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By J Skousen, C E. Zipper

"Prior to the 1950s in the USA, surface coalmines were generally left without any reclamation. As government regulations advanced, mine operators were required to backfill the area and plant grasses or trees. After the federal Surface Mining Control and Reclamation Act (SMCRA) was passed in 1977 in the USA, mine operators were required to conduct pre-mining analyses of the site and to designate a land use that could be achieved after the mining. Common post-mining land uses in the USA are: agricultural uses such as prime farmland reclamation with crops, hayland and pasture, and biofuel crops forestry wildlife habitat building site development.Provisions and regulations for each post-mining land use were developed and practices to achieve successful and sustainable land uses were established. Post-mining conditions should provide ecosystem services and produce lands capable of supporting societal needs in the future.CITATION:Skousen, J and Zipper, C?E,?2014. Post-mining land use options in the Appalachian coal mining region of the USA, in Proceedings Life-of-Mine 2014, pp 153–164 (The Australasian Institute of Mining and Metallurgy: Melbourne)."

Jul 16, 2014

By R C. Cox

The Brukunga pyrite mine was operated from 1955 to 1972 to supply feedstock for sulfuric acid production in the South Australian fertilizer industry. Iron sulfide ore, mined by Nairne Pyrite Ltd, was finely crushed and concentrated onsite with the concentrates being sent by road and rail to Port Adelaide for roasting. Waste rock was dumped at two locations on the western side of Dawesley Creek and the tailings pumped to a valley-fill storage facility on the eastern side. Production of 1.5 Mt concentrate resulted in 3.5 Mt tailings and 8 Mt waste rock. The site has been administered by the South Australian Government since August 1977 and a lime treatment plant has been operated on the site since September 1980. Environmental issues arising from these operations included: diversion of Dawesley Creek to accommodate the waste rock dumps; dumping of low-grade sulfidic ore in waste rock dumps at the angle of repose immediately adjacent to Dawesley Creek; exposed fresh sulfide mineralisation in the quarry floor; tailings storage facility dam wall constructed by upstream up-lift using tailings and waste rock; an acid water pond sited on the tailings; and pollution of natural drainage. As a result, the minesite rapidly became a source of acid drainage and potential contaminants (sulfate, Al, Fe, Mn, Cd, Zn, and Ni). Various Government bodies have been responsible for considerable effort and expenditure in reducing the flow of acid seepage and contaminants into Dawesley Creek. Presently an estimated 60 per cent of seepage from the waste rock dumps, tailings storage facility and quarry is collected and neutralised prior to discharge into the creek. Tailings have been covered with waste rock, biosolids, neutralisation sludge and soil and planted with grasses, shrubs and trees to reduce rainfall infiltration. Monitoring of water flows, water quality and riparian ecosystems is on-going. Consultants have been engaged to develop cost-effective remediation techniques and a five-member Brukunga Mine Site Remediation Board was appointed to oversee remediation of the site and liaise with the community. Construction has commenced on the diversion of Dawesley Creek, and plans are being developed for the relocation of waste rock back to the quarry benches and upgrading of the neutralisation plant. The paper examines operations, environmental monitoring, remediation, research and community involvement with respect to current best practice.

Jan 1, 2003

By G J. A Dewar

The Australian Corporations Law generally requires Independent Expert Reports to be presented in support of capital raising or in defence of mergers and takeovers. The introduction of the VALMIN Code in 1995 (and its recent revision issued as the VALMIN Code, 1998) made Assessment and Valuation Reports in these circumstances much more comprehensible than before because of its key requirements for transparency and materiality. By forcing the Independent Valuer to provide an explanation of the reasoning behind the estimation of a particular resource asset, VALMIN allows the reader to clearly see any error or illogicality in the valuation methodology used and to seriously question or even reject the resulting value. Even though many elements of resource asset valuation practice are undeniably subjective, there must be some basis of objective rationality to it. Independent resource asset Valuers are the essential link between mineral explorers/miners on the one hand and brokers/analysts/fund managers/investors on the other. The minerals and financial industries both expect them to not use inappropriate or invalid valuation methods and illogical steps within these methods. This paper examines some of the less sensible ways in which some of the main techniques that Valuers commonly use to assess the fair market value of mineral properties have been applied in recent instances. The authors hope to discourage the adoption or perpetration of the æWhat-number-did-you-have-in-mind?' approach. It is MINVALÆs view that as many methods as possible should be used in any resource asset valuation. If any of the resulting estimates are in approximate agreement (particularly if they were derived using the less subjective of the available methods), ie if they cluster, they are probably more persuasive as being the Preferred Value of the asset than outlier values within the Valuation Range.

Jan 1, 1999

As has been the case since the early Phoenician traders, the minerals used by modern man come from deposits scattered around the globe. The price received is more and more being set by worldwide supply and demand. Thus the price component in the profit equation:Profits = Material sold (units)x(Price/unit û Cost/unit) is largely determined by others. The recent price history for two of the major metals, copper and iron, are given in Figures 1 and 2, respectively. As can be seen there has been a steady decline in the prices (when expressed in constant dollars) over the 20 years which have lapsed since the first of the International Conferences on Mass Mining, æDesign and Operation of Caving and Sublevel Stoping MinesÆ was held. If one would look back over the entire 20th century this would also be the trend. Cost containment/reduction through efficient, safe and environmentally responsive mining practices is serious business today and will be even more important in the future with increasing mining depths and more stringent regulations. A failure to keep up is expressed very simply as: Profit This, needless to say, is unfavourable for all concerned (the employees, the company, and the country or nation). The mining companies have had to look at ways of reducing the expense part of the profit equation while maintaining safe, environmentally conscious operations. Table 1 summarises the rules for working in todayÆs economy.

Jan 1, 2000

By N L. Turner, D J. Robinson, A J. McFarlane, N M. Chapman, L L. Kuhar, R L. Meakin, R Martin

A number of geometallurgical tests have been developed within the AMIRA P843A Geometallurgical Mapping and Mine Modelling (GeMIII) project, an interdisciplinary collaborative research project involving four research groups and over 20 global mineral companies. Researchers at the Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO) have been focusing on the development of predictive hydrometallurgical indices for the GeMIII project via rapid, small-scale, cost-effective tests and protocols for comparative ranking of attributes relevant to leach performance. One of the focus areas has been the development of a leaching scheme for determination of the mineralogical deportment of copper in a large number of samples for geometallurgical applications.Various leaching schemes have been used over the last 20 years to identify the mineralogical deportment of copper. Typically, weak sulfuric acid and cyanide are used to target copper oxides and æsecondaryÆ copper sulfide minerals, covellite, chalcocite and bornite, respectively. Residual copper is assigned to chalcopyrite and/or bornite. Adaptations of this scheme have included the use of a weak organic acid to target oxides or ferric sulfate to target secondary copper sulfides. Testing of the weak acid/cyanide scheme in the GeMIII project using head and residue QEMSCAN mineralogical data analysed with a statistically reliable comparison method indicated that the inferred mineralogical deportment from various leaches could differ markedly from the theoretical or assumed value. Based on this initial work, test development and leach tests on samples from multiple sites has resulted in the development of a scheme to target copper oxides, chalcocite, covellite, bornite and chalcopyrite. This paper presents results from leach tests conducted on a large sample suite from two pits in a Cu-Au ore deposit with results calibrated using mineral liberation analyser (MLA) mineralogical analysis. This study has assisted in the development of a protocol for determining the mineralogical deportment of copper in a large number of samples for geometallurgical applications.CITATION:Kuhar, L L, McFarlane, A J, Chapman, N M, Meakin, R L, Martin, R, Turner, N L and Robinson, D J, 2013. Calibration and testing of a geometallurgical leaching protocol for determining copper mineralogical deportment, in Proceedings The Second AusIMM International Geometallurgy Conference (GeoMet) 2013 , pp 177-186 (The Australasian Institute of Mining and Metallurgy: Melbourne).

Sep 29, 2013

By S Juras

To our geologists at Eldorado Gold Corporation, the release of the gold assays on a new ore zone causes a flurry of excitement. But to our metallurgists, that news is often greeted with the question ‘What’s the sulfur grade’? In our company, we operate and manage projects whose end-product will either be auriferous sulfide flotation concentrate or gold doré. Almost all of the steps in the ore processing are related to sulfur (in this paper specifically sulfide sulfur). So why do we geologists wait until late in a project or into production before collecting sulfur data for mine planning and ore control purposes?Gold deposits associated with sulfides commonly use a metallurgical process that begins with a flotation step to recover gold into a smaller mass known as flotation concentrate. Often, this step solely targets the sulfide minerals with gold only coming along for the ‘ride’. As a result, the gold grade in the concentrate is primarily influenced by the ratio of gold to sulfur in the feed. Should this concentrate require a refractory process downstream (eg pressure oxidation), knowing sulfur grade is critical as sulfur controls heat balance in the process. Regardless, we need sulfur models to be as robust as gold models, and created much earlier in the project evaluation process.Sulfur models require quality data collected at the same density as gold samples. Analytical methods must match expected grade ranges and quality assurance quality control (QA/QC) protocols and must be of the same integrity as in use for gold. Sulfur models will then be created by their own data analyses, interpolation protocols and validation. Furthermore, ore control systems should be designed for regular sulfur monitoring to ensure and enhance downstream value. Given time it should become habitual for geologists to likewise ask, ‘And what’s the sulfur grade’, or more specifically, ‘What’s the gold to sulfur ratio’?CITATION:Juras, S, 2017. Sulfur – the new geometallurgical grade in gold-sulfide deposits, in Proceedings Tenth International Mining Geology Conference 2017, pp 199–202 (The Australasian Institute of Mining and Metallurgy: Melbourne).

Sep 20, 2017

By R Neivandt, Kane, M O&apos, D Browne

Newmont Australia is the operator of the Mt Leyshon mine near Charters Towers, Queensland. Mt Leyshon is an open cut gold mine, which processed on average 5.0 Mt of ore and produced up to 250 000 ounces of gold per year. Mining was completed in early-2001, followed by treatment of low-grade ore stockpiles for a further 12 months. Approximately 250 ha of waste rock dumps have been rehabilitated. Rehabilitation of two of the three tailings storage facilities (TSF) has been completed and the third is in progress. A field performance monitoring system that includes an automated meteorological station, large-scale lysimeters (measurement of net percolation), and in situ moisture content sensors (measurement of moisture storage changes in the cover material) were installed to monitoring performance of the cover systems placed on the waste storage facilities. This paper focuses on the installation and calibration of the in situ moisture monitoring system. The moisture monitoring system provides automated detailed in situ volumetric water content data above and within the large-scale lysimeters. A portable unit that provides spatial in situ moisture content measurements at additional locations on the cover system is also utilised. The paper will focus on installation and calibration of the in situ water content monitoring instrument in the waste rock, coarse cover material, and fine textured cover materials of the tailings facility and waste rock dump cover systems.

Jan 1, 2003

By S C. Dominy

For any gold deposit-based geometallurgical study, the collection and processing of representative samples for gold grade and recovery tests is critical. Sampling protocols should be designed to suit the style of orebody in question. The proportion and size of gold particles has a direct impact on the effectiveness of sampling protocols and metallurgical recovery processes employed. Studies focussing on ore mineralogy and gold particle deportment, size and distribution are required. Key issues are the presence of gold particle clustering (important for sampling optimisation) and proportion of coarse versus fine to refractory gold. X-ray computed tomography (CT) is a radiographic technique that produces high-resolution 3D computerised models of objects based on density distribution. The ‘virtual’ specimens are made up of voxels, the 3D equivalent of pixels each assigned a grey value based on X-ray absorption. This paper presents the results of recent research on the imaging of in situ gold particles in a coarse gold-bearing ore. The technique shows promise as a rapid non-destructive method for preliminary characterisation to facilitate more detailed studies. Early and rapid gold particle determination enables sampling protocol optimisation and metallurgical recovery parameters to be defined prior to detailed feasibility studies

Sep 5, 2011

By E Garbarino, P Molina, V Badino

Given the ever increasing quantity of construction and demolition waste (C&DW), one of the most challenging issues presently facing policymakers and public administrators in Italy concerns how to organise and manage collection and recycling and to understand whether and to what extent recycled aggregate can complement natural building aggregates in a sustainable supply mix (SSM). The paper presents the results of a research aimed at analysing energy and environmental implications of the C&DW recycling chain in the administrative territory of Provincia di Torino in northern Italy. In respect of a population of about 2.25 million inhabitants, the annual production of C&DW in the area under study is 1.8 Mt. A combined geographical information system (GIS) and Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) model was developed, paying attention to the geographical location, land use, transportation network and avoided landfill: crucial issues for sustainable planning and management. Around 90 recycling plants were classified according to the size, typology (stationary, semi-mobile and mobile) and physical- mechanical characteristics of the recycled aggregate. Under different assumptions relevant to the delivery distance, and considering the typology and grade of recycled aggregate, as well as local availability of natural aggregates, it was possible to evaluate the geographical coverage of aggregates demand and to use LCA in order to identify and quantify energy and environmental indicators.

Jan 1, 2009

By P Breuer, X Dai, A Bergamin, D Hewitt

"Copper-ammonia-thiosulfate?leaching of gold has been researched for several decades as a potential alternative to cyanidation. However, this technology has not yet been applied commercially due to many challenges such as complex solution chemistry, reagent degradation and losses, system instability with losses of precious metals and difficulties in gold recovery from the leachate. Progress has been made at CSIRO in tackling some of these challenges including:better understanding and control of the leach conditions to minimise reagent losses whilst maximising gold recovery use of strong base ion exchange resins to recover the gold strategies to deal with polythionates that adsorb competitively with gold on ion exchange resins development and evaluation of process flow sheets.As a result there has been increased interest from the gold industry and renewed activities to develop thiosulfate based processes for gold recovery. One application area, which has been developed to the point of piloting, is the treatment of gravity gold concentrates using a copper-ammonia-thiosulfate leach with ion exchange recovery of the gold thiosulfate. This paper describes some of the advancements in the development of a potential process flow sheet for this application.CITATION:Dai, X, Breuer, P, Hewitt, D and Bergamin, A, 2013. Thiosulfate process for treating gold concentrates, in Proceedings World Gold 2013, pp 61-70 (The Australasian Institute of Mining and Metallurgy: Melbourne)."

Sep 26, 2013

By Bidwell TJ, Servant S

Paste back-fill technology is gaining rapid acceptance in the Canadian mining industry. The authors were able to work on four different mining sites employing paste technology in their operation. In each site the paste hackfll is prepared with very fine tailings containing significant amounts of sulphur minerals. The research program involved laboratory testing on samples prepared in the laboratory, on control samples obtained at the hackfilll plant during pouring into the stopes and on core samples obtained from drilling in backfilled stopes. The laboratory testing provided detailed knowledge of the mechanical behavior of the paste backfill. The need for a means of measuring the in-situ mechanical properties of the backfill became clear. A review of various trials published in literature and an evaluation of available technology suggested the Cambridge Self-boring Pressuremeter. A first field campaign confirmed the efficiency and dependability of this instrument leading to the conclusion that it offers a very good method for the in-situ measurement of paste backfill properties.

Jan 1, 1998

Development of a global failure criterion for rocks has been a desired goal in rock mechanics. Due to variations in factors affecting rock specifications and their mechanical properties, proposing a single failure criterion suitable for all rock types has proven to be unachievable. The theoretical failure criteria do not fit the real data correctly. Amongst empirical criteria, the Bieniawski criterion has demonstrated an acceptable agreement with laboratory generated data. It has been experienced that the ability to estimate rock strength via the modified form of this criterion is significantly improved. Based on the modified Bieniawski criterion and using VB.net, an associated Microsoft Windows program named 'RAMOCE' has been developed. The inputs of RAMOCE can be triaxial compressive strength data, Bieniawski parameters of a specific rock or the type of given rock. Based on input data, potential outputs of the program are Bieniawski's rock parameters, sensitivity analysis of the effective parameters, rock failure prediction and defining the type of given rock.

Nov 25, 2010

By M A. Harrington-Baker, J M. Trudnowski

Sulfate-reducing bacteria (SRB) have the ability to immobilise dissolved metals by precipitating them as sulfides, provided that a favourable biochemical environment is created. Such an environment includes the presence of sulfate, anaerobic conditions and the availability of organic carbon. If such conditions are engineered within a reactive barrier or field-bioreactor, most metals can be effectively removed. To demonstrate this concept, three passive SRB field-bioreactors were constructed in 1998 at an abandoned mine site in the vicinity of Butte, Montana, USA to treat acid mine drainage with characteristic elevated concentration of metals and low pH. Performance of the field-bioreactors, using aqueous samples, was monitored over 32 months until the project was terminated, field-bioreactors were decommissioned and solid matrix sampling of the reactive matter was performed. The most important analytical results are presented in this paper together with conclusions regarding the appropriateness of the field-bioreactors construction features. Only Zn, Cu, and Cd were being removed as sulfides due to SRB activities. Changes in concentrations of other metals (Fe, Mn, Al, As), which do not necessarily precipitate as sulfide, seemed to be affected by SRB only in an indirect manner by responding to increased pH caused by SRB activity. An innovative cellular containment system used for placing organic matter worked very well in preventing settling of the organic matter and ensuring uniform flow of AMD throughout the entire cross-section of the organic carbon with no preferential flow paths This demonstration was funded by the US EPA and was jointly administered by the EPA and the US DOE under DOE contract number DE-AC22-96EW96405. The project was implemented by MSE Technology Applications, Inc, Butte, Montana, USA.

Jan 1, 2003

By S L. Barbour

Measurement of the net percolation from the base of a cover system into the underlying waste material is a key component of a cover system monitoring program. The units of measure (ie a percentage of precipitation or rainfall) are simple to understand for all stakeholders, which increases the importance of obtaining representative net percolation values. In general, lysimeters are used to measure net percolation across the cover material-waste material interface; however, the design of lysimeters for cover system monitoring programs in the mining industry have typically not considered fundamental aspects of lysimeter design. Lysimeter design is typically thought of as being conceptually simple, when in reality the design, installation, and operation of lysimeters is often counter-intuitive, due to the complexities of flow through unsaturated soil systems. This paper puts forward a methodology for lysimeter design while also presenting the fundamental design variables that should be considered. Lysimeter design for differing climates, cover materials, and waste materials is discussed. Finally, the performance of lysimeter designs previously installed in the field at sites in Australia, Canada, and the United States are subjected to numerical modelling to determine whether net percolation is being measured properly.

Jan 1, 2003

The Channel Tunnel is an outstanding example of an undersea tunnel and its design illustrates most of the unique features of this type of tunnel. The marine site investigation was partic- ularly vulnerable to adverse weather conditions. To minimise this interference the time the drilling vessel was required to remain on station was kept to a minimum by expediting the drilling and the insitu tests as far as was practicable. To avoid additional unforeseen costs the contract documents were framed to take particular account of marine practice. The limited access at the coast line meant that for economy, maximum tunnel advance rates had to be attained. Ground excavation, handling and disposal methods and the provision of the lining were optimised and equipment specified in detail to ensure that no one com- ponent was delayed by a lack of capacity or mechanical failure in any other.

Jan 1, 1976

By I R. F MacCulloch

Bacterial oxidation of sulfide minerals is a familiar and commercially available process to enhance gold recovery with problem ores. Pintail Systems, a Colorado, USA based company had developed bio-processes for gold recovery based on natural mineral formation and transformation in a global mineral cycle. The biological recovery of precious metals from ore involves a number of mechanisms that are dependent on the metal-mineralogical association. These processes include: partial bio-oxidation of sulfide ores; oxidation of gangue minerals exposing gold to leaching; surfactant properties of bacteria/nutrient solutions that improve wettability of ores and solution contact with leachable gold and silver; and microbial production and excretion of trace amounts of gold lixiviants, and bio-fracturing or biological alteration of ore minerals. Pintail has demonstrated enhanced recovery of precious metals during cyanide detoxification of spent heaps at the end of mine life. Biological recovery processes also have the potential to be applied to in situ mining technologies. The in situ process application could recover gold from subgrade deposits, small deposits or those ore bodies with uneconomic stripping ratios for conventional mining. In situ biomining can be accomplished at a fraction of the cost of conventional mining and leaching and does not have the environmental liabilities associated with many conventional gold lixiviants.

Jan 1, 2004

The segment of the Upper Cenozoic volcanic chain (CVZ) located on the western border of South America (16-28¦S lat.) is constituted by an association of strato- volcanoes and ignimbrite sheets, with high K calco-alkaline affinities. Strata-bound volcanoes, mainly of andesitic and dacitic composition, present along the whole chain, and various hydrothermal alteration zones, on the slopes and in the cores of eroded volcanic structures. Some of these altera- tion zones bear epithermal precious metal ores and sulphur deposits, which at present are being exploited. The studied Salar de Gorbea area, located in the Andes of northern Chile (25-26¦S lat.) contains a numer- ous group of Miocene to Quaternary stratovolcanoes, with advanced argillic and extreme silicification hydrothermal alteration in their cores and on their slopes, favoring the formation of great volumes of alunite within altered zones and sulphur deposits in the higher parts of the volcanic edifices. Simultaneously, siliceous hydrothermal breccia of the phreato-magmatic type, with evidences of hydromag- matic explosions are recognizable, allowing, in some cases, the ascent towards the surface of rock fragments belonging to the Paleozoic pre volcanic basement. Radiometric ages obtained in some of the hydro- thermal alteration zones (K-Ar in alunite) are slighty young- er than the unaltered rocks which constitute the strato- volcano. Trace element (Hg, As, Sb, S, Au, Ag, Cu, Pb, Zn, Mo) patterns in orientative rock samplings show that the studied alterations zones correspond to high sectors of the cpithermal system, without evidences of metallic minerali- zation on surface. The weak erosive action due to the ex- tremely and climatic conditions in this segment of the Andes, has not allowed the cropping out of deeper areas of the hydrothermal alteration zones, in contrast to other Miocene more eroded volcanic edifices and Miocene vol- canic terranes of the Andean Range.

Jan 1, 1987

By James JV, Petho SZ

The South Deep surface shaft system is being sunk to a final depth of 2750 in below surface and on completion will be the deepest single drop haft in the world. The shafts will intersect the target reef horizon at 2650 to below surface. In order to negate the requirement for a shaft pillar, which would he extremely large at this depth, the reef horizon in the vicinity of the intersection is currently being mined. A high quality crushed waste/classified tailings backfill is being placed in the longwall stoping panels around the shaft intersection area. This kill limit closure and ride which following shaft reef intersection could have a detrimental effect on the long term shaft stability. This paper discusses underground instrumentation results and numerical modelling exercises carried out to confirm that the shaft system will he stable throughout the life of the mine. Instrumentation projects include closure and ride measured between backfill paddocks and haulage leveling exercises carried out to determine the far field rockmass response to mining with stiff backfill.

Jan 1, 1998

By W Midgley, M Torok, I Canbulat, J Katupitiya, S Saydam, S Akdag

The green energy transition is expected to require a range of valuable minerals, which could be supplied through deep-sea polymetallic nodule mining. Deep-sea polymetallic nodules are mineral deposits with a composition well suited to produce lithium batteries, which are expected to be a necessary energy storage solution (Diouf and Pode, 2015; Paulikas et al, 2020) for the energy transition. By 2050 the annual demand for both cobalt and lithium is estimated to increase by around 450 per cent from 2018 levels (Hund et al, 2023), with the annual demand for nickel being greater than 2 million tons, and copper greater than 1 million tons. Polymetallic nodule mining is well positioned to provide these minerals in the near future. An intricate and comparatively unexplored ecosystem thrives within and surrounding the nodule fields (Smith et al, 2008). Deep-sea mining operations have the potential to disrupt and permanently damage this ecosystem through introduced pollution, artificial noise and light, and habitat destruction. Hence, there is a pressing need for new engineering and scientific endeavours to focus on developing new technologies to reduce any environmental impact from mining.

Sep 1, 2024

By J Harris, J Li, M Shi, P A. Kirsch, D Sprott

Australia has an enviable global reputation as a leader in health and safety outcomes in the hazardous industry of mining, in part due to an increased application of risk management regarding operational planning and mining practice. In 2010, the Australian Coal Association Research Program (ACARP) initiated a major project, RISKGATE, to build, capture and deliver a national body of knowledge to assist companies with the management of risk in coal mining. The online system contains information for tyres, collisions, fires, isolation, strata underground, ground control open cut, explosions, explosives underground, explosives open cut, manual tasks, slips/trips/falls, outbursts, coal bumps and bursts, human–machine interface, tailings dams, occupational hygiene and inrush. In 2014, RISKGATE is developing content for fitness for work (fatigue, drugs, alcohol, physical well-being, psychosocial well-being).This paper analyses underground mining fatalities in Australia and the United States since 2002 and introduces RISKGATE with a focus on the knowledge base for management of hazards in underground operations. Through capturing coal industry expert operational knowledge, RISKGATE provides a cumulative corporate memory at a time of high personnel turnover within the mining industry. This coal-based body of knowledge is a platform that can be evaluated and implemented for other mining domains and high-risk industries within the energy supply chain.CITATION:Kirsch, P A, Shi, M, Harris, J, Li, J and Sprott, D, 2014. RISKGATE and underground operations, in Proceedings 12th AusIMM Underground Operators’ Conference 2014 , pp 11–18 (The Australasian Institute of Mining and Metallurgy: Melbourne).

Mar 24, 2014