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By M. Matsuda

The Hitachi refinery of Nikko Smelting & Refining Co. Ltd. began its electrolytic copper refining operations in 1911. In December 2002, the refinery changed its operation scheme by introducing the ISA permanent cathode technology for the first time in Japan. The change resulted in higher productivity, better cathode quality, and lower operational costs. The operation has been continuously improved to reach a 20% higher production capacity than the original one. For the electrolyte purification process, the Hitachi refinery has developed a new process for removing impurities. The process involves As, Sb and Bi adsorption from the electrolyte by means of chelating and ion exchange resin. The new resin process will achieve higher efficiency in removing impurity.

Jan 1, 2007

By L. Kong, V. G. Papangelakis, L. Li

"The Eh-pH diagram of lithium-titanium-water system at 25°C, 100 °C and 200 °C was constructed. It shows that there exist thermodynamic stability areas of Li2TiO3. This indicates a thermodynamic possibility for the formation of Li2TiO3 in aqueous solution. A hydrothermal process has been applied for the preparation of Li2TiO3 using TiCl4 and LiOH•H2O as raw materials. The prepared samples were examined with X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy and thermo-gravimetric analysis and differential scanning calorimetry. The results show that temperature and washing condition have significant effects on the phase composition of the product. Phase-pure Li2TiO3 powders were obtained at 200°C with Li:Ti molar ratio of 2.0.INTRODUCTIONLithium-containing ceramics enriched in 6Li, such as Li2O, LiAlO2, Li4SiO4, Li2ZrO3 and Li2TiO3, are considered as tritium breeding materials (Saito et al., 1998; Roux et al., 1998; Johnson et al., 1998; Hoshino et al., 2002). In view of its admirable properties: low-activation, good thermal stability and thermal conductivity, excellent tritium release performance and reasonable lithium atom density (Kopasz et al., 1994; Roux et al., 1996; Saito et al., 1998; Wu et al., 2008), Li2TiO3 is recognized as one of the most promising candidates of tritium breeding materials. Meanwhile, Li2TiO3, as the precursor of H2TiO3-type lithium absorbent, receives more attention as the development of extracting lithium from salt lakes (Zhong, 2004; Zhang, 2010).Several synthetic techniques have been applied to prepare Li2TiO3 powders, such as solid-state methods (Lulewicz and Roux, 2002; Ramaraghavulu et al., 2011; Mandal et al., 2012), sol-gel processes (Deptula et al., 2002; Lee, 2008) and solution combustion routes (Cruz et al., 2006; Jung et al., 2006; Sinha et al., 2010). A solid-state method may produce a series of problems, including impurity contamination and difficulty in morphology control of the obtained powders, although the process involved is simple. The solgel process is prolonged and usually demands for multi-step reactions, while solution combustion route requires plenty of energy and easily causes product contamination by the fuel used. Owing to its environmentally benign and highly suitable characteristics in fabricating materials, hydrothermal technology has been widely used and became a powerful tool in the field of material synthesis (Yoshimura and Byrappa, 2008). For example, ZnO in the form of bulk single crystals, fine particles and thin films, which is an attractive photoelectric material, was successfully synthesized by hydrothermal process (Sekiguchi et al., 2000; Ohshima et al., 2004). A hydrothermal technique was also used to the preparation of carbon nanotube, which possesses outstanding mechanical, structural and electric properties (Bernholc et al., 1997), and is superior to the commonly used method (Gogotsi and Libera, 2000). There, it provides an option for preparing Li2TiO3. Laumann et al. (Laumann et al., 2010) synthesized cubic a-Li2TiO3 by hydrothermal reaction at 180 °C for 18 h, using TiO2 powder, comprising of anatase and rutile, and lithium hydroxide in de-ionized water. However, the prepared a-Li2TiO3 is extremely unstable with a maximum lithium loss of 75% when treated in bathing experiment."

Jan 1, 2012

By Raymond Dallaire

The Humphrey's spiral is a static gravity separation device which cannot be adjusted to match short-term variations that occur in the feed. Any disturbance in the feed grade, per cent solids or flow rate affects substantially the recovery and grade of concentrate. Such variations must be minimized in order to maintain the desired rate of production and quality of the product for which the installation has been designed. A study has been performed in which the foregoing assertions were quantified. The feed grade, per cent solids, flow rate and particle size were varied independently. Ore from Carol Lake, Nfld., was used throughout the experiments. This consisted of specular hematite and magnetite in a silica gangue.

Jan 1, 1978

By B. MohammadSadeghi, S. Bakhshivash, M. Haghshenas, F. Rahimi

"Constrained groove pressing (CGP), as a severe plastic deformation (SPD) technique, is one of the applicable methods for sheet metal forming capable of producing ultra-fine grained materials (UFGMs). In CGP, processing and die design parameters can significantly affect the deformation response of sheet metal specimen. Having said this, in the present research the effects of die design variables and processing parameters (i.e. shear angle and friction) on the deformation behaviour of an Al-Mg-Si Alloy are studied thoroughly. Finite element analysis (FEA), was used to evaluate the effectiveness of mentioned parameters on the deformation homogeneity, strain distribution and pressing load variations. Also, mechanical properties of the deformed sample in term of micro-hardness was analyzed. It is observed that with increasing the shear angle, effective stress, strain and pressing load are enhanced. Moreover, by increasing the coefficient of friction, pressing load enhances. The color coded micro-hardness measurement showed a good agreement with the strain distribution obtained from FEA (higher hardness for the zones associated with higher shear plastic strain values).INTRODUCTIONWork hardening results in enhanced mechanical properties upon cycles of deformation (Hosford & Caddell, 2007). However, the formability of the processed products are affected by work hardening reducing the possibility of processing in subsequent deformation cycles. Therefore, many industrial processes cannot be performed on sheet metals to produce products with desired mechanical and physical properties (Valiev, Islamgaliev, & Alexandrov, 2000). Severe plastic deformation (SPD) is an effective grain refining technique which can impose large plastic strains through cold working on a metallic specimen (Bisadi, Rastgou, Payganeh, Zeynali, & Ghahremani, 2010). SPD techniques are mainly categorized into three types; sheet, bulk and tube forming. Among SPD sheet forming methods, Constrained Groove Pressing (CGP) (Shin, Park, Kim, & Park, 2002), Accumulative Roll Bonding (ARB) (Saito, Tsuji, Utsunomiya, Sakai, & Hong, 1998) and Repetitive Corrugation and Straightening (RCS) (Zhu, Lowe, Jiang, & Huang, 2001) possess potential applications in manufacturing industries."

Jan 1, 2016

By S. Usui, Y. Shinohara, C. Tokoro, K. Horiuchi, S. Owada

Process optimization of heating and physical separation for Cobalt (Co) recycling from spent lithium ion battery (LIB) was investigated. LiCoO2 in spent LIB was transformed to LixCoO2 which was more easily decomposed than LiCoO2 by heating. Coexisting materials of aluminum and carbon, and sealed atmosphere of the LIB promoted LixCoO2 decomposition. In an atmosphere of Argon, 95 % of LixCoO2 in the spent LIB was decomposed to 76 % of Co oxide and 19 % of Co metal in 10 min at 823 K; a lower temperature than the theoretical value for LiCoO2. The Co oxide and Co metal exhibited magnetic properties and could be recovered by wet magnetic separation. Furthermore, slow heating was effective for grain growth of Co oxide and Co metal. At 2 K/min rate of heating, average grain size of Co oxide and Co metal were 239 µm and 28 µm respectively, whereas at 30 K/min they were 190 µm and 15 µm respectively. Therefore, separation efficiency for Co recovery by wet magnetic separation was increased when spent LIB was slowly heated at 2 K/min.

Jan 1, 2015

By V. Vekris

A diverse patent portfolio and an effective intellectual property strategy are vital in today’s small business world. Not only does a diverse patent portfolio enable a company to secure a monopoly within the market, it greatly increases the value of a company’s intangible assets and keeps competitors at bay. An overview of the patenting process as it pertains specifically to the materials science-related start-ups will be given, together with a summary of some general patenting strategies and a review of some patenting errors to be avoided, such as premature disclosure of the invention to the public. Additionally, a review of new “green technology” initiatives recently adopted by Patent Offices around the world is also provided. These initiatives are expected to greatly benefit patent applicants in the fields of metallurgy and mining, where research efforts are often directed to environmentally-friendly products and processes. INTRODUCTION Patents are playing an increasingly significant role in the business world. A diverse patent portfolio can enable a company to secure a monopoly within the market, which can provide a competitive advantage over competitors. At the same time, patent portfolio of any size can greatly contribute to the total value of a company’s intangible assets. As an example, Nortel entertained bids in 2011 for its portfolio of about 4000 patents, a large portion of which were directed to 3G- and 4G-mobile communication technologies. The portfolio was eventually sold for $4.5 billion to a consortium including Apple, EMC, Ericsson, Microsoft, Research in Motion, and Sony. Copper mining, and indeed the global mining industry as a whole, is facing challenges. Ore deposits are increasingly low grade, complex, and deeper in the ground, rendering copper mining operations more difficult and costly. Production costs are increasing. According to one study, the cost of producing copper has increased by an average of 10% per year since 2005 (Cantallopts, 2017). To illustrate, the cost of producing a pound of copper in 2005 was 90 cents, but had increased to 217 cents by 2014.

Jan 1, 2019

By Gurupraveen Ramanathan

Shallow-dipping orebodies (45°–60° dip) present significant challenges for underground longhole stoping, particularly due to limited gravity flow, drill misalignment near the footwall, increased potential for dilution from hanging wall overbreak, and deviation from drill string sagging at shallow angles. These geometrical and operational constraints often lead to unblasted ore wedges and excessive overbreak when standard practices are applied. This study develops a structured, data-driven framework to optimize longhole stoping in such conditions by integrating five key focus areas: (1) mining method selection, (2) stope and drift design, (3) drill and blast optimization, (4) equipment selection, and (5) performance evaluation. The suitability of longitudinal longhole stoping was validated for narrow vein geometries using orebody analytics and prior case studies. Geometric modeling was employed to determine optimal stope height (15–20 m) and stope width (1.5–2.5 m), with drift widths adjusted based on orebody dip to maintain drill access and minimize unbroken ore. Drill and blast design emphasized sequential blasting over multi-ring methods to improve void control, reduce wall damage, and enhance fragmentation. Specific burden and spacing guidelines (e.g., 1.8–2.3 m burden; 2.5–3.0 m spacing) were applied based on stope width and dip angle, and patterns were selected based on geometry—dice-5 for narrow stopes, and 3-hole rows for wider stopes. Drill rigs—including top hammer and ITH models from Sandvik, Epiroc, Boart Longyear and CMAC-Thyssen—were evaluated for compatibility with drift dimensions and alignment accuracy. Equipment was matched based on dip, drift width, and the ability to access the footwall at shallow angles. Sensitivity analysis quantified how changes in geometry, drilling accuracy, and blast design affect ore recovery, dilution, and operating cash flow. Results show that tailored drift and stope geometries, combined with proper blasting and rig selection, can boost ore recovery to over 95% and reduce dilution to below 5% in optimal conditions. This methodology offers a practical and economically optimized solution for shallow-dip mining scenarios.

May 4, 2025

By E. A. Morris

It has been shown that Alberta oil-sands fluid coke can be effectively used to reduce SO2 to elemental sulphur while simultaneously producing sulphur-impregnated activated carbon (SlAC). In the capture of mercury from industrial flue gases, SIAC has proven to be a highly effective adsorbent material. The current research aims at developing an existing SlAC technology to meet the needs of copper smelters for mitigating both mercury and SO2 emissions, while making elemental sulphur as a co-product. The challenge behind this undertaking is that these flue gases generally contain percent levels of 02 and H20 vapour (2-12%). The focus of this study is therefore on the feasibility of reducing SO2 using fluid coke under copper smelter flue gas conditions, as well as the optimisation of SIAC properties for capturing vapour phase mercury. It is hypothesised that mercury capacity is strongly affected by the 02 potential of the activation gas due to changes in surface sulphur types arising from different reduced sulphur species. To verify this, gas chromatography is used to analyse the reaction products while XPS and XANES will be used to describe the nature of sulphur on the SlAC surface. CVAFS analysis of mercury capacity will finalise the hypothesis assessment. Preliminary results indicate that 02 at 5% does not play a significant role in SSA or pore development. As expected, increased residence time contributes to SO2 reduction and elemental S yield.

Jan 1, 2007

The Rabbit Lake In-Pit Tailings Management Facility contains frozen layers of tailings due to subaerial deposition during the coldest periods of winter. Thawing is required to ensure full consolidation of the tailings and to regain disposal space presently occupied by ice. Electric resistance heating has been used to heat soil for bitumen extraction and remediation of volatile contaminants. A preliminary evaluation of the application of electric resistance heating to thaw about 0.3 cubic metres of frozen tailings was conducted using tailings frozen at about -2 oC. Visible thawing of the tailings mass was observed after 25 hours, demonstrating the feasibility of this approach.

Aug 1, 2010

By G. Armand, A. Noiret, D. Seyedi, J. Morel

"Clay formations in their natural state exhibit very favorable confining conditions for repository of radioactive waste because they generally have a very low hydraulic conductivity, small molecular diffusion and significant retention capacity for radionuclides. Nevertheless, one concern regarding the hydromechanical behavior around drifts in such claystone is the associated pore pressure field disturbance during excavation works. In the short term, the very low permeability leads to an almost “undrained” condition, meaning that the stress change due to face advance will create volumetric strains leading to an increase or decrease of pore pressure. If the effective stresses reach the failure level, the induced damage around these excavations might change the favorable properties of such formations. To demonstrate the feasibility of a reversible deep geological disposal of high-level and intermediate-level long-lived radioactive waste (HLW, IL-LLW) in the Callovo-Oxfordian claystone (COX) formation, the French national radioactive waste management agency (Andra) started in 2000 to build the Meuse Haute-Marne underground research laboratory (M/HM URL). The present paper illustrates observed pore pressure changes during excavation of drifts (˜5 m diameter), of micro tunnels (˜0.7 m diameter) and a borehole (˜0.15 m diameter). All these openings are parallel to the major horizontal stress at the main level of the M/HM URL. In drifts parallel to the major stress (i.e., when the initial stress field in the drift section is quasi-isotropic) an important increase followed by a drop of pore pressure is observed in the horizontal plane at the drift wall. These observations emphasize the impact of the in situ stress state and rate of excavation on the pore pressure and provide important insight of the hydro mechanical behavior of the COX claystone and the relationship between pore pressure and excavation induced fractures zone."

Jan 1, 2015

By K. Purazrang, P. Sh. Naseri, P. Abachi

In present work, the comparative measurement of aluminum alloys' resistance to the unstable fracture was provided. Besides, the rupture mechanisms of high strength 7075 and 7050 aluminum alloys were investigated. The specimens were used as solution treated, quenched and aged condition. The elastic-plastic behavior of specimens was determined by carrying out tensile test on cylindrical specimens. The small sized specimen with 6.35 mm thickness and V-notched radius less than 60 µm was used for evaluation of damage properties, in accordance with ASTM B871-96 standard test method. All tear specimens were machined in L-T orientation. The mechanical tests were conducted at RT on an universal Instron machine under cross head speed of 0.1 mm/min. The results of mechanical tests made the evaluation of tear strength to 0.2 % tensile yield strength ratio, as a measure of notch toughness, available. The comparison of specimens' resistance to crack propagation and unstable fracture due to the presence of crack-like strain concentrator was provided using tear test data. The microstructure of specimens was studied under optical microscopy. The rupture micro-mechanisms were analyzed by examination of specimens fracture surfaces using SEM. The microstructure examination indicated almost equiaxed grains on the transverse directions and elongated grains on rolling direction. Moreover, intermetallic particles were evident at microstructure. Considering the SEM fractographs, it seems that the intermetallic particles act as void nucleation and damage initiation sites. However, the damage mechanism of tensile specimens and severely notched specimens, especially near the notched root differs due to stress and strain states.

Jan 1, 2006

By Joseph J. Poveromo

The blast furnace today continues as the primary production method of hot metal in large-scale steel production. The blast furnace process has been the target of repeated attempts to replace it with various process options, including direct reduction and coke-free smelting reduction. While these new technologies are being adopted in appropriate niches, the blast furnace has responded to the challenge by being amenable to continuous improvement. I will review the role of the blast furnace, major developmental and improvement trends, and then list the current important issues in ironmaking. I will outline the challenges to be faced by the blast furnace to maintain its position as the primary hot metal production process. The material presented here is an update of earlier presentations made in Stockholm, Sweden, 1996, Duluth, 1998 and Chicago, 2000.

May 1, 2003

By S. Sillitoe

In mining, as in other business and engineering enterprises, efficient operation depends upon how well and how quickly the lines of communication can function. Mines have used the telephone on and between levels for many years, but in the hoisting shaft maintenance of physical wire connections for communication with the moving cage or skip has been found, for all practical purposes, impossible. A most natural solution was, therefore, the code-bell or buzzer signal system between fixed levels, and this has been standard practice throughout the mining world for many years. However, this system has serious limitations which make it impossible to signal a cage between levels in the shaft, and it requires crude, hazardous or costly methods for signalling during daily shaft inspection. Radio signalling overcomes these difficulties, because the communication medium is never broken and the cage-tender or shaft inspector can safely signal to, and receive signals from, the hoistman at any time from any position in the shaft, whether stationary or in motion. In addition to both audible and visual code signalling, two-way telephone communication and slack cable alarm are facilities made possible in recent commercially developed equipment.

Jan 1, 1949

By Kenta Suzuki, Toshiya Anami, Daisuke Shimosaka

"In an Al-Mn alloy heat exchanger fin stock, the effect of annealing conditions for as-cast and 0.1%Zr addition on recrystallization behavior is investigated using metallurgical analysis. Refinement of post-brazed recrystallized grains in fin stocks with Zr addition are suppressed for long-time annealing. In 0.1%Zr fin stocks, there was a decrease in the number of fine a-Al(Mn,Fe)Si dispersoids for pinning of sub grain and grain boundary. In addition, relatively homogeneous distribution of Al3Zr dispersoids was observed with increasing annealing time in as-cast. Homogeneous distribution of Al3Zr dispersoids can have a major effect on pinning of sub grain and grain boundary during brazing heat treatment. The homogenous distribution of fine dispersoids prior to brazing heat treatment is effective in causing the suppression of refinement of post-brazed recrystallized grain structure in aluminum alloy fin stocks.INTRODUCTIONAl-Mn based alloys are widely used as fin stocks in automotive heat exchangers because of their superior mechanical properties, braze ability, sagging and so on. In particular, coarsening of recrystallized grain structure is beneficial to avoid erosion, and achieve excellent sagging resistance (Lee, Yoon, Kim & Jung, 2002). For resisting grain coarsening, the alloys should contain a dense and homogeneous distribution of fine dispersoids to retarder crystallization (Humphyreys& Hatherly, 2004). It has been demonstrated that addition of Zr to Al-Mn alloys can shift recrystallization to higher temperatures because of the distribution of fine Al3Zr dispersoids in matrix(Pokoba, Cieslar& Lacaze,2012). According to Tohma, Asanoand Takeuchi (1987), coarsely recrystallized grain structure was obtained in 3003alloy with Zr addition after heat treatment. However, fine Al3Zr dispersoids are usually heterogeneously distributed because of segregation during casting and low diffusion rate of Zr in aluminum. Therefore, a homogeneous distribution of Al3Zr dispersoids can be achieved through long-time precipitation annealing(Jia, Hu, Forbord& Solberg, 2008)."

Jan 1, 2018

By M. M. C Jiménez, D. C. Buzzi, D. C. R. Espinosa, J. A. S Ténorio, G. F. R Oliveira

In this work the extractive and selective capacities of solvent extraction synergistic systems to recover nickel and cobalt were evaluated. The liquor used was from the high pressure acid leaching process (HPAL). Initially the industrial liquor, processed from lateritic ores, was analyzed to identify the concentrations of the metals. Experiments of synergistic solvent extraction were performed later. The extraction liquid-liquid was carried out with a mixture of Cyanex 272 (CY) and Ionquest 290 (IQ) extractants. The process was executed with the temperature of 65 ºC, pH of 5.2 and the ratio aqueousorganic 2:1. Systems of 80% kerosene and CY 20%, CY 16% - IQ 4%, CY 12% - IQ 8%, CY 8% - IQ 16%, CY 4% - IQ 16%, IQ 20% were studied during 20 minutes. The results of this paper showed that the mixture of these two extractants doesn’t improve significantly the recovery of nickel and cobalt from liquor.

Jan 1, 2014

By J. W. G. Hannon

FOLLOWING the experimental work of Denny, Robson, and Irwin, and the clinical investigation by Crombie and Blaisdell, an investigation of aluminium therapy was begun at Washington, Pa., which is situated in a very large industrial section of the State. Some of the men to be studied were from plants manufacturing silica brick, refractories used in steel and glass manufacturing, and semi-porcelain table-ware; others were workers in foundries, sand blasters, and men engaged in the quarrying of ganister rock. This group of workmen gave an opportunity to study the effects of aluminium on various types of silicosis which differed somewhat from that found in hard-rock miners. EXPOSURE In their occupations, the men studied were exposed to silica dust concentrations ranging from 17 to 97 per cent free silica. In the silica brick industries, the unfired product averages 96 per cent silica in the form of quartz, whereas the fired brick contains 50 to 62 per cent cristobalite plus 17 to 30 per cent tridymite, forms of silica that, on account of their higher solubility, are more toxic than quartz. The operational dust counts in the plants varied from 15 to 9,500 particles per c.c., and the median particle size from the aerial samples was 1.0 micron for the green product and 2.0 microns for the fired product. The length of exposure varied with the occupation as well as with the individual plant, but disabling silicosis could be produced in less than four years in certain exposures. The average time needed to produce radiological silicosis in those susceptible to this disease was eight years. Some of the men in our series of cases have been treated as long as fifteen years after exposure had ceased, and have improved under treatment.

Jan 1, 1944

By R. W. Lawrence

Sulphide is an effective reagent in the precipitation of base metals for both metal winning and environmental control. BioteQ Environmental Technologies Inc. has successfully demonstrated in industrial plants that biogenic sulphide reagent can be generated cost effectively and used to win metals such as copper, zinc and nickel from low-grade leach solutions and wastewater. Commercial plants in which sulphide reagent is used to produce high quality treated effluents for discharge directly to the environment are also in operation. Operations utilizing biogenic sulphide reagent for copper recovery from acid drainage and low grade leach solutions are discussed, including those at Bisbee, Arizona, commissioned in 2004 and at the Dexing mine in China, scheduled for commissioning in 2007. In addition, a new application of BioteQ's technology for the recovery of copper from gold-cyanide solutions, and the regeneration of cyanide, utilizing biogenic sulphide in place of chemical sulphide reagents in the SART process is described.

Jan 1, 2007

By Z. Zhang, X. -G. Chen, F. Breton, A. Arici

"The microstructure of Al-10Si-0.3Mg-0.5Mn alloy with 0.27% Zr and 0.19% V addition was quantitatively analysed and compared to the base material. The addition of Zr and V in the AlSi10Mg alloy exhibit a beneficial effect on the Si modification, resulting in the reduction of the size of eutectic Si particles on both as-cast and T6 conditions. The quantitative image analysis results show that the Zr and V addition and T6 treatment can reduce the size of the intermetallic phases. In addition, the presence of Zr and V is favour to the partial dissolution of the intermetallic phases during the T6 treatment. Different heat treatment procedures were tested to optimize treatment parameters. The mechanical properties of the alloys were evaluated using hardness measurements and tensile tests. The results show that the addition of Zr and V can remarkably improve the mechanical properties on as-cast and T6-treated conditions. The correlation between the microstructure and mechanical properties of the alloys is discussed.INTRODUCTION Al-Si-Mg foundry alloys have been widely used in automotive and aerospace industries due to their high strength-to-weight ratio, heat-treatable capability and excellent castability. The alloying elements such as Cu, Mn, Fe are traditionally added into Al-Si-Mg alloys to improve their mechanical properties (Mohamed, Samuel, Samuel & Doty, 2009). In recent years, the attention has been paid to the effect of the transition elements such as Zr, V, Ti, etc, as minor alloying additives, on the properties of aluminum alloys (Elhadari, Patel, Chen, & Kasprzak, 2011; Kasprzak, Amirkhiz & Niewczas, 2014; Shaha, Czerwinski, Kasprzak, Friedman & Chen, 2015; Shaha, Czerwinski, Kasprzak & Chen, 2014; Mahmudi, Sepehrband, Ghasemi & 2006; Meng, Cui, Zhao & Zuo, 2013). Kasprzak et al., (2014) and Shaha et al., (2015) reported that additions of Zr, V, and Ti in Al-Si-Cu-Mg cast alloys can improve the alloy mechanical properties at high temperature by forming stable intermetallics and precipitates on as-cast and heat treatment conditions. On the other hand, the mechanical properties of near-eutectic and eutectic Al–Si cast alloys depend not only on the chemical composition but also, even more importantly, on microstructural features such as the morphology and size of eutectic silicon and intermetallic particles, which are present on both as-cast and heat treatment conditions (Mohamed et al., 2009). However, there is rather limited information on the effect of Zr and V on the microstructure features and mechanical properties of near-eutectic Al-Si-Mg cast alloys."

Jan 1, 2018

By I. Soosaiprakasam

This work investigated inhibition performance of copper carbonate (CuCO3), which is less toxic than conventional heavy-metal corrosion inhibitors in amine treating plants, The investigation was experimentally carried out in a bench-scale electrochemical corrosion cell under an atmospheric pressure, The inhibition performance of CuCO3 in an aqueous solution of monoethanolamine (MEA) was examined under a wide range of operating conditions and reported as a function of process parameters including inhibitor concentration, temperature and solution velocity, The results show that CuCO3 functions as an anodic inhibitor. The addition of CuCO3 decreases corrosion rate of carbon steel but might induce pitting corrosion/

Jan 1, 2005

By T. G. Joseph, A. Sharma

ABSTRACT: Ultra-class haul trucks operating in oil sand face operational and maintenance issues as a result of soft underfoot conditions (Joseph, 2002). With exposure to frequent high g loading events, tire life is reduced due to sidewall belt fexure and frequent ground contact. Therefore, an improved under-standing of the interaction between tires and oil sand is needed. This paper examines the outcomes of a series of static and cyclic loading tests, performed using a scale tire on rigid, sand, and oil sand surfaces. Geometric predictions are made regarding the footprint area and vertical deformation of an ultra-classtire on similar surfaces.

Jan 1, 2011