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COUNCIL OF EDUCATION OF AIME (Formerly Mineral Industry Education Division) Established as a Division January 15, 1932 Established as a Council February 26, 1957 John C Calhoun, Jr, Chairman 0 Cutler Shepard, Vice-Chairman Thomas A Read, Secretary-Treasurer Dept of Mining & Metallurgical Engrg University of Illinois Urbana, Illinois COUNCIL OF ECONOMICS OF AIME (Formerly Mineral Economics Division) Established as a Division December 15, 1948 Established as a Council February 26, 1957 Louis C Raymond, Chairman Lorin A Cranson, Vice-Chairman Henry T Mudd, Vice-Chairman Adam K Stricker, Jr, Vice-Chairman Paul F Yopes, Secretary-Treasurer U S Bureau of Mines Albany, Oregon

Jan 1, 1957

Organization Place Date 1917 American Electro-Chemical Society Detroit; Mich. May 2-5 American Waterworks Association Richmond, Va. May 7-11 American Institute of Electrical Engineers New York City May 18 America' Society of, Mechanical Engineers Cincinnati, Ohio May 22-25 American Iron and Steel Institute New York City May 25-26 ' Interstate Oil Mill Superintendents Association. Augusta, Ga. May (last wk.) Electric Power Club Hot Springs, Va. June 11-14 Society for the Promotion of Engineering Education .... Evansville, Ind. June 19-22. American Institute of Electrical Engineers Hot Springs, Va. June 25 American Society for Testing Materials Atlantic City, N. J. June 26-30

Jan 5, 1917

Organization Place Date 1919 National Drainage Congress St. Louis, Mo. Nov. 11-13 American Mining Congress St. Louis, Mo. Nov. 1.7-21 Canadian Mining Institute Vancouver, B. C. Nov.. 26-28 American Society of Mechanical Engineers:.... New York, N. Y. Dec. 2-5 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Savannah, Ga. Dec. 3-6 Geological Society of America...; Boston, Mass. Dec. 29-31. American Society of Heating and Ventilating 1920 Engineers New York, N. Y. Jan. Mining and Metallurgical Society of America ... New York, N. Y. Jan. 13. American Institute of Min. and Met. Engineers... New York, N. Y. Feb. 16-19 American Ceramic Society Philadelphia, Pa. Feb. 23-26

Jan 11, 1919

By F. R. Hensel

The present paper describes a number of experiments with fine silver, coin silver, silver-cadmium oxide and silver-nickei-copper compacts, prepared by powder metallurgical methods. The test data are of a preliminary nature, since most of the work was exploratory. Fine Silver Eject of Compacting Pressure on Hardness and Density during Cold and Hot Pressing The cold-welding properties of silver have received considerable attention and the welding characteristics are functions of such variables as: cleanliness of metal particles (impurities and adsorbed gases), chemical nobility of particles, plasticity and hardness, particle assortment, particle shape, particle porosity, apparent density, temperature, pressure, time, recrystalliza-tion characteristics. Chemical nobility, plasticity and low temperature of recrystallization after work-hardening are responsible for the excellent low-temperature bonding properties of silver. Several series of compacts were pressed at pressures of 5, 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60 70 and 80 tons per square inch, at temperatures of 32°C. (room temperature), l00°, 2000, 300°, 400°, and 450°C. Silver powder of minus 325-mesh, produced by displacing silver from a nitrate solution by means of copper, was used. The density was calcuiated from accurately measured and weighed compacts. The hardness was measured on the Rockwell F scale. The investigation shows that an increase in pressure promotes a higher density and hardness regardless of pressing temperature, up to a temperature of 400° C. The pressure-density curves at various pressing temperatures are shown in Fig. I, the pressure-hardness curves at various pressing temperatures, in Fig. z. The greatest increase in both hardness and density was obtained in the pressure range of 5 to 20 tons per square inch. A compact from each series was annealed at 300°C. in air, for various lengths of time. The hardness values after annealing are shown in Table I. A minimum hardness was obtained after one hour of annealing. No change in density occurred during annealing. The maximum density was obtained at 80 tons per sq. in., and at this pressure the hardness is equal to that of hard-drawn wrought

Jan 1, 1945

Albin. B . R Billings. Mont . '28 Amnter . Nathan L 26 Broad St.. New York . N . Y . '28 Bache . Jules S 42 Broadway. New York. N . Y . '28 Borrett . C . P . 5338 Harper Ave .. Chicago. I11 '28 Baum . Frank G. . Cons . Hydro-Electric Engr Camel'. Shasta Co. . Cal. '23 Baylean, William S Russ Bldg .. San Francisco. Cal . '28 Bean, Louis H .. V.P.. Dwight P . Robinson & Co.. lnc 126 E . 46th St New York. N . Y . '28 Beatty . Roes J . 1106 First National Bank' Bldg .. Chicago . Ill . '28 Benwell . Oswald F . 110 Gilpin St .. Denver. 1310 . '28 Beymer. Albert 9.. V.P .. Keystone. National Bank Pittsburgh. Pa . '28

Jan 1, 1929

By Frederic Dewey

(New York Meeting, February, 1913) This old and well-known method of determining, silver is, in bullion work, so far superior to the furnace-assay that it is looked upon with reverential awe by many, if not by most, users, and its-ease of execution, with proper equipment, commends it highly where much commercial bullion work on silver is required. The method is so thoroughly well known that a, description of it here may seem to be unnecessary, but many thousands of determinations are annually made by it in the U. S. Mint Service and its practice is there reduced to an art. This is necessary both for the sake of economy of time, acid because high-grade work with it requires constant practice. It is useless for a person who uses it only occasionally to expect to attain high accuracy with it, without spending more time upon a determination than is warranted in a busy commercial laboratory. It is always employed in the Mint service whenever possible, but its chief field is in the determination of silver in standard silver (ingots and coin), which is 900 fine in silver and 100 fine in copper, and I shall first briefly outline its use on this metal and then take up various points in detail, especially as related to the accuracy of the results obtained.

Jan 4, 1913

By Nathan C. Rockwood

WHILE mining engineers have been searching in far corners of the country and of the world for hidden wealth there has grown up around us in nearly every city great wealth-producing mines calling for the investment of hundreds of millions of dollars and yielding products now sold for over half a billion dollars yearly-largely unknown and almost wholly neglected by mining engineers. But this neglect is explainable and excusable. They are industries of very recent origin-practically the growth of the last 25 years. They are in a very large measure the result of tremendous developments in engineering construction and the rapidly expanding use of portland cement concrete for structures of every description. Concrete as a material of construction is going through an evolution very much as did cast iron and other metals used in engineering; and this phase of the industry should appeal to the imagination of metallurgical engineers. At first iron was iron-a material of uncertain properties, owing both to small differences in chemical composition and in methods of manufacture. By successive steps iron was studied and knowledge of its properties developed-the striking effects of very small percentages of other minerals and of various heat-treatments.

Jan 1, 1924

By R. V. Taborelli, P. B. Bucky

This investigation was carried on by means of models and the application of the principles of similitude to determine the effects of props, props and cribs and sand filling in longwall mining. The geologic structure and rate of face retreat were kept constant and the only change introduced was in the method of support. It is not felt necessary to repeat a description of apparatus, or to explain the fact that a scalar model made in all parts of the same material as the prototype will behave similarly to the prototype when rotated at speeds such that the centrifugal force is as many times the gravitational force as the prototype dimension is a similar linear model dimension. The reader is referred to earlier papers1,2 for further information regarding these statements. All models were made of sandstone and were as in Fig. 6. They are composed of a 3/16-in. ore body bed A, overlain by a 3/16-in. bed B, a ?-in. bed C and two ?-in. beds D and E. The model was rotated at + 2350 r.p.m. equivalent to a model ratio of 1268. It was worked back ¼ in. at a time before being replaced in the centrifuge and again rotated. Table 1 gives model and prototype dimensions occurring in this discussion, the prototype dimensions being 1268 times the model dimensions. Figs. 1, 2, 3 and 4 were taken while the model was rotating at 2350 r.p.m. One was taken for each face retreat of 26.4 ft., but for obvious reasons all are not presented. Fig. 1 (A-E) shows the behavior of this type of structure with face retreats of 26.4 ft. and no artificial support. Fig. 2(A-E) shows the behavior of this type of structure where breaker and face props were used. The props were exceptionally strong, being of steel ? in. square in cross section, and capped with 1/16 in. ± of soft wood and paper, to allow for roof deflection. The face props were

Jan 1, 1940

By P. B. Bucky, R. V. Taborelli

This investigation was carried on by means of models and the application of the principles of similitude to determine the effects of props, props and cribs and sand filling in longwall mining. The geologic structure and rate of face retreat were kept constant and the only change introduced was in the method of support. It is not felt necessary to repeat a description of apparatus, or to explain the fact that a scalar model made in all parts of the same material as the prototype will behave similarly to the prototype when rotated at speeds such that the centrifugal force is as many times the gravitational force as the prototype dimension is a similar linear model dimension. The reader is referred to earlier papers1,2 for further information regarding these statements. All models were made of sandstone and were as in Fig. 6. They are composed of a 3/16-in. ore body bed A, overlain by a 3/16-in. bed B, a ?-in. bed C and two ?-in. beds D and E. The model was rotated at + 2350 r.p.m. equivalent to a model ratio of 1268. It was worked back ¼ in. at a time before being replaced in the centrifuge and again rotated. Table 1 gives model and prototype dimensions occurring in this discussion, the prototype dimensions being 1268 times the model dimensions. Figs. 1, 2, 3 and 4 were taken while the model was rotating at 2350 r.p.m. One was taken for each face retreat of 26.4 ft., but for obvious reasons all are not presented. Fig. 1 (A-E) shows the behavior of this type of structure with face retreats of 26.4 ft. and no artificial support. Fig. 2(A-E) shows the behavior of this type of structure where breaker and face props were used. The props were exceptionally strong, being of steel ? in. square in cross section, and capped with 1/16 in. ± of soft wood and paper, to allow for roof deflection. The face props were

Jan 1, 1940

Jan 1, 1885

By AIME AIME

T HE 133rd meeting of the A. I. M. E., opening in New York on Feb. 15, promises to be as successful technically and socially as any in the past. The papers submitted for the various technical sessions are unusually excellent and insure something of interest to every group. Tentative programs have already been issued, and a concise resume of the various sessions, arranged chronologically, appears on page 48. Among the many interesting technical sessions arranged, attention is directed to those of the Petroleum Division, embracing the Symposium on Production that has come to be an annual feature, and new ones on refining practice, transportation and economics. The Institute of Metals program is similarly comprehensive. It includes 15 papers, 8 on copper, 4 on aluminum and its alloys, and one each on magnesium, lead, and fatigue of metals. The Coal Committee offers as a leading contribution its report, prepared under the direction of H. N. Eavenson, giving a new analysis of the capacity of the mines and a comparison of coal with other industries. This will be supplemented by a number of other papers of especial interest to operating men, among which are "Data on Use of Loading Machines in Bituminous Mines," by Graham Bright; "Evaluation of Coal," by R. H. Sweetser; "Selection of Coals for the Manufacture of Coke," by H. J. Rose; and "Relation of Origin and State of Carbonization of Coal to Problems of Low Temperature Carbonization," by S. W. Parr. The Iron and Steel Committee has scheduled seven papers, and there will be a special session on open-hearth practice, in which will be presented the first results of the two conferences, held by the sub- committee at Pittsburgh and Cleveland. A symposium on molding sands will be a special feature of the session on non-metallics.

Jan 1, 1926

By AIME

DURING the happy and peaceful years between the Treaty of Versailles and the third New Deal, metallurgy became one of the most cosmopolitan of the sciences. Any metallurgist can name some twenty or thirty scientists whose work, in this country, in England, in Germany, or in France, Sweden, Italy, or Japan was as well known in other parts of the metal-producing and metal using world as it was locally, despite the fact that many of these men never left their native land. One of these metallurgical cosmopolites is Augustus Braun Kinzel, former Chairman of the Iron and Steel Division, A.I.M.E., and now a Director of the Institute. Gus Kinzel, however, is not only a cosmopolite by reputation; he is also a cosmopolite in fact. For many years he commuted at least twice a year between New York and the rest of the world; he is, therefore, not only an expert on the art and science of metallurgy but is equally expert in world travel and can expound with authority on the comparative quality and especially on the cuisine of the great prewar steamship lines; and being a true cosmopolite, he knows, as well as he knows the iron-chromium diagram, the best vintage years in the Gironde, Cote d'Or, and Saone-et-Loire departments in France and along the banks of the Moselle and Rhine in Germany.

Jan 1, 1946

By T. Egleston

The materials containing copper which are refined in the United Statrs, are, for the most part, the natiye noppers of Lake Superior. IJntil quite recently but little pig copper Was made for sale, and that came principally from the pure sulphorous ores of New England and the Sonth, and was generally sdd to reSneries not far from the ore filrnaceu. A stnall aiuoiint found its way into the'niarket which was produced either as the by-product of the treatment of gold and silver ores, or as the result of the treatment of impure copper ores; but both these grades, on account of the impurities they contained, were loolced on with stlspicion, and were not sought for. A11 the grtlGis of pig coppcr are sold by the unit of oopper contents, a great redtiction being made in the price when impurities are present. There are at the present time only three works which treat native copper, the two of the Detroit and Lake Superior copper Company, and the works of C:G. Hussey & Co., in Pittsburgh. There are a few works ivhich smelt sulphuroris ores and refine their pig; bo sides these t1le1-e arc a few siuall works where gig copper is refined uuly. Some of these purcIlase blscir copper, refine scrap, or simply refine such grades of ingot copper as are found in the market, but nlostly that from Lake Superior, for the purpose of getting it into swh shapes that can be handled cpmtriercially to advantage, such as in making large plates or high grades of wire fir electrical purposes. A nomher of such works are situated in the Xaugaturk Vatley aud elsewhcre in New England. The recent discoveryof vnlt~sblc ores in Ariarona makm it probable that within a few year8 the refining of capper In the United States will make great develupments. Up to the time of the discovery of the mines on Lake Superior, only a very small quantity of native copper had ever been foond, not sufficient to justify the erection of worlrs fbr its special treatment. It had, besides, never been found in very large maweq so that the discovery of greabblocks of it presented serious difficulties, not oolp in mining it,-I- but in bringing it into a merchantable condit'ion. It seemed a very simple process to melt these large maws,

Jan 1, 1881

By J. C. Detweiler

THE Jacksonville plant of Humphreys Gold Corp., operating under leases from National Lead Co. and Rutile Mining Co. of Florida, recovers rutile, ilmenite, zircon, and monazite from an ancient beach deposit containing about 2.5 pct of these minerals in combination. The location of the plant is unique, being situated about ten miles from the center of Jacksonville, Fla., surrounded by a thriving suburb. Two four-lane highways pass within 1 ½ miles of the plant. An expressway now under construction will pass over the tailing pile, within 500 ft of the mine office. The elevation at the plant site is approximately 50 ft above sea level. This is one of two mines producing titanium minerals and zircon in Florida. Another mine is also operated by Humphreys at Starke, about 50 miles southeast of Jacksonville. The Jacksonville deposit extends about six miles in a north-south direction, averaging approximately one half mile wide and twenty ft thick. Values begin at the surface over most of its length and ter-

Jan 1, 1952

[L. W. KEMPF, Chairman E. E. SCHUMACHER, Past-Chairman E. A. ANDERSON, Senior Vice-Chairman A. A. SMITH, JR., Vice-Chairman 11. A. MALONEY, Treasurer ERNEST KIRKENDALL, Secretary 29 West 39th Street, New York 18, N. Y. Executive Committee 1947 C. Y. CLAYTON A. B. GRENINGER CURTIS PIGOTT 1948 WALTER BONSACK W. A. DEAN LOUIS JORDAN 1949 J. D. HANAWALT W. A. JOHNSON E. W. PALMER]

Jan 1, 1946

By F. S. Young

Previous laboratory and field experimentation has demonstrated the effect of several variables on drilling rate.1-5 These results have been incorporated into optimization theories6-" for the purpose of reducing drilling cost. Minimum-cost drilling theories rely on a combination of historical data and empirical prediction techniques for selecting optimum bit weight and rotary speed. Past solutions have required extensive use of computing equipment because of both the complexity of the mathematical formulations and the large number of parameters involved. Field attempts to apply these computed results have frequently failed because of the uncertainty of input data requirements. Humble has developed an on-site computer system to control bit weight and rotary speed and thereby implement the concepts of minimum-cost drilling. This system can (1) perform short interval drilling rate tests for formation evaluation, (2) use the results of these tests as input information to solve minimum-cost drilling formulas, and (3) control bit weight and rotary speed in accordance with these computed solutions. The purpose of this paper is to describe the computer control system and present results of initial field testing. Theoretical Considerations Minimum-cost drilling (MCD) requires a quantitative evaluation of the variables involved. Several forms of a basic mathematical model have been sug-gested.'?,' "he relationships reported here form the basis for the solution programmed in this work. Four equations are used, expressing drilling rate, bit bearing wear, bit tooth wear, and cost. A solution for minimum-cost drilling assuming constant bit weight and rotary speed over the entire bit life has been programmed for use in computing MCD schedules. This solution is subject to certain limiting assumptions such as those discussed by Graham et a1.I2: 1. Drilling cost is the summation of bit cost, rotating cost, connection cost and hoisting cost. 2. Diamond bits are excluded. 3. Bit life is limited by either bearing failure or tooth wear, or by a combination of operational factors that make it cheaper to pull an incompletely consumed bit. 4. Circulating hydraulics are adequate and do not limit drilling rate. 5. Bit weight considerations exclude hole deviation. 6. Drilling rate is a function of only bit weight, rotary speed, and degree of tooth dullness; that is, the effects of pressure, lithology, fluid properties hydraulics and drill string dynamics are ignored. In equation form, the four MCD expressions are as follows:

Jan 1, 1970

By A. V. De Forest

INSPECTION and test methods of great diversity have been used from the most ancient times to select raw material, control its manufacture, and appraise its finished properties and value. The "miller thumb," expert in grading flour, the vintner's sense of taste, the goldsmith's micro-wear test on a touchstone, the enquiring sniff over the doubtful egg -these are all nondestructive inspection methods, accurate and depend- able, but not readily reduced to numbers in the c.g.s. system. A horse trader inspecting a possible purchase is interested in more than age, size, weight, color. heredity, speed, or drawbar pull which can be reduced to figures. Behavior, temperament, stamina, health-past, present and future---are just as important as the numerically determinate constants.

Jan 1, 1940

By AIME AIME

GENERAL COMMITTEES. SAN FRANCISCO:-ExECUTIVE, Hon. William C. Ralston, Chairman; RECEPTION, Prow. Samuel B. Christy, Chairman; SESSIONS, Frederic W. Bradley, Chairman; PRESS, H. Foster Bain, Chairman; FINANCE, Mark L. Requa, Chairman; EXCURSIONS AND ENTERTAINMENTS, Edward H. Benjamin, Chairman. Assisted by Harry P. Stow, C. W.Merrill, F. W. Griffin, Gelasio Caetani, Albert Burch, Newton Cleaveland, Corey C. Brayton and R. E. Cranston. Los ANGELES :-EXECUTIVE, Theo. B. Comstock, Chairman; R. W. Hadden, Secretary; H. R. Simpson, Treasurer. Institute Headquarters at Hotel St. Francis. The first and opening session, held Tuesday afternoon, Oct. 10,. in the Reception-Hall of the St. Francis, was called to order by State Senator William C. Ralston, Chairman of the Executive Committee, who in a few well-chosen words welcomed the visiting members and guests of the Institute to San Francisco. He said it was twelve years since the last meeting on the Pacific Coast and that it was here that the greatest feats. of mining had been accomplished in the history of the country. He told of the work that had been done on the continent and of the new methods introduced by the mining engineers for the betterment of the nation. He then introduced Capt. Robert W. Hunt, twice past President of the Institute, and present Acting President for the San Francisco meeting and the subsequent visit to Japan, who responded cordially to Mr. Ralston's welcoming address. By unanimous vote, the Secretary was instructed to send a telegram to President Charles Kirchhoff expressing regret for his absence, and hoping for a rapid improvement in the health of his mother. The following papers were presented in brief oral abstract by the authors: . * Electrolytic Refining at the U. S. Mint, San Francisco, Cal., by Edward B. Durham, San Francisco, Cal. The Parral Tank System of Agitating Slime-Pulp, by Bernard MacDonald, Guanajuato, Mexico. * The Newport Iron-Mine, Ironwood, Mich., by B. W. Vallat, Ironwood, Mich. (illustrated by lantern-slides). * Distributed in pamphlet worm.

Nov 1, 1911

By William H. Bassett

RECENTLY it has become the custom of retiring presidents to talk of the relations of the Institute to its membership and its constituency- and it seems a good precedent to follow. Past-president Smith reviewed our relations to materials and to society in general. Mr. Bradley spoke of the value and use of our publications and of our educational duties. My message will be in regard to the coordination of our various groups of member interests and of service to industry. This Institute has, within its organization, four divisions and fourteen technical committees--each interested in a separate put very definite subject, and each covering a phase of mining engineering interest. These vary from geology and the geophysical methods of prospecting, to the physics of the structure of metals, truly "from the mine to the consumer"-from the preparation for mining to the final use of that which has been mined.

Jan 1, 1931

By G. W. Josephson

JUDGING by the progressive atmosphere prevailing in the nonmetallic mineral industries during the past year, postwar conditions were healthful though inflationary. Demand for most industrial mineral products has been exceptionally high and many new production records were attained. Severe shortages of some commodities existed, especially building materials and fertilizers. Production costs and prices increased and profitable operation was general. Under these conditions expansion programs were the order of the day. Ample funds were available to finance the purchase of good equipment; and, as wages and other operating costs were increasing, primary emphasis was placed on attaining maximum efficiency in new installations. These efforts were hampered by shortages and slow delivery of desirable equipment, so compromises in design were often necessary. However, on the whole, production practice improved.

Jan 1, 1948