is characterized by a quickly diverging vertical vibration of the rolls for specific rolling conditions (material, mill speed, forces, gauge etc.). Its occurrence requires immediate speed reduction of the mill in order to avoid strip breakage and/or strip quality degradation. This phenomenon thus severely limits mill productivity. The first step to proof the industrial feasibility of the new system was its installation on stand no. 4 of a 5-stand tandem mill. The development process and first results of the industrial implementation will be presented in this paper.

Aug 16, 2017

By Ernesto Furtado de Mello Neto, Eliezer Thuler, Claudio Vano Nunes, Carlos Alberto Cristofari

The Brazilian steel industry is dealing an adverse scenario with direct competition from global emerging markets. In this scenario, the need to improve asset operational performance, makes complex studies involving technical knowledge and asset life behavior, become important tools to support companies strategic accomplish. These studies allow consider performance, costs and operational risks relationship in the decision make process. The Asset Management approach support these studies in order to observe the whole asset life cycle, understand value chain through all company process and optimize the asset economic life. In this context, the present technical work has the purpose to support asset management decision making regarding ArcelorMittal Vega cold rolling drive motors, through the motors fail behavior modelling and estimated the risks involved in asset management decision. Through the Reliability, Availability and Mantenability (RAM) analysis, simulations were performed considering the failure, repair cost data and investments to build options to mitigate the operational risks.

Oct 9, 2019

By Andreas Volkert

Energy efficiency, equipment reliability and cost reduction are of the key factors in any efficient plant. Badische Stahlwerke (BSW) started using its own burner technology in 2001, this was developed by Badische Stahl-Engineering (BSE). Over the past 15 years, Badische improved all aspects of its Virtual Lance Burner (VLB), to perfectly fit all steelmaking requirements. This tiltable VLB was first tested at BSW’s electric arc furnace no. 2 in 2012. Promising results like reduction of refractory wear, energy efficiency, reliability, etc., were obtained. At the same time the existing VLB system was further improved with regards to the design of the water-cooled copper box. Today in 2016 both EAFs at BSW are equipped with the new patented tiltable system and the new copper box design. The paper will describe the results of the past years at Badische, but will also show the performance at other installations.

Aug 17, 2017

By Breno Totti Maia

In the present paper, a new energy balance equation was developed, considering the slag phase, in order to define the effects of jet penetration and determine a new value for the factor K. The factor K measure the resistance to momentum transference between exit nozzle and metallic bath. The experiments were performed based on the same conditions of the article used as a comparison. The results showed the same behavior between the experiments and it was possible to determine a new value for the factor K, which changed from the unit order for the metal phase system to hundredths order for the metal and slag phase systems. These results are considered unprecedented.

Aug 17, 2017

By Sebastien Maillard, Stephane Georges, Thomas Vallee, Stanislas Mauuary

Steel strip manufacturing ever reinvents proposing new grades, requiring to tackle technical limitations of production systems. Primetals Technologies breaks through strip welding by expanding the welder LW21L “Asolid” technology used on low gauges for high-end market such as automotive CAL/CGL. Addressing the usual drawbacks in maintenance, operation and safety of current welding system based on mechanical cutting and CO2 laser welding, the newly developped LW21H “Asolid” technology processes thicker strips up to 7 mm with solid-state laser cutting and welding. This new welder is brought to reality through a scale 1:1 pilot developed, manufactured and tested in Primetals Technologies workshop.

Oct 1, 2019

By Jan Knobloch

Inter Stand Cooling (ISC) can increase productivity of a HSM and improve final mechanical properties of the strip. Constant Target Exit Temperature can be ensured for the whole strip length eliminating skid marks and other temperature oscillations of the transfer bar. The paper deals with advanced control module of ISC. Essential mathematical models of the control system is introduced and basic functionality is explained. Temperature model is based on FEM. Mechanical and thermal properties of the strip are calculated from chemical composition using neural network. Further on an experimental possibilities for investigation and design of ISC cooling headers will be shown. In conclusion practical experience with ISC on various HSM will be discussed.

Jul 30, 2018

By Karl Berger

Today we are talking about Industry 4.0, as the latest revolution of industrial processes and progress, considering that the steam engine (Industry 1.0), railways and cars, mass production in the 1920th (2.0), Industrial Automation (3.0), and finally integrated manufacturing, integrated communication, and internet (4.0) can be seen as the state-of-the-art situation in industry, nowadays. Similar to the Industry progress, we can approach the rolling process of material, which started about 150 years ago in a very basic way. Steam engine- and belt driven-mills were very operators’ intensive, brutal and risky to operate. Mechanical improvements brought throughput, safety and quantity, as also quality of the products. The rolling of steel, in particular of rails, beams, rebar, strip (focus in this paper) and plate has enabled the large scale transport and travel, the building of bridges and buildings, the manufacturing of ships and cars. From single stands to continuous rolling trains the production and quality of mills increased significantly. From ingots and blooms to slabs, we have to admit a big jump in which has changed the face of the world significantly. Thin Slab Rolling has revolutionized the output and the throughput of rolling mills (Generation 3.0 to 5.0). Finally, Endless Rolling, has boosted the quality and quantity of rolling mill processes and permitted nowadays to enter in market niches which were not thinkable a decade ago. Mastering the automation and applying reliable systems (mechanical and electronically) of drives, actuators and sensors, as also communication and information interchange to all levels of automation are the success factors of such complex mills, we call herein after “Rolling Mills of Generation 6.0”.

Aug 16, 2017