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By Cesar Garban

The samples of the washings are characterized of the ore for physical, chemical and metalurgical properties for representivity. the optimum values are determined for the recuperation of gold of the washings of the gold ore from the zone El Callao, Venezuela by acidic solutions of thiourea of the following parameters: Ph , contact time, composition of the liquid mixture, ratio of solid to liquid, grade of liberation, in an apparatus designed for contacting solid powder of the mineral with liquid solution of thiourea mantained in suspension by bubles of compressed air. The experimental results showed that the velocity of lixivation in primier time of (20) minutes is rapid and practically 2/3 part of the reaction is completed. For experimental design of parameters, the optimum conditions of recuperation of gold determind in this experimental investigation are:

Jan 1, 1999

By Xiang Sun

Microwave processing has been under continuous development as an advanced heating method in modern industries. However, problems with uneven heating still remain. Although heating uniformity is highly dependant on the properties of the materials being heated, proper furnace design to prevent uneven field distribution is another important factor. As an alternative to experimental measurements and adjustments to find appropriate furnace parameters, computer simulation is a convenient method for modeling, understanding, and improving the uniformity of microwave heating. This paper discusses current modeling technologies as well as applicable techniques for improving microwave heating uniformity. The purpose is to give a basic understanding on how to find, analyze, and minimize the problems associated with uneven heating in microwave processing.

Jan 1, 2006

By Yuanyuan Zhang, Patrick J. Masset

"The reduction of FexO in slag is one of the fundamental reactions in iron and steelmaking technology, including the blast furnace process (BF). Experiments on the reduction reaction of iron oxide using CaO-SiO2-Al2O3-FexO-C mixtures were carried out using thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) under reducing conditions at temperatures up to 1100°C. The composition of the primary slag was chosen so that the FexO concentration varied between 0 and 75 wt % and the CaO/SiO2 ratio being kept constant to 0.90. From the TGA curves recorded isothermally at different temperatures the kinetic parameters of the iron oxide reduction were determined.IntroductionIn blast furnace the iron ores and coke are charged in layers from the top. The reduction of iron oxide by coke is one of the fundamental reactions in the blast furnace process. Although a great amount of work has been done on the topic of reduction of composites [1, 2, 3], gasification of carbon [4, 5] and reduction of iron oxides by CO [4, 5, 6], the mechanism of reduction in iron oxide - carbon powder mixtures is not fully understood. Fruehan [1] and Rao [2] studied the reaction rate of the reduction of iron oxide by different types of carbon and concluded that the reaction mechanism is controlled by the oxidation of carbon at temperatures up to 1200°C. Rao [2] studied the reaction of hematite with graphite as carbon source up to 1080°C. An activation energy close to 300 kJ/mol was calculated within the temperature range of 950°C to 1087°C. In his study, Fruehan [1] determined the rate of reduction of Fe2O3 and FeO by coal, coke and coconut charcoal as carbon sources within the 900°C to 1200°C temperature range. He found that the reduction of Fe2O3 by carbon occurs in two stages and that the reduction of Fe2O3 to FeO is faster than that of FeO to Fe. This is due to the fact that the CO2/CO equilibrium ratio is higher, and hence, the rate of oxidation of carbon is faster. Fortini and Fruehan [3] have studied the reduction reaction of wustite by graphite and wood charcoal. They found that the wustite reduction can have a significant effect on the overall rate of reduction in composites at high temperatures or in the presence of a large excess of carbon. The calculated activation energy of the reduction reaction by wood charcoal was close to 368 kJ/mol, while the activation energy of the reduction reaction by graphite was 444 kJ/mol."

Jan 1, 2011

By Jenifer S. Heath

Human health risk assessments can be used in mine permitting, and are frequently used to investigate areas of potential contamination and as a basis for remediation decision making. While some states and US Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) Regions have their own guidance for the conduct of human health risk assessments, USEPA Headquarters guidance and the underlying science are changing and advancing rapidly. Even outside the US, USEPA guidance can affect risk assessment costs and conclusions, which in turn can affect cleanup costs or permitting options. This paper summarizes recent USEPA guidance and scientific evidence related to human health risk assessment for mining sites. This paper is designed for non-risk assessors, and so focuses on the potential applications and implications of the new guidance rather than the mathematical and theoretical details.

Jan 1, 1999

By Dieter Wanner

Off-gas cleaning from metallurgical? plants, requires in many cases very low dust contents which are, difficult to achieve with conventional scrubbers, even with high energy input. Lurgi has developed a scrubber which improves the separation of the fine dust by electrical charge prior to the scrubbing zone,, An Electrostatic Scrubber has been successfully installed for the off-gas cleaning from slag granulation after a waelz kiln achieving less than l mg/m3 in the clean gas.

Jan 1, 1992

By A. V. Tarasov, A. D. Besser

A processing flowsheet has been developed for treating substandard lead-containing polymetallic bulk concentrates and intermediate flotation products containing precious metals, which comprises oxidizing roasting in a calcination kiln and electrothermic smelting generating low volumes of off-gas. The proposed flowsheet also incorporates a dust collection system and sulfur dioxide recovery from off-gas. It is proposed to implement this process by using a reaction smelting technique. For this purpose, the charge to be fed to the smelting furnace after its calcination in a drum-type rotary kiln must have a ratio of sulfide sulfur to sulfate sulfur of at least 1 :2. Electric smelting makes it possible to produce lead bullion that also collects the precious metals contained in the feed, as well as copper-lead matte and slag containing zinc. The recovery of lead into lead bullion and into matte is approximately 83% and 14%, respectively (thus the overall recovery is 97%); the total recovery of gold and silver into lead bullion and matte is 98%; th\lt of copper into matte is 89%; the recovery of zinc into slag is 96%; and that of sulfur into sulfuric acid or gypsum is 90%. After the recovery of zinc from slag, the latter can be utilized in the construction industry.

Jan 1, 2000

By C. Lupi

The electrorefining of primary copper is a well known technology: in this work copper scrap was directly processed in the same way. he copper and copper alloy scrap was previously pressed by means of a 20 tons apparatus in order to avoid pyrometallurgical operations. The samples obtained in this manner showed a good compactness so that they were used as anodes in the electrorefining tests. The tests were carried out on anodes made by copper scrap, copper alloy scrap and a mixture of the two. The electrorefining tests were performed at both 303 and 333 K, in a perspex cell having a volume of 500 ml using a current density of 250 A/m2. The cathode used was always a sheet of pure copper and the electrolyte composition was 40-50 g/l Cu as CuS04 and 150-200 g/l H2SO4. Current efficiency in the range of 92-97% and specific energy consumption ranging from 0.14- 0.20 kWg of copper were reached in all the tests. The refined copper deposits were analyzed by AAS to verify their purity and observed by SEM to highlight their morphology.

Jan 1, 1998

By G. A. Brooks

The problem of treating concentrates with increasingly higher levels of arsenic and antimony is compounded by the trend to stricter environmental guidelines regarding the disposal of smelter wastes. Much of the arsenic and antimony from non-ferrous processes is recovered as oxide fume. The options for handling these fumes include recycling them to the smelter, stabilising and disposing of them, and recovering values from them. Whilst arsenic oxide has little value, there is a market for antimony oxide and this provides an incentive for devising techniques for separating antimony oxide from arsenic oxide before disposal of the arsenic oxide. Arsenic can be separated from antimony oxide by selectively volatilising the more volatile arsenic trioxide from a mixed oxide sample or by selectively condensing the less volatile antimony tetroxide at high temperatures, leaving arsenic trioxide to condense out at lower temperatures. The results of selective volatilisation experiments at 379 to 587 °C indicate that it is difficult to achieve an arsenic content below 5.0 wt.% using air or nitrogen as carrier gas due to the formation of solid solutions between the two oxides. Injection of oxygen into a mixed vapor stream improved separation by selective condensation and antimony tetroxide containing as low as 0.23 wt.% was obtained in laboratory experiments.

Jan 1, 1994

By Wei-Tong Du, Yu Wang, Gang Wen

Carbon dioxide (CO2), a major component of the greenhouse gases, could be comprehensive utilized as a valuable resource to oxidize vanadium during the converter vanadium extraction process. The thermodynamic software, FactSage, was utilized to study the oxidation ability and theoretical cooling ability of using weak oxidant CO2 as coolant in vanadium-containing hot metal. Besides, experimental research on vanadium extraction in CO2 and O2 mixed blowing extracting process had been undertaken. The results indicated that the elements C, Si, V, Mn etc. could be oxidized by weak oxidant CO2, and the content of V2O3 in slag was approached to pure O2 blowing. Furthermore, CO2 had a remarkable cooling ability and the molten bath temperature kept on decreasing as CO2 blowing rate increases. This research has proved that CO2 and O2 mixed blowing in vanadium extraction process are effective.

Jan 1, 2015

By Jin-tao Gao

In order to recover Ti resource from titanium bearing blast furnace slag, a new technology to separate perovskite phase from CaO-TiO2-SiO2-Al2O3-MgO system by supergravity is researched. In the condition of gravity coefficient of 750g, treatment temperature of 1305°C and time of 20min, the significant layers appear in samples which are obtained by means of centrifugal treatment. Along the direction of the supergravity, the volume fraction of perovskite phase increases gradually, and the equivalent diameters of perovskite phase crystals increases with the area approaching to the bottom of the sample. It is indicated that TiO2 is enriched in the bottom of sample as concentrate with a recovery ratio of 74.05% by supergravity treatment.

Jan 1, 2014

By W. Dresler

Design details of a 100 kVA DC electric-arc reduction furnace are described. The furnace is equipped with a 610 mm (24 inch) diameter graphite crucible hearth. A 76 mm (3 inch) diameter top graphite electrode is used as a cathode. The current passes through the bottom of the crucible and is carried to a bottom plate (the anode) by conductive magnesia carbon bricks. The furnace can be operated up to a maximum of 120 V, 1800 A, and presently 100 kW. The start-up operating experiences and metallurgical results of one reduction test with a Montana chromite containing 38% Cr2O3 are discussed.

Jan 1, 1994

By Bora Derin

The synthesis of titanium diboride (TiB2) by carbothermal reductions of TiO2 and B2O3 was investigated. For this aim, TiO2, B2O3 and carbon black powders were dried, weighed out and mixed in stoichiometric molar proportions (TiO2:B2O3:C = 1:1:5). The experiments were carried out in a graphite resistance furnace in argon media using different range of temperature (1400- 1700 °C) and time (0 and 15 min). The phase analyses observation of the products were examined by using XRD.

Jan 1, 2008

By Esperidiana A. B. Moura, Célio H. Wataya, Roberta A. Lima, Rene R. Oliveira

Biodegradable starch/copolyesters/silica nanocomposite films were prepared by melt extrusion, using a twin screw extruder machine and blown extrusion process. The influence of the silica nanoparticle addition on mechanical and thermal properties of nanocomposite films was investigated by tensile tests; X-rays diffraction (XRD), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analysis and the correlation between properties was discussed. The results showed that incorporation of 2 % (wt %) of SiO2 nanoparticle in the blend matrix of PBAT/Starch, resulted in a gain of mechanical properties of blend.

Jan 1, 2015

By Yuanbo Zhang, Qian Li, Helei Zhang, Heng Yu, Guanghui Li, Tao Jiang

"Large reserves of specularite iron ores have been found all over the world, which is characterized by high total iron grade, low gangues content, as well as low commercial price. However, it has not been widely used in sinter or pellet production due to its inferior sintering and roasting behaviors. It has shown that the proportion of specularite ores was increased as high as 40%~50% and good results was achieveed by using Composite Agglomeration Process (CAP), an innovative agglomeration process invented by Central South University. But the mineralization of specularite is still unknown during composite agglomeration processing. In this paper, the induration characteristic of specularite ore is studied by simulating CAP in laboratory, as well as microstructure analysis of CAP product. The results show that specularite pellet is mainly indurated through recrystallization of Fe2O3, calcium ferrite within high basicity sinters matrix interweaves with the recrystallized Fe2O3 on the surface of the pellet, which forms an integral microstructure, and ensures high strength of CAP product for ironmaking.IntroductionLarge reserves of specularite iron ores have been found all over the world, especially in Minas Gerais of Brazil, Xuanhua city and Anshan city of China, Elba island of Italy, St.Gotthard of Switzerland, Cumberland of Britannic, and so on. The specularite ores have a smooth surface, as well as a good crystallization and dense texture. When specularite is used to produce pellets, the specularite ore grains are difficult to adhere onto green ball due to its poor ballability. Moreover, specularite pellet requires high roasting temperature over 1300°C [1]. When specularite ore is used in sintering, the permeability of sintering bed gets bad and the quality of sinter is diminished. The practice in a few sintering plants finds that the output and strength of sinter decrease with the increase of specularite proportion, and the consumption of coke increases [2-4]. Therefore, the utilization of specularite has been limited. Composite Agglomeration Process (CAP) is an innovative technology invented by Central South University [5-7]. The process has the following merits: making reasonable utilization of different iron ore resources; improving the quality and output of sinters; manufacturing sinters with low basicity; significantly reducing energy consumption, etc[8-9]. It has been shown that large proportion specularite ores, as high as 40%~50% can be used well by CAP [10], but the mineralization of specularite pellet is still unknown during composite agglomeration processing. In this investigation, the induration characteristics of specularite ore pellets is studied by simulating CAP in laboratory, and the phase composition and microstructure of CAP product are also characterized by using microscope and Leica image analyzer (Germany, Leica DM RXp)."

Jan 1, 2011

By Atsuhiro Nabei, Ken-ichi Yamaguchi

"Wet chlorination process of de-copperized anode slime is followed by de-chlorination stage in which lead-sulfate and metallic silver form silver residue. The silver residue is subsequently reduced to Ag2Se matte and PbO-SiO2 slag to remove lead to the slag in a short rotary furnace. Although this smelting process is proven well in actual operations, few papers have investigated its metallurgical aspects. This paper will describe the effectiveness of controlling parameters adopted at the Naoshima Smelter & Refinery and discuss the decisive factors influencing silver loss to PbO-SiO2 slag.IntroductionThe precious metals plant at Naoshima smelter & refinery was established in 1989, and has produced electrolytic silver, refined gold and platinum-group metals (PGM) from de-copperized anode slime as by-products of electrolytic copper. The process for gold production has been innovated from conventional smelting process to hydrometallurgical process since 2004 [1], while the process for silver production has still remained the same.The process for silver production at the Naoshima smelter & refinery is illustrated schematically in Figure 1. De-copperized anode slime is, at first, concentrated in the froth flotation process, then leached in the wet-chlorination process, and converted to silver residue in the de-chlorination process. The silver residue, which is a mixture of lead-sulfate and metallic silver, is charged to a short rotary furnace for the oxidation roasting to volatilize selenium dioxide and subsequent reduction smelting. In the smelting stage, silver residue and reverts containing selenium are smelted with flux and carbonaceous materials to form PbO-SiO2 slag and Ag2Se matte. Furthermore, Ag2Se matte is transferred to a rotary cupell and oxidized by air with the addition of sodium carbonate and sodium nitrate to produce silver anodes while removing impurities into litharge. Silver anodes are electrolytically refined by the Moebius process. Electrolytic silver is washed, dried and, finally, cast into 30kg-bars."

Jan 1, 2011

By Hua-qing Li

Electromagnetic stirring process effectively improves the casting quality of metals. In this paper, the physical simulation experiment, in which the molten copper is displaced by mercury, was designed. The factory test parameters were determined according the simulated data. The flow behavior of the mercury to be stirred as well as the relations between the microstructure of plate blanks and the current parameters were analyzed. With an appropriate electromagnetic stirring, the inverse segregation of tin for C51900 alloy plant blank reduces from 15 % ~ 30 % to about 5 %, and the proportion of equiaxed grain rises to larger than 30%.

Jan 1, 2009

By Jianhong Dong, Min Chen, Cuihuan Huang, Bo Li, Nan Wang

"Scale layer can be formed on the slab surface in the areas of secondary cooling and strand discharge during continuous casting process. From 1000 °C -1200 °C, the influence of steel composition on the stable oxide phases inside scale layer, particularly the types of alloying elements including aluminum, silicon and chromium, is investigated under different partial pressures of water vapor by the calculated predominance diagrams of iron oxide as well as its intermediate compounds formed with other metal oxides, and the stable oxide phase composition within scale layer under the working condition of secondary cooling is discussed. At lower partial pressure of water vapor, only a iron spinel (or ferrosilicate) phase is the stable phase with any alloying element contents in steel composition, whereas the stable phases are FeO and iron spine! (or ferrosilicate) inside the scale layer at higher partial pressures of water vapor .IntroductionOxide scale formation on the surface of cast and rolled products because of oxidation by the surrounding oxidizing atmosphere is a significant disturbance factor in steelmaking. The yield loss of iron because of scale formation is considerable during continuous casting and hot rolling process. Surface quality more often is impaired by scale property, which increasing the difficulty of quality assurance, dimensional accuracy and performance control. Furthermore, a potential source for subsequent surface cracking (hot shortness) can be caused by the enrichment of scrap residuals (Cu, As and Sn) at the steel substrate surface as a result of steel oxidation [1-2]. In flat products manufacture via thin slab casting technologies, these phenomena are particularly pronounced and require enhanced development efforts in descaling efficiency [3].Compared with the scale formation in continuous casting, the quantity of scale formed during hot rolling and reheating in the rolling mill is larger, and control of scale formation and descaling is a long-established task in hot rolling. Therefore, extensive research and development work have been carried out, including the effects of heating and rolling temperature on the thickness and microstructure of scale layer, heating time and furnace atmosphere, cooling mode, and steel composition on the scale formation, more attention has been given to the control of scale formation during reheating and hot-rolling process. On the other hand, hardly any specific efforts and countermeasures are taken in continuous casting, and very less research has been done despite the network-type crack on the as-cast strand surface caused by the subscale enrichment of scrap residuals [ 4-7]."

Jan 1, 2014

By Jaeheon Lee

Gold-copper alloys are shown to form during the cementation of gold on copper in a solution containing 0.25M [S2O32-] at 25oC. The alloy composition is strongly dependent on the initial Cu:Au ratio in solution and ranges from Au3Cu to AuCu3. XPS results for Au, Cu, S, and O are reported as a function of depth through an entire deposited film with an initial solution containing 20 ppm [Au] and 30 ppm [Cu]. The deposit contained about 20 atomic % gold and was predominantly Cu3Au. Underpotential deposition (UPD) theory is discussed as a mechanism for explaining the formation of these alloys. Several other systems that produce alloys during contact reduction/cementation are also discussed.

Jan 1, 2003

By Jinfu Xu, Youqing Cao, Yuting Lv, Hang You, Peng Jiang

"In present work, we reported the fabrication of composites consisted of M42 powder metallurgy high speed steel and 45 steel at one step via spark plasma sintering (SPS) technology. The interface microstructure, compositions and microhardness with the interface forming mechanism were investigated. The results show that the morphology and microhardness within the M42/45 steel interfaces exhibit a gradient distribution. The interfaces possessed a transition layer up to 10.2 ?m with few distortions and microcracks. The formation of M42/45 steel interfaces were driven by both fusion and diffusion processes. The former one was primary at the early sintering process, while the later one becomes dominant over the followed sintering process.IntroductionPowder high-speed steels have been widely used in cutting tools, cold-hot tools and dies, as well as in cut materials and structure parts with wear resistance and high-temperature resistance, due to its high hardness, good wear resistance, desirable cutting toughness and favorable hot hardness [1-2]. For materials of some parts in practical production, not only the favorable toughness is required to resist the impact action, but also the high hardness and exceptional wear resistance are demanded. According to the functional requirements and working conditions, bimetal composite materials are prepared in a certain mode, proportion and distribution, by designing two metals with different chemical and physical properties [3-6]. Considering the composites exhibit different properties in different positions of the parts with a combination of the advantages of two metals, they can obtain enhanced properties that the single one can not achieve."

Jan 1, 2012

By Young-Chul Kang

The Onsan Copper Smelter of LG-Nikko Copper Inc. is a unique plant, which has been operating two smelting processes since 1998. The operation of the first one was started in 1979 with a capacity of 80,000tpy of copper in concentrates utilizing Outokumpu flash- smelting technology. The other one was started in 1998 based on Mitsubishi continuous process with a capacity of 160,000tpy of copper in concentrates. Through several expansion projects, the total smelting capacity of both processes is expected to reach 430,000tpy of copper in concentrates towards the end of 2002. This article describes operation advantages of having two different processes at one plant and comparative operation results in terms of productivity, impurity distribution, energy consumption and environment issues and etc?

Jan 1, 2003