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By W. R. Bacon

"The Canam property is in southern British Columbia, 24 miles southeast of Hope. It is reached by 5 miles of road from Mile 26 on the Hope-Princeton Highway.Between the years 1930, when the property was discovered, and I 938 development work by The Consolidated Mining and Smelting Company of Canada, Limited included some open-cuts and six adits totalling 2,700 feet in length. Canam Copper Company Ltd. explored the property intermittently from 1947 to 1955 by diamond drilling and underground work, including driving No. 10 adit. From surface down to the level of No. 10 adit, about 1,250,000 tons of ore has been outlined with an approximate grade of 1.25 per cent copper, 0.8 ounce silver per ton, and 0.01 ounce gold per ton. The ore in the upper part of the deposit also contains a little molybdenum and a little uranium.In June, 1955 Canam Copper Company Ltd. made arrangements to have the property brought into production under the direction of Mogul Mining Corporation Ltd. of Toronto, and a new low level adit has been started.GENERAL GEOLOGYThe principal rocks on the Canam property are chert, cherty argillite, and argillite. They are considered to be Jurassic or Lower Cretaceous in age. Although massive bands to 150 feet in thickness occur, these rocks are in general thinly bedded. Conformable bands of pyrrhotite, a fraction of an inch in thickness, are not uncommon in the well-bedded rocks, and fine tourmaline can be observed in various places.The sediments strike slightly west of north and dip quite steeply, generally eastward; however, sharp divergences from this general attitude are fairly common.Dark grey dioritic sills, in which slender prismatic crystals are conspicuous, are fairly common in the sediments. In general the sills are less than 25 feet in thickness, but a few are as much as 100 feet thick. Under the microscope the sills are seen to consist largely of amphibole (pargasite) and plagioclase (near An50)."

Jan 1, 1949

By M. Hitch, M. B. Lytle

Resource development conflicts arise largely due to differences in worldview between those who support and those who oppose development. This paper illustrates how societies and civilizations with different worldviews produce different levels of creative and economic energy. A questionnaire was created to build a database of responses to test whether worldview and resource development are correlated. Factor and multivariate regression analysis determined correlations for respondent groupings. Results showed a positive correlation between the respondents\u2019 worldviews and their attitudes toward resource development. Correlations became stronger as the homogeneity of the sample subgroups increased.

Jan 1, 2017

By E. E. Cudby

"FOLLOWING the Leduc discovery •by Imperial Oil in 1947, The California Standard Company began to acquire land in the area immediately west of Edmonton and in line with the Leduc reef trend (Figure 1).The California Standard Winter-burn Province No. 1 in Lsd. 10, Section 4, Township 53, Range 25, West 4th, which was spudded, on the basis of a seismic anomaly, in December, 1949, failed to find reef. This well was located on the eastern .edge of a large land block which California Standard and Imperial Oil had pooled as a joint venture, with California Standard a:s the operator (Figure 2).The culmination •of an extensive exploration and land aquisition programme was the drilling of the California Standard-Acheson Province No. 1 well .in Lsd. 13, Section 2, Township 53, Range 26, West 4th. On August 24th, 1950, a drill stem test was run in the D-3 zone which had been encountered at 4,969 feet, and a flow rate of 702 barrels per day •of 36° gravity oil was obtained. Just previously, Imperial Oil had completed a similar programme in the Stony Plain Reserve with the swabbing-in of Imperial Stony Plain No. 1. These two discoveries set off a drilling programme to determine the extent and value of the oil accumulation.Subsequent drilling of wells some successful .and others not by several other companies as well as California Standard bias, .to date, still left much to be determined as to the approximate delineation of the productive limits of the Ache-son-Stony Plain area. However, to August 31st, 1951, there were twenty-one D-3 producers north of the reserve and three in the Stony Plain Reserve."

Jan 1, 1952

"An innovative concept is proposed whereby the operating power for haul trucks in certain areas of an underground mine are reduced in order to lower ventilation costs. Airflow that must be provided for diesel-powered equipment in most jurisdictions are regulated based on engine peak power capability and engine emissions, both of which can be lowered by artificially reducing the capacity of the engine through the engine control unit. Advances in asset tracking and ventilation on demand enable this methodology and this study demonstrates that it could represent significant value for mine operators. An examination of haul truck duty cycle indicates that de-rating of engine operating power based on the truck’s location in the mine can enable a step change in ventilation rates, often with no material impact on working conditions. Methods for implementation and estimate of cost savings will be defined.INTRODUCTION Ventilation of underground workings remains a significant operating cost burden for modern mine operators. In particular, ventilation rates for underground diesel mining equipment are often defined by local regulatory bodies and are assumed to present minimal opportunity for optimization or savings, at least until battery propulsion systems can be adopted. Commonly, the quantity of air flow required is defined by the peak rated engine output power of diesel equipment. For example, Ontario Regulation 854 SS 183.1 (3) states that “The flow of air must be at least 0.06 cubic metres per second for each kilowatt of power of the diesel-powered equipment operating in the workplace”. Jurisdictions that define air flow using the prescribed CANMET or MSHA ratings use peak engine emissions to calculate air flow required for dilution ventilation. These approaches are similar in that the maximum power capability of a vehicle’s engine is used to define the ventilation rate in all areas where it travels, regardless of what power output is actually used in any of those areas. Examination of the duty cycle of a typical underground haul truck identifies a large variance in the power output of the vehicle depending on its location in the mine and the activities undertaken at these locations. For example, travel on a mining sub-level requires a fraction of the truck’s peak power due to the minimal grade and significantly reduced travel speed. So if we can reliably reduce the peak engine power capacity and engine emissions in areas where peak power is not required, we can logically cut the ventilation rates for those areas."

Jan 1, 2017

By Peter A. Cain, John C. Folinsbee

"A 4-ft.-diameter shaft has been drilled to a depth of 2,790 ft. in strong, hard, basic Precambrian rocks at Lynn Lake Manitoba. This was done on the property of Sherritt Gordon Mines Limited for the purpose of ventilating and developing the ""N"" orebody, which is located approximately 4,000 ft. south of the Farley shaft.The drilling was done under contract by two drilling companies. Peter Bawden Drilling (1964) Limited drilled the initial 12:1,4-in. pilot hole to a depth of 3,000 ft. Shaft Drillers Limited of Canada then reamed the hole to 4 ft. in diameter to a depth of 2,790 ft. At this point, the reaming was stopped because of the difficulty in passing a change in direction in the line of the pilot hole. The hole was completed by driving a raise 200 ft. from the 3000 level to the bottom of the 4-ft. hole using an Alimak raise climber.Cuttings from the reaming operation were directed into the 12:1,4-in. pilot hole, where they fell to the 3000 level and were removed by a mucking machine and standard mine development cars.The elapsed time from the start of the pilot hole to the completion of the reaming operation was ten months, with an average advance of 279ft. per month. There was a two-month delay between the completion of the pilot hole and the start of the reaming operation.The 12:1,4-in. hole was drilled in an elapsed time of 45 days from the time of setting up the rig. The average advance per day was 66.8 ft.The reaming operation was done in an elapsed time of 194 days. A one-month delay required to repair damaged equipment left 163 days for the drilling and setting-up operation, for an advance per day of 17.1 ft."

Jan 1, 1966

By Penny C. Stewart

Narrow vein underground stope design engineers in Australia have expressed significant interest in the requirements and methodology for developing site-specific stability charts. This is largely due to a concern that existing stope stability charts inadequately take into account factors influencing narrow vein stope stability, such as the effect of backfill abutments and the effect of in stope pillars. This paper presents conclusions from a comprehensive statistical examination of case history requirements for a site specific stability chart and critiques literature arguments for site-specific charts. A new statistical analysis technique and a large comprehensive stability database enabled the authors to quantify case history requirements and any site-specific effects the model exhibits. The analyses indicated that a reliable stable-failure boundary requires at least 150 case histories, of which a minimum of 10 percent should be unstable stope surfaces. Marginal site-specific effects were observed for the operating conditions captured within the database. The authors conclude that the apparent site-specific effects noted in previous literature are attributable to operating conditions inadequately represented in the database. Such operating conditions could induce erroneous stability predictions at any site, and are therefore not truly site-specific. Following from these conclusions, a strategy for taking into account operating conditions particularly relevant to narrow vein mining has been proposed. In particular, the development of a chart that accounts for the effect of backfill abutments on stope stability. Backfill abutment effects are particularly relevant to mechanised narrow vein mining methods such as modified Avoca. Collaboration from at least five sites is required to obtain access to relevant data and underground drives for geotechnical mapping. Preliminary estimations indicate that approximately three months fieldwork is required to meet case history requirements. CMS data in conjunction with 3-dimensional design software will be used to calculate equivalent linear overbreak/slough (ELOS). In contrast to stable, failure, major failure and caving categorical variables, ELOS is an objective and continuous stability variable and is therefore, more conducive to mathematical modelling.

Oct 1, 2001

By M. Imani, A. Fahimifar, A. H. Javid

"Current studies of bearing capacity for shallow foundations tend to rely on the hypothesis of an isolated footing. In practice a footing is never isolated; it is mostly in interaction with other footings. This paper focuses on a numerical study to evaluate the ultimate bearing capacity for two interfering strip footings resting on a rock mass in which the strength can be described by the generalised Hoek–Brown failure criterion. This criterion is applicable to intact rock or heavily jointed rock masses that can be considered homogeneous and isotropic.The material is assumed to exhibit perfect plasticity and obeys an associated flow rule. The effects of Hoek–Brown parameters including GSI, mi, and sci were studied and the corresponding results are presented. For different clear spacing (S) between the footings, values of the efficiency factor (?) were determined; where ? is defined as the ratio of the failure load for an interfering new footing of a given width (B) to that of a single isolated footing having the same width. The maximum value of (?) occurs at spaced between S/B = 0.5 to 1.0. The results have been compared with those available in the literature.INTRODUCTIONEvaluating the ultimate bearing capacity of rock masses is essential for important projects like dams and bridges. Closely spaced footings may occur on rock masses in the form of pier foundation and grillage footing. Close spacing lead to permit higher loads than can be bore by similar isolated footings. The ultimate bearing capacity of two interfering strip footings resting on cohesionless soil have been studied theoretically (Kumar, & Gosh, 2007; Kumar, & Kouzer, 2008; Stuart, 1962). Results revealed when two strip footings approached closely enough, failure zones affect each other and ultimate bearing capacity significantly increased."

Jan 1, 2015

By W. N. Hamilton

"Evaporites abound in the Western Canada sedimentary basin, recurring throughout the stratigraphic column and widely scattered over the basin region. Alberta, situated centrally over the basin, includes many of the evaporites within its borders, but only a few have the right geological conditions to form potential economic deposits of salt or gypsum. These include the Middle Devonian Elk Point Group and related evaporites, Upper Devonian Wabamun Group-Palliser Formation evaporites, and evaporites of the 'Triassic Charlie Lake and Whitehorse formations.Salt deposits underlie almost half of Alberta. The major deposits belong to the Elk Point Group, which includes thick salt units in the Lotsberg, Cold Lake and Prairie Evaporite formations. Another, younger salt deposit in the Wabamun Group has only local distribution. Elk Point salts have a maximum aggregate thickness of 430 m in east-central Alberta. The deposits deepen southwestward across the province, from minimum depths of210 m at Fort McMurray to 1820 m at Edmonton.The thickest, most extensive salt deposits are the upper Lotsberg and Prairie Evaporite salts. Both have excellent development potential. The upper Lotsberg is up to 150 m thick, consists of clear, very coarse crystalline halite with only minor impurities, and has a notable lack of non-salt strata in its succession. Analytical data for the Lotsberg Salt show extraordinary chemical purity. Prairie Evaporite Salt differs lithologically from the Lotsberg in having a significant non-salt component. The deposit is up to 200 m thick and consists of medium crystalline halite, brownish coloured and cloudy as a result of finely dispersed impurities. The main impurities-shale, anhydrite and dolomite-are most prevalent as interbeds in the salt succession, ranging from very thin laminae to beds several metres thick. Although of lesser purity, the Prairie Evaporite Salt is shallower, thicker and more extensive than the Lotsberg and the salt quality is quite acceptable for most industrial uses."

Jan 1, 1982

By T. S. Heah, S. T. Bishop

"The Lorraine property is located in the northern Intermontane Belt, north-central British Columbia. The property is underlain by intrusive rocks of the Duckling Creek Syenite Complex, an Early Jurassic, alkaline phase of the Late Triassic-Early Cretaceous Hogem Batholith. Two significant zones of copper-gold mineralization have been explored to date; the Main zone (historical Upper and Lower deposits) and the recently discovered Extension zone. A combined geological resource was estimated in 1975 for the Main zone deposits at 10 million tonnes averaging 0.7% Cu, and from 0.1 g/t Au to 0.34 g/t Au. The Extension zone, still at an exploration stage, is estimated to be considerably smaller than the Main zone.Copper-gold mineralization at Lorraine Mountain exhibits characteristics suggestive of both magmatic and hydrothermal origins, and may be related to orthomagmatic-hydrothermal fluid flow contemporaneous with magmatism and development of migmatitic fabrics. A depth greater than the depth of formation of classical porphyries may explain many of the variations displayed by mineralization at Lorraine. These characteristics distinguish Lorraine from other members of the alkalic suite of porphyry Cu-Au deposits in the Canadian Cordillera.IntroductionThe Lorraine prospect is located in the Omineca Mountains, at the headwaters of Duckling Creek, 56 km northwest of Germansen Landing (Fig. 1). The property is centred at latitude 55°55'N, longitude l25°26'W on NTS mapsheet 93N/14W. The area is typified by mountains of moderate relief, with elevations ranging from 1150 m in the valleys to peaks of 2000 m. Valleys are U-shaped and blanketed by glacial till which give way to steep, talus covered slopes and sharp ridges. Outcrop is generally limited to elevations above 1600 m (Fig. 2)."

Jan 1, 1995

By W. S. Hargratt

THE present era of exploitation of the Little Long Lac and Sturgeon River areas commenced in 1925, when Beardmore Gold Mines started development of what is now the property of Northern Empire Mines. A shaft was sunk in 1927-28 and a very limited amount of underground work was carried out, following which the property was shut down. It remained idle until 1932, when Empire Star Mines, a Delaware Company, optioned the property. This Company formed the Northern Empire Mines Company, Limited, to operate the mine, and immediately instigated an aggressive programme of surface and underground development. By the summer of 1933, sufficient ore was indicated to justify the installation of a small mill. The decision was also reached to bring in electric power. A power-line was built from Hydro, the Ontario Power Commission's development on the Nipigon river, to the mine, a distance of approximately 50 miles. This work was entirely financed by Northern Empire Mines. Mill construction was commenced in October, 1933, and completed by March, 1934, thus making this mine the first producer in this district.

Jan 1, 1940

By A. Musschoot

"The paper will review general types and designs of vibratory feeders, describing briefly the design features and characteristics that apply to the application of specific types. Control considerations for selecting types will be dis• cussed, such as fixed or adjustable, manual or automatic, individual or multiple bank, and process requirements. Design parameters for hopper openings and installation geometry will be discussed, including consideration of material size distribution, segregation, moisture content and other characteristics, based on practical applications and experience as well as theory. Pan designs and the selection of pan materials will also be discussed with reference to wear, corrosion, impact and practical economic factors."

Jan 1, 1972

By Guy Archambault, Réal Daigneault

"Un trait marquant du cadre tectorwstratigraphique de la Sous-province de l'Abitibi est la présence de nombreux couloirs de déformation d’extension régionale et sub-concordants au grain stratigraphique. La présence de grandes masses granitoïdes qui perturbent l'allure du grain tectonique est typique de la partie nord de la Sous-province de l'Abitibi. Des rides E-W constituées de complexes plutoniques précoces forment des reliefs structuraux agissant comme des moles résistants qui interfèrent avec la déformation régionale.Deux types de couloirs de déformation sont distingués, les couloirs de bordure et les discontinuités structurales. Les couloirs de bordure représentent des auréoles de déformation élevée qui s’accompagnent généralement d’un métamorphisme au faciès amphibolite. lls suivent /'interface entre les roches granitoïdes et les assemblages supracrustaux. Ces couloirs sont de puissance kilométrique et sont confines, surtout au sein des roches vertes, a l’interface des complexes granitoïdes d’importance. La limite entre la Sous-province de l'Opatica et les roches supra crustales de l'Abitibi est caractérisée par un important couloir de bordure issu possiblement d'un chargement tectonique irrégulier et concentre lors du raccourcissement horizontal.Les discontinuités structurales sont des failles ductiles qui se propagent surtout en direction E-W mais avec des variantes de directions SE et NE. Les discontinuités E-W se caractérisent par la présence d'une linéation d'étirement à fort angle de chute. Les discontinuités SE sont caractérisées par des linéations d'étirement horizontales et directionnelles et les mouvements observes sont system attiquement dextres. Les discontinuités NE sont des failles à comportement beaucoup plus fragile et se distinguent par des composantes de mouvement senestre. Elles sont tar dives par rapport aux discontinuités E-W et SE et ne représentent pas la symétrique du système SE.La combinaison des systèmes E-W et SE décrit un motif anastomose a l' échelle régionale. Les failles ductiles se rejoignent defaçon asymptotique, isolant des blocs peu ou pas affectes par la déformation. L'anastomose est un phénomène qui se produit a toute échelle et est reliée principalement aux Mt érogénéités et aux anisotropies 1) des forces agissantes (champs de contraintes régionale et locale) et 2) de la réponse del' empilement supra crustal (compositions différentes, fabrique initiate, propriétés mécaniques variées, niveaux d'altération).Dans le but de respecter un raccourcissement horizontal N-S, différents modelés sont proposés; ils mettent en cause soit une transpression dextre, soit des failles inverses réactivées en failles décrochèrent dextres soit des failles de chevauchement redressées."

Jan 1, 1990

What is the BC AMTA? ?What is an ASEP? ?Who are the partners? ?Critical Success Factors ?Questions/Answers Aboriginal Skills and Employment Program (ASEP) ?A collaborative partnership of industry, employers, post secondary, First Nations and government ?Working together to plan and implement training and education programs ?Demand-driven: targeted JOBS for participants

May 1, 2010

By G. A. Pinsky, Pickard M. K

"IntroductionTWO METHODS of mucking have been used in sinking C shaft, the five-compartment production shaft of the Yellowknife property of Giant Yellowknife Gold Mines, Limited:(a) Band mucking during the original sinking in 1949 and 1950 (l); and(b) Mechanical mucking with the Cryderman shaft mucker during the recent deepening in 1954.This paper briefly describes the recent deepening and compares the performance figures of the two sinking operations.PlanningProduction planning in 1952 showed that it would be advisable to deepen C shaft in 1954 to provide for three new production levels and the installation of an underground crusher. To complete the required shaft work it would be necessary for a shaft crew to deepen the shaft about 500 feet, to partly excavate three level stations and a crusher station, and to cut a station for the loading pocket. Figure 1, a vertical section of the lower part of the shaft, shows the details of the deepening programme.During the planning period, Giant had a rather small supervisory staff and at the same time was experiencing a heavy labour turnover. As it was obvious that production would suffer if the sinking crew were recruited at the mine, it was decided that the merits of contracting-the shaft sinking to an independent contractor should be investigated."

Jan 1, 1955

By Richard J. Kolada, Ian R. Muirhead

"This paper reports on a CANMET-funded examination of less conventional underground coal mining methods. These methods are documented and those that show the most promise for application to western Canadian conditions are discussed in detail.IntroductionIn recent years, mining considerations and economics have encouraged a transition from underground mining to surface mining. However, a change in market conditions or the development of superior underground mining methods may reverse this trend . Should this happen, the industry must be quick to respond and have information available on the latest developments of underground mining technology. In time, deposits of high-quality coal, which are easily accessible to surface mining, will be depleted and a change to underground mining methods will require consideration. The economic transition point between surface to underground will be a major determinant in maintaining a competitive edge. For these reasons, it is important to keep abreast of improvements in underground mining methods. To meet this objective, CANMET awarded a research contract to Monenco Consultants Limited, to investigate unconventional underground mining methods that show a potential for western Canadaoi. This paper presents the results of this investigation."

Jan 1, 1988

By T. A. Lloyd

"This paper indicates the extent to which Canadian coal mine operators have taken advantage of developments in the science and technology of coal that would allow them to better satisfy changing market demands through improving the properties of their products. At some mines, no attempt is made to alter the coal from its as-mined condition, but at most mines grading into various size ranges and hand-cleaning of lump sizes is undertaken.Over-all, Canada Jags behind most of the other major world coal producers in the proportion of its coals being processed in wash plants. To some extent, this is due to the fact that a high proportion of the coal production satisfies market demands without such treatment. On the other hand, a few of the coal mines in Canada, which produce about 25 per cent of the nation's total coal output, have in operation some of the most modern coal beneficiating equipment available, including jigs, flotation cells, water cyclones, centrifuges, disc filters and thermal dryers."

Jan 1, 1968

By Charles J. Zablocki, Robert J. Kamilli

"Abstract - Buried, possibly mineralized granite cupolas at the Silsilah tin deposit in Saudi Arabia (lat. 26°06' N, long. 42°40' E) have been successfully located using a closely spaced electric-field-ratio profiling technique. In this study, electrical fields at 27 and 270 Hz across grounded electrodes spaced 50 m apart were measured along six traverses. This method is interpretable by inspection, unlike the dipole-dipole technique, which requires mathematical modeling for interpretation.In the study area, the technique allowed the authors to identify and distinguish among unroofed granite cupolas, cupolas with their aplite-pegmatite apical contact zones intact, strong (quartz-rich) and weak (relatively quartz-poor) greisens, dikes, faults, and pervasively argillized rocks.This method should be useful in the valuation of other shallow mineral prospects in similar settings in other parts of the world, especially deposits for which the location of vertical contrasts is important, such as veins or mineralized zones associated with the apexes of small igneous cupolas."

Jan 1, 1993

By J. J. Laffin

In the pursuit of comfort and safety, the wonders of science have given us controlled heating and cooling, thus enabling us to enjoy all the aspects of present-day living to an extreme never previously •envisaged. Man's attempt to conquer the elements largely involves con-trolling the temperature around him. Without having conquered this aspect, his body energy would be consumed in trying to maintain physical comfort, rather than being invested in the explorations which have resulted in man's control over the forces of nature. The indirect methods used to obtain the most agreeable temperature environment were developed because of the natural tendency to strive for increased safety, convenience and comfort. Until the twentieth century, when heat generated by atomic fission became a reality, man's only source of heat, except for that of the sun, came from his discovery of fire.

Jan 1, 1962

By R. P. Nicholson

On September 3rd, 1947, the Acadia Coal Company put into operation a central coal preparation plant. This plant was designed to process all coals mined by this Company in the Pictou County coal field. The problem, briefly, was to make a three-way separation of the raw coal fed into the plant. It was desired to remove all stone, metal, and wood from the marketable coal and to produce a splint coal from the raw material which would be suitable for making power. This splint coal product is belted directly to the power plant which is adjacent to the wash plant. To attain this object it was therefore necessary, first, to wash the raw coal, removing all splint, stone, metal, and wood. The stone, metal, wood, and highest-ash splint had then to be removed by a second washing in order to obtain the lower-ash splint for use in the power plant. The plant is on the east side of the Allan colliery, in the town of Stellarton (see accompanying photograph). It is of steel frame construction with wood siding, covered on the exterior with corrugated galvanized iron. Considerable concrete had to be poured for the foundation piers as the plant site is largely 'fill' ground. This necessitated the construction of extremely heavy footings containing a large amount of reinforcing steel. In all, 884 cu. yds. of concrete were poured for the various pits, tanks, and foundations; its average test was about 3,500 lb. per square inch. At the time the plant was constructed, the steel shortage in Canada and the United States was acute and, in order to obtain steel for the structure which is four stories high- an unused part of the Allan bankhead was torn down. Enough steel was obtained from this demolition to fabricate the new plant.

Jan 1, 1948

By Karl J. C. Harries

13.1. RIGHT TO RECEIVE ROYALTY CONTRACTUAL ONLY1

Jan 1, 2003