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By Joseph D. Martinez

"The benefits of modern technology can readily be identified with energy availability. A clear correlation has been established between per-capita energy consumption and the GNP for various nations. The United States is an outstanding example of a nation which has benefited from vast energy reserves. The nation is now challenged, how¬ever, by dwindling reserves and the need to develop new sources consistent with the preservation of environmental quality. The development of new, virtually inexhaustible and environmentally acceptable sources cannot be expected for several decades. Meanwhile, we will have to depend on coal, nuclear energy and/or rigorous conservation measures.The net effect of environmental considerations has been to delay and perhaps ultimately eliminate the nuclear energy option as a national energy alternative. This forces a more positive move toward coal as the next major source of electrical power. Our coal resources are large, but the use and production of coal is also a threat to the environment. Thus, we seem to be moving from one major accessible source to another due to environmental concern only to face the probability that the alternative is also environ¬mentally unacceptable.Controversies revolving about energy choices must be resolved by an analysis of the relative benefits and impacts of these two sources and others. The pattern of changing energy sources is not new. We have moved from wood to coal to oil and gas in the past and must learn to adapt in the future. Rational decisions must be made relative to the utilization of intermediate energy sources pending development of promising future approaches. A collapse of current levels of energy supply could threaten our technological society and the means to develop a new energy base."

Jan 1, 1976

By Claude K. Howse

The area covered by the present paper consists of about fifty square miles in the immediate vicinity of the settlement of St. Lawrence, which is on the Southern extremity of the Burin peninsula on the south coast of Newfoundland. Physiography Physiographically, the area is part of the Atlantic upland, equivalent to the New England province of the United States. Evidences of two erosion surfaces are to be seen truncating the intrusives and the folded volcanics and sedimentary rocks. The older erosion surface is represented by small monadnocks from 650 to 750 feet in height with the younger surface covering most of the area and characterized by rounded subdued topography with maximum relief of two to three hundred feet and numerous ponds and bogs. These surfaces have been correlated with the High Valley and the Lawrence peneplains of Newfoundland. On the Avalon peninsula, these peneplains have elevations of, respectively, from 1,300 to 1,700 feet and from 500 to 1,000 feet. Glaciation The entire peninsula has been glaciated, with lee-and-stoss slopes showing on the highest hills in the immediate vicinity, many of which have striae and erratics on their summits. The lee-and-stoss slopes, the glacial striae, and the distribution of certain rocks found in the drift and whose source outcrops are known, indicate a southward direction of ice movement.

Jan 1, 1951

By Arthur M. Whiteside

Discussion of the laws bearing upon the economics of mining in this province at once resolves itself under three headings: (a) The rights and obligations of holders of mineral bearing lands; (b) Taxation of mines; (c) Regulation of methods adopted in financing mining operations. Titles: The law relating to titles is contained in the Mineral Act, Placer Mining Act and Coal Mines Prospecting Act. Origin: Mining laws in force in this province and elsewhere on the continent had their origin in the rule-of-thumb regulations adopted by prospectors themselves, when, far from the centres of civilization and the seats of the courts of justice, they found it necessary, for mutual protection, to fix the conditions of possession by right of location, and to prescribe the duties to be performed in order to enable the individual to maintain his ground against all comers. These regulations have been codified and added to by legislatures, until we find adequate protection and safeguard to property in the laws of this province.

Jan 1, 1924

By J. R. Foster

Investigations into the effect of a variety of acid digestions on common rock-forming minerals demonstrated a considerable variation in the proportion of the total metal extracted. A similar situation applies to the analysis of a number of common rock types. In addition, grain-size variation has an effect on the amount extracted by certain digestions. This work indicates that considerable care needs to be given to selecting an appropriate acid digestion capable of determining metal held in particular components of a sample. By using partial extraction techniques, the identification of certain patterns of metal distribution, undetectable by normal methods involving total metal analysis, may be achieved.

Jan 1, 1973

By F. R. Erick Mulder

"AbstractTwo bottom-hole samples have been taken from two new completions in the Turner Valley field, Royalite Lowery No. 8 on the west flank and Royalite No. 73, which was deepened into a lower fault block, on the northeast flank. From the bottom-hole oil of Royalite Lowary No. 8 a synthetic sample was prepared to simulate the original fluid in the reservoir, saturated at the gas-oil contact conditions. The sample from Royalite Lewery No. 8 has been shown to be the original fluid present at this well and represents the oil phase near the oil-water contact in• the reservoir. Complete chemical analysis, P.V.T., and viscosity data have been obtained on these reservoir fluids, which represent the range of saturation from the gas-oil to the oil-water contact in the Turner Valley oil structures. Sampling techniques and the application of the analytical data to reservoir conditions and field operations are discussed. Super-compressibility curves for an average separator tail gas have also been prepared. These data have not been available before. They will be of fundamental value in futu.re reservoir engineering studies of this field and will also serve as a guide in determining operating practices."

Jan 1, 1950

By S Romanchuk, V N. Macvkiw, D. J. I. Evans

The paper describes the processes developed and piloted by Sherritt Gordon Mines Limited for recovering copper, in the form of specification copper powders, from Lynn Lake sulphidic copper concentrates and Fort Saskatchewan Refinery by-product copper sulphides. The process includes ammonia pressure leaching and hydrogen reduction from solution. Nickel and cobalt present in the con-centrates dissolve in the leach solution and a method was developed for separating these metals from the cop-per. Methods are described for con-trolling the physical properties of the copper powder produced in the reduction vessel. The chemistry of the process is briefly discussed and the effects of some of the more important process variables are described. SHERRITT Gordon Mines Limited have developed and proven on a pilot plant scale, a process (I) for the production of copper powder

Jan 1, 1961

By H. J. Burchell

"IntroductionTHE PURPOSE of this paper is to introduce the reader to rock bolting and its present application in mining.Rock bolting consists of bolting insecure rock to secure rock in order to form a safe structure. The insecure rock may be a weak beam or loose from arching or from sloughing. The material is strengthened and held in place before damage can result.Little is known of the limitations of rock bolting; to date, work has been carried on by trial-and-error, with large safety factors being used. Rock bolts have been principally used for roof support. Bolting offers a new field of support to the mining industry: it now has a permanent position as a ground control method.HistoryRock bolting is a relatively new means of support, its exact origin being unknown.Bolting has been in use at the St. Joseph Lead Company's property in Southeastern Missouri for the past twenty-six years, the first attempts having been hit-or-miss trials before a systematic attack was made. Many instances of occasional use of rock bolts have come to light .in widely separated mining camps, .some dating back forty years.The first installations were made as supplements to wooden timbering where space was restricted. The excessive costs compared to wooden timbering hindered their advancement for a number of years"

Jan 1, 1955

By J. Lammers, D. Adams

Most pressure oxidation operations introduce oxygen through a large multi-use nozzle in the vapour space of the autoclave. Sparge pipes extend inside the vessel to the point of discharge below the compartment agitator. However, two zinc pressure leach operations have successfully used a bottom entry oxygen sparge system for a number of years. Recently, the concept has been used in a whole ore gold pressure oxidation operation as well as a copper pressure leach plant. Both of the latter operations also introduce cooling water for temperature control through the same sparge pipe. This paper addresses the benefits of the bottom entry system with regards to autoclave performance and the positive effects on agitator performance.

Jan 1, 2004

By W. Keith Buck

Introduction During World War II years, the magnetometer was used by various field parties of the Geological Survey of Canada, specifically in the search for chromite, a strategic war mineral. Throughout the summer of 1944, Professor J. W. Ambrose used the instrument experimentally on eight separate projects (1). Since then, several members of the Survey have come to consider its use to be of valuable assistance in the season's mapping. Dr. C. H. Stockwell, in particular, regards use of the magnetometer as a necessary part of detailed geological survey work. Throughout the field season of 1949, the magnetometer was used by Dr. Stockwell?s party as an aid to mapping in detail, to the scale one thousand feet to the inch, the south-west quarter of Dasserat township, Temiskaming county, Quebec. The principal geophysical project that was undertaken was the location of the Horne Creek fault and the Diabase fault in the area approximately midway between Arntfield and Kearns, on the Quebec side of the Interprovincial border. The location of these faults on either side of this central area was known. The Horne Creek fault is a subsidiary fault to the Cadillac 'break' which extends ?westward from Val d'Or through Cadillac to beyond Larder Lake. It lies to the north of that major fault zone and has a general southwesterly trend.

Jan 1, 1951

Research on alternative lixiviants for gold is ongoing; however few people have looked at complete flowsheets. Alternative lixiviants are typically applied at concentrations 50 to 100 times those required for cyanidation. The higher concentrations make lixiviant recycle a vital part of the process. In addition it is no longer feasible to rely on lixiviant destruction to produce lixiviant free clean water for recycle to the comminution circuit. Ausenco has worked with Barrick to integrate reverse osmosis into the thiosulfate RIL processing flowsheet that forms the basis of the plant upgrade currently being constructed at Barrick’s Goldstrike autoclave facility.

Jan 1, 2014

By H. O. Seigel

Induced Polarization includes many types of dipolar charge distributions set up by the passage of current through consolidated or unconsolidated rocks. Among its causes are concentration polarization and electrokinetic effects in all rocks and the phenomenon of Overvoltage in rocks containing electronic conductors such as metallic sulphides and graphite. In normal rocks the polarization effects may be usually con-fined within relatively narrow limits and any large departures may be at-tributable to the presence of electronic conductors. In practice, Induced Polarization is measured in one of two ways. In the first a steady current of some seconds duration is passed and abruptly interrupted and the slowly decaying transient voltages existing in the ~round are measured after interruption. This is known as the "pulse", "transient", or Direct Cur-rent Induced Polarization (D.C.I.P.).The second method entails a comparison of apparent resistivities using sinusoidal alternating current of two or more frequencies, generally within the range of 1/10 to 10 c.p.s. Induced Polarization extends the

Jan 1, 1962

By Gulshan Kumar Pradhan, Yogendra Pratap Singh, Dhawanm Nikhil

"Potassium (K) is one of the essential elements for the growth of plants and thereby for humans. In fertilizers, potash demand has been steadily increasing at ~3.5% annually. Water soluble potash deposits are rare and highly localized. India is neither present on the world potash production map nor it has adequate potash rich rocks. The K-bearing minerals are recovered either by using conventional underground mining methods or though solution mining methods. India possesses a vast resource of silicate rocks such as glauconitic sandstone and Feldspar. These rocks are basically a group of alumino silicate of potassium, sodium and calcium (K2O%: 5-12, Na2O%: 3-10%, SiO2%: 52-65, Al2O3%: 15-20, Fe2O3%:, 5-7 and MgO%: 2-3.5).The K extraction from silicate rocks has received little attention probably due to the slow release, the locked structure of alumina-silicate minerals, and the unavailability of appropriate economic processes & their know-how. In fact due to this India imports all of its potash demand (about 3.5 million tons per annum) from different countries.In the present work, an attempt has been made to identify the structural and chemical alteration of desired K mineral phase in silicate rock (~K2O%: 10.5, Na2O%: 2%, SiO2%: 55, Al2O3%: 19, Fe2O3%, 5-6, MgO%: 2.5) under different conditions such as acid leaching, thermal treatment and chemical processing. Different treatments are aimed to increase K availability which is related to the modifications in mineralogical composition. The modifications in the feed sample and treated samples are studied through SEM-EDAX, XRD, EPMA and optical microscope. With the combination of treatments, it is possible to extract more than 90% K and the formation of sylvite phase (water soluble) confirms the dissolution of potash values."

Jan 1, 2016

By E. R. Lea

The B. M. & S. orebodies, consisting of the No. 6 (Brunswick) and the No. 12 (Anacn Leadridgz, have the distinction of being the first major 1base metal ore deposits to be found in the Province of New Brunswick. They are massive sulphide de-posits consisting of pyrite (pre-dominantly) and base metal sulphides, and they carry values in lead, zinc, copper, and silver. These orebodies are localized within favourable drag fold structures believed to be related in their origin to external forces set up in the area subsequent to the primary regional folding. Both orebodies are characterized by the presence of magnetite 'iron formation' which, in certain 'Portions of each orebody, may be found as relics within the massive sulphides. Studies show the magnetite to be the first metallic mineral within the ore ?zones, followed by pyrite, Sphalerite, galena, and finally chakopyrite. The shape of these massive pyritk orebod:es as well as the distribution of values within them is controlled to a large degree by the ore-ore drag fold structures. A possible relationship is discussed between the basic intrusives in the area ?and the magnetite deposits. It is suggested that a large portion of ?the iron content of the massive suplhedes has been derived from the earlier magnetite. Intermittent movements in the area during the sulphide mineralization are believed to belong to the last stages of deformation in the area. These late movements may have been caused by the intrusion of the granite into the area. The granite may have a genetic relationship to the B. M. & S. orebodies.

Jan 1, 1958

By J. M. Ortiz, J. P. Bertini

"In mineral resource and ore reserve estimation, several sources of information are generally available, such as diamond drillholes, reversed-circulation drillholes, and blastholes, and originate from one or more sampling campaigns and are analyzed by one or more laboratories. In such a situation, the grade measurements may not have the same precision and one should distinguish between hard and imprecise data.This work aims at studying the impact of data imprecision in resource/reserve evaluation through two case studies on simulated deposits: a porphyry copper deposit conditioned to real exploration and production data, and a gold deposit simulated without any conditioning data. Several geostatistical techniques are used to estimate the grades of selective mining units from exploration samples, including kriging, cokriging, lognormal and indicator kriging. Two types of imprecision are examined— measurements with multiplicative errors and measurements defined as intervals. The results are compared to the simulated grades of the selective mining units from a statistical and economic viewpoint.The study concludes that imprecise measurements should never be discarded because they help to improve the estimates, and that simple methods such as kriging are as efficient as more sophisticated ones for resource/reserve assessment. Finally, a few indications on how to diagnose and model the data imprecision are given."

Jan 1, 2005

By W H. Poole, E. R. W. Neale

A new style of tectonic map based on age of folding has been prepared for the Canadian Appalachian region as part of the Tectonic Map of Canada Project. This style of map pro-vides a clearer picture of the tectonic history of the region than any meth-od hitherto attempted. Precambrian blocks that were relatively unaffected by Palaeozoic de-formation are distinguished on the Great Northern Peninsula and in the Conception Bay region of Newfound-land. K/ A age determinations suggest that these blocks were intruded and metamorphosed during Grenville orogeny. Other Grenville-like rocks, on Cape Breton Island and in New Brunswick, were more actively involved in subsequent Palaeozoic orogeny. Taconic orogeny, the first phase of Palaeozoic deformation, took place in Middle and/or Late Ordovician time and was accompanied by intrusion of ultrabasic rocks. Evidence of the -

Jan 1, 1961

By J. B. Mawdsley

"AbstractThe uraninite-bearing deposits in the Charlebois Lake area of northeastern Saskatchewan are unusual and important concentrations of uranium. They were first discovered in 1949 and preliminary development work to the end of the 1951 field season indicates the probability that this will become •another uranium producing district. The deposits are in zones bordering granite masses. These zones are of migmatite (mixed rocks) composed of calcium-rich meta-sediments intruded and replaced by a fine-grained white pegmatite. Locally this pegmatite is replaced by an end fraction which is relatively rich in fine-grained disseminated uraninite; it is these occurrences that constitute the bodies of economic interest.The fine-grained white pegmatite contains plagioclase feldspar more lime-rich than that in the granites of which it is an end differentiate. This extra lime, evidently derived from the intruded sediments, would result in the raising of the temperature of crystallization of the pegmatite-forming magma, thus consolidating it rapidly near the granite contacts as a fine-grained pegmatite. The end liquor containing uranium was evidently locally concentrated in minor fracture zones in these pegmatites. Where no lime sediments were present. the coarse-grained alkaline pegmatites were formed. Their crystallization would not be accelerated and the uranium would tend not to be localized in the pegmatite but to migrate and consolidate at lower temperatures with the end products, possibly in some instances as pitchblende veins."

Jan 1, 1952

By F. Hosseini

Shaping of metals by thixoforming relies on the unusual flow behavior of semisolid slurries containing nondendritic solid phase. The Flow behavior of metallic alloys containing both solid and liquid phases is investigated in the low solid fraction range (, 55%). This behavior depends on both the solid fraction and the shear rate. Four different shear rates is applied using back extrusion technique and flow stress versus true strain in different solid fraction is compared. It is well accepted that the flow stress s of alloys in their semi-solid state obeys to a thixotropic behavior, due to agglomeration and dissagglomeration phenomena during forming. The load-displacement curves produced from the tests may show an initial peak, believed to originate from a skeletal structure which rapidly breaks down under shear. Apparent viscosity obtained from this method is compared with other works and the proper power law of pseudo plastic state is introduced.

Oct 1, 2011

By P. Dent

"Rare earth permanent magnets (REPM) have become virtually indispensible in hundreds of applications including aerospace, automotive, electronics, energy, medical and military. An understanding of REPMs is important since they are key drivers of demand for the overall rare earth sector. Rare earth permanent magnets stand out due to their superior magnetic properties of high induction and coercive force. We will discuss the past, current and future of the permanent magnet market and supply chain. We will summarize present and potential new nanocomposite and lower content or non rare earth magnet technologies and customer options which may mitigate rare earth usage.INTRODUCTIONRare earth permanent magnets are ubiquitous and often unseen critical components in many civilian, green energy and military technologies. They have become imbedded in applications such as hybrid electric vehicles, computer hard drives, direct-drive high power wind generators, audio speakers, motors, energy conversion systems, most weapons systems and hundreds of other uses. Several rare earth elements including neodymium, samarium, dysprosium, praseodymium, terbium and gadolinium are essential ingredients in production of the highest performance magnets available in the world today. They have enabled vast miniaturization and the significant increase in power density in hundreds of applications.China has become the dominant source of rare earth elements over the last two decades. Today, nearly 100 percent of the world’s rare earth metals and more than 95 percent of the rare earth oxides come from China. China’s near worldwide monopoly on the production of downstream materials such as rare earth oxides, metals and magnets severely impacts the supply chain in this growing global market. The past decade has seen an unmistakable trend toward increased dominance in raw material production and manufacturing by China, and a steep decline in U.S. production capabilities, most notably in the neodymium iron boron (Nd-Fe-B) market where there is currently no domestic production. This Chinese dominance is further demonstrated with over 65 percent of hard ferrite and roughly half of aluminum nickel cobalt (Alnico) and samarium cobalt (Sm-Co) production in that nation (Figure 1). In addition, China has imposed export quotas and export taxes of up to 25 percent for rare earth elements, arguably in violation of their covenants made with their protocol of accession to the Word Trade Organization. These export quotas have been decreasing steadily over the last several years in spite of rising global demand and were slashed by 72 percent in July 2010 (Bradsher, 2010) causing many recent news stories."

Jan 1, 2012

By L. A. Forsyth

"SINCE I received and accepted your invitation to present to this meeting a paper on A Canadian Integrated Coal and Steel Industry, I have given the subject a great deal of intensive study.Two conclusions have emerged from my considerations: first, that the subject should be dealt with by a person having a firm grasp of its technical aspects; and second, that it is a subject which requires expert analysis of the complicated problems it presents in pure economics.A third conclusion inevitably results from the two just mentioned -namely, that the mantle of the prophet which has been draped up-on my shoulders is too large for me to wear, because I am neither a practical nor a theoretical coal and steel man; and I am not an economist.With the warning that I have discovered, and am keenly conscious of, the inadequacy of my background for the task, I shall attempt to place before you those aspects of my subject which appear to high-light it from a layman's point of view.In the first place, in .order to avoid confusion as between my audience and myself, some definition of terms may be required.As I interpret it I am discussing -a coal and steel industry, using the last word in the generic and not the unit sense, self-sufficient in the provision of all its needs from within the geographical limits of Canada.Now, I start with the proposition that, in the very broadest aspects of such a concept, the Corporation of which I happen to be the executive head meets my definition as a combination of operations resulting in one fully integrated unit of a coal and steel industry."

Jan 1, 1952

By D. W. MacFarlane

In the formation of Oil and Gas Producing Units lawyer& and engineers are interdependent members of the same team. Management is, there-fore, entitled to expect no less than a total cooperative effort from the members of these professions. The petroleum and natural gas lawyer must diligently inform himself on the implications of engineering evidence. Otherwise he can be of little assistance to his engineering witness in a thorough, systematic and convincing presentation of his technical evidence. Conversely, the engineer must appreciate the concern of counsel that quasijudical hearings, whether technical or otherwise, be con-ducted in such a manner as to pre-serve some semblance of organized judicial procedures in the adjudication of property rights. The principal problems in unitization are the participation formula and the adjustment of investment in unit facilities. The equating of oil to gas, the effect of unit infill drilling, the relative values of producing zones and well productivity have •been controversial factors in several Saskatchewan units to date. Perhaps the most perplexing of these has been well productivity. While preserving current income, it may also preserve an ability to drain adjacent tracts plus an inequitable sharing of .reserves properly attributable to secondary recovery operations. However, inequity may also result in depriving an operator of the benefits accruing to him under competitive operations by virtue of his favourable reservoir position or his use of advanced production techniques. The Saskatchewan Oil and Gas Conservation Act has been construed by the Department of Mineral Resources as •completely negating any benefits inherent in the rule of capture when determining equities under unit operations. Under adjustment of investment provisions, large cash flows between owners of exploited acreage should be avoided upon the creation of a unit. These provisions should not deprive any company of the benefits it may have obtained under competitive operations in producing its fair share of the reservoir at a lower net cost per barrel than its competitors. Unitization should be concerned with physical conservation rather than in equalizing production costs as between operators.

Jan 1, 1960