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By Robert L. Jones, Clifford Dunham

"INTRODUCTION The Wah Wah mine was examined 3/ by the Bureau of Mines in September, and a project was started in November 1942. Assistance was given by the Federal Geological Survey in formulating proposals and plans, and two geoloists were assigned to map the surface and underground workings in October 1942.HISTORYThe Pine Grove mining district was organized in 1S73, but no work was done there until it was reorganized in 1879, after which it is reported that a little ore was shipped. The Wah Wah Mining Co. was incorporated September 2, 1937. Prior to that time, predecessor organizations had spent approximately $122,000 on the property now held by this company. The board of directors of the Wah Wah Mining Co. approved expenditure of $47,652.14 from September 1937 to June 1942 for development. This work was confined to the Tasso shaft and connecting levels. Shipments in 1939 amounted to 925.789 dry tons with a gross value of $12,477.83. This ore contained 20,130 pounds lead, 1,390 pounds copper, 7,434 ounces silver, and 65.09 ounces gold. The mine was idle from July 1941 to November 1942, when, the Bureau initiated a project to unwater the Tasso shaft and proceed with the exploratory work as outlined in the War Minerals Report."

Apr 1, 1946

By P. C. Good

Tungsten metal in fused form and of high purity was prepared by reducing tungstic oxide with redistilled calcium metal in a heavy-walled sealed reactor. Alloys of tungsten with vanadium, molybdenum) chromium, columbium, and tantalum were prepared by coreduction of mixed metal oxides in the same manner. This work was undertaken by the Bureau of Mines to investigate new approaches for preparing tungsten and its alloys in high-purity form. The standard method of producing tungsten metal has been the reduction of tungstic oxides by hydrogen. The resulting metal powder is compacted, sintered, and fabricated by powder metallurgy methods. Long experience in this field has resulted in the development of a technology that (by careful control of the variables such as metal composition, particle size, and sinterng technique) is well adapted to producing wire and the small shapes usually prepared from tungsten metal.

Jan 1, 1961

By R. A. Beall, S. L. Ausmus

The development of a completely water - free expendable graphite mold material , useful for reactive metal castings , has been detailed . Mixing and curing variables have been evaluated both by physical testing of the material itself and by castings of titanium , zirconium , and hafnium . The blend of powdered graphite , cornstarch , dextrin , cereal binder , linseed oil , and Carbowax -4000 is a successful mix when mulled in a carbon dioxide atmosphere , and properly cured and fired . The primary advantage of this material is its adaptability to standard foundry techniques ; i . e . , core blowing and hand ramming . Temperatures in the curing and firing cycles do not exceed 960 ° C , and no vacuum firing is required .

Jan 1, 1964

By W. P. Yant, C. E. Traubert

"INTRODUCTION Canister-type gas masks have become an essential part of the equipment of many industries, not only for use in emergencies, but also in performing normal operations of industrial processes and procedures, particularly where ventilation is not practically or economically feasible. They are also used widely for enhancing safety of operations which previous to the development of gas masks had been performed in harmful atmospheres.Since the inception of industrial gas masks the Bureau of Mines has been actively engaged in endeavoring to increase the efficiency and safety of these devices, and this bureau has become a source of advice to manufacturers in producing devices of good quality and to industry in the proper selection and use of these devices. In order to give first-hand information and keep current with the demands and needs of industry it is necessary to perform investi-gations from time to time. This report deals with tests of certain types of commercial gas-mask canisters for protection against mercury vapor.TYPES OF CANISTERS EXAMINEDThis investigation included tests of the following types of canisters:(a) Gas-mask canister filled with 725 c.c. of granular activated charcoal, 8 to 14 mesh, and of a quality used in gas masks which meet the Bureau of Mines approval requirements 4 for protection against organic vapors."

Oct 1, 1932

By Efrem R. Reeves

Noise-induced hearing loss (NIHL) is the most common occupational illness in the United States, with 30 million workers exposed to excessive noise levels [NIOSH 1996] every day. Of particular concern is the mining industry; which has the highest prevalence of hazardous noise exposure of any major industry sector [Tak et al. 2009] and is second only to the railroad industry in prevalence of work-ers reporting hearing difficulty [Tak and Calvert 2008]. This document is for operators, safety personnel, and mechanics in the mining industry who are not specialists in noise control engineering or acoustics. Evaluations of successful and unsuccessful attempts at controlling noise on several large, underground metal mining machines are detailed to illustrate the basic principles of noise control. Once personnel understand the guidelines and principles of noise control, they will be able to ¦evaluate the extent of a noise problem; ¦determine the best approach to the problem; and ¦apply the most appropriate solution. Because of the insidious nature of NIHL, it can go unnoticed until a considerable loss of hearing has occurred. In some cases, diagnosis is delayed because an exposed individual claims to have become accustomed to the noise. In reality, that person may have already suffered irreversible hearing loss. Humans can hear sounds in the frequency range from about 20 to 20,000 Hertz (Hz). Within this range, NIHL usually begins in the frequency region around 4,000?6,000 Hz, the upper levels of the speech region. The first noticeable symp-toms include difficulty understanding higher pitched voices, such as the voices of females and children, and difficulty understanding certain consonant sounds, which are primarily high frequency in nature. The extent of NIHL varies depending on the level and duration of noise exposure and on an individual?s susceptibility; despite having similar noise exposure, individuals can experience differing degrees of hearing loss, or none at all. NIHL is almost always preventable. To reduce or eliminate the possibility of NIHL, an individual?s noise environment must be analyzed and appropriate action taken to reduce noise exposure.

Dec 1, 2009

By H. A. Watson

The introduction and use of synthetic materials in various applications may lead to potential hazards from toxic, gaseous, decomposition products if these materials are subjected to conditions abnormal to their intended use, such as high temperatures or burning from accidental causes. This report covers an investigation of such possible hazards from toxic gases produced by the burning or thermal decomposition of some low-density, expanded, synthetic materials, three of which consisted of polyvinylchloride and one of acrylonitrile. In the production of certain expanded plastic materials, Chemical blowing agents frequently are used to produce a cellular structure. One of these blowing or foaming agents contains azo-bis-isobutyronitrile, which is designated in this report as PN. Information indicates that a product of decomposition of this blowing agent, formed in the blowing operation, is tetra-methyl-succino-nitrile, designated as TSN, Which is significantly toxic. Decomposition of the blowing agent, with release of its azo nitrogen, is represented by the following reaction:

Jan 1, 1951

By Arthur E. Bruszak, Marcel Vanpée

In many practical combustion systems ignition may occur through contact with hot burned gases . Such a process plays a vital role in flame stabilization on bluff bodies . It is also of importance in the ignition of firedamp by the hot spent gases of explosives used in mines . Also , in the communication of flames through narrow channels , a problem of practical importance in flameproofing electrical equipment , the propagation of the flame is essentially a reignition process in which hot burned gases are the agent of ignition . In the actual ignition problem a great variety of conditions may be visualized . Ignition may occur where pockets of hot gases are surrounded by cold explosive mixtures or where pockets of cold mixture may be surrounded by hot gases . Alternately , a flowing stream of combustible mixture may be initially in contact with another stream of hot combustion products , or a jet of hot gases may flow into a cold quiescent mixture ; the jet may be laminar or turbulent , continuous or discontinuous . The hot gas may also consist of the oxidant ( air for instance ) and the cold combustible pure fuel . This study by the Bureau of Mines is concerned only with ignition produced by a continuous jet of gas ( hot ) flowing into a practically quiescent cold mix- The investigation of ignition by bursts of hot gases or by turbulent jets is outside the scope of this report , and work performed on this phase of the problem has been published elsewhere

Jan 1, 1963

By J. H. Wiggins

"The tests described below were conducted by the Bureau of Mines at a lease in Oklahoma on installations designed to decrease evaporation losses of crude oil Pram storage tanks. Use of the lease was granted by the Oklahoma Producing and Refining Corporation of America. Tankage was obtained through the courtesy of the Parkensburg Pig and Reel Co. The purpose of the installations and tests was to demonstrate the value of making crude-oil storage tanks gas-tight, rather than to determine the amount of evaporation in any one type of tank. None of the tanks used were absolutely gas-tight, but one of them was very nearly so. They comprised a tank of the ordinary open type with an 18-inch manhole, a tank with a ""4-inch vent"", a tank with a ""smaller vent"", and a tank which had only ""pin holes"" through which air and vapor could pass freely. On the last two tanks any excess pressure was taken care of by an automatic differential pressure regulator.The results obtained in these tests indicate that tight tankage will soon pay for itself. They will not, however, serve as a basis on which a producer can compute the actual number of days necessary for tight tankage to pay out, because the oil used was exceptionally volatile. It is probable that the average evaporation loss in the Mid-Continent field is at least one-half as great as that shown by these tests, and if this is true, the saving that would be effected by providing tight tankage on the lease will undoubtedly justify the expense. The installation of evaporation-proof tanks on the lease has been delayed by the failure of production managers to realize, first, that their evaporation losses are enormous, and, second, that they can practically eliminate these losses by a simple and inexpensive installation."

Apr 1, 1921

By R. V. Ramani, R. Bhaskar

"The National Academy of Sciences (1) recognized the importance of studying the spatial and temporal characteristics of respirable coal mine dust atmospheres. In this paper, the progress to date of a research project on dust transportation and deposition in mine airways is presented. A mathematical model is proposed for studying the transport of dust. A source representative of dust generation in underground coal mining is defined. The influence and applicability of surface roughness, dispersivities, coagulation and reentrainment to vine dust flow arc examined. A convective-diffusion model is proposed for the transport and deposition of dust in mine airways. Using the model, the spatial and temporal characteristics can be evaluated in terms of dust concentrations in the mine atmospheres.INTRODUCTIONThe prediction of the behavior of fine particles Is Important in many fields of science and engi¬neering including physics, chemistry, mining, mineral processing, and atmospheric science. In mining from the health point of view, fine coal dust is associated with the appearance of pneumoconiosis in miners exposed to the dust. Also, in addition to being a nuisance factor obscuring visibility and general mobility of miners, it can lead to sudden catastrophic incidences of explosions. This paper outlines the progress to date of a research project on dust transportation and deposition in mine airways. A mathematical model is proposed for studying the transport of dust for the various mechanisms. The dust dispersion is defined in terms of a dispersion term determined from experimental data by Skubunov (23). Coagulation is considered as one of the mechanisms that can lead to changes in the particle size distribution. Reentrainment as a possible secondary source of dust was examined during model development but was not included in the final model."

Jan 1, 1988

By John H. Hild

This is a report on work done and results obtained in a minerals exploration program conducted by the Bureau of Mines on the lead-zinc deposits in the Ross Basin-Lake Como district, San Juan County, Colo., in 1948, 1949, and 1950. Four large veins--the Seven Thirty, Red Rogers, Cashier-Shorts top-Canandaigua, and Queen Anne--and several narrow spur veins were explored at relatively shallow depths with core-drill holes. Thirty-nine holes, totaling 10,491.5 feet, were drilled, and the core samples were assayed at the Bureau of Mines station at Salt Lake City, Utah.

Jan 1, 1959

By T. A. Hendrickson

The Bohemia district, situated about 30 miles southeast of Cottage Grove, Oreg., in the Calapooia Range, has been the major producer of lead and zinc in Oregon. Sporadic production has been Maintained from the district since its early discovery about 1858. In 1942, a selective-flotation mill was built at the Champien mine, which operated for only a short time and was forced to close because of the war and lack of labor. The Champion mill reportedly has been operated as a custom mill for the treatment of ore from the Musick and Helena mines, located in the district sometime in the past. This report summarizes the results of laboratory ore-dressing studies made on ore samples from the Musick and Helena Mines.

Jan 1, 1951

By M. J. Dailey

This paper is one of a series being prepared by the United States Bureau of Mines on mining practices, methods, and costs in the various mining districts of the United States. The property of the Silver King Coalition Mines Co. is situated in the western past of the Park City mining district, Utah, about 1 ½ miles southwest of the town of Park City, The elevation at the collar of the main shaft is 8,137 feet above sea-level.

Jan 1, 1930

By Forest J. Sur

"This report describes an exploratory project conducted by the Bureau of Mines on a fluorite deposit near Vado, N. Mex. Results of trenching are given. Together with analyses made upon samples of the ore. The Federal Geological Survey3/ completed a preliminary geologic study and mapped the deposit during the summer of 1944. A Bureau engineer examined the deposit in August 1944. As a result of these investigations, it was concluded that the deposit contained substantial inferred ore reserves. Exploratory work was recommended to obtain information that might possibly lead to production from the property. Assistance was given the Bureau by the Geological Survey.A gasoline-powered air compressor, other equipment, and supplies were delivered to the property from January 20 to 25, 1943. Trenching began under the direction of a Bureau of Mines engineer on January 25, 1947, and ended on March 15, 1945. The results of trenching and sampling form he basis of this report.In its program of exploration of mineral deposits, the Bureau of Mines has as its primary objective the more effective utilization of our mineral resources to the end that they make the greatest possible contribution to national security and economy. IT is the policy of the Bureau to publish the facts developed by each exploratory project as soon as practicable after its conclusion. The Mining Branch, R.G. Knickerbocker, chief, analyzes samples and performs beneficiation tests. Both these branches are under the supervisions of Dr. R. S. Dean, assistant director."

Sep 1, 1946

By Clayton M. Rumsey

In 1984, the U.S. Bureau of Mines conducted a mineral survey of a 26,598-acre study area which includes the 23,702-acre Mt. Limbo Wilderness Study Area (NV-020-201). The study area is 65 miles northeast of Reno, NV, and is underlain mainly by Cretaceous granodiorite that comprises the Selenite Range. Tertiary basalt, rhyolite, and sedimentary rock as well as Quaternary alluvium and lake deposits are exposed near the study area boundary. Mines just north of the area in the Hooker mining district produced tungsten ore in the 1940's and 1950?s. Similar deposits are not known in the study area. Disseminated gold is in sinter about 6 miles west of the study area and at several other locations regionally.

Jan 1, 1986

By Erik Bengtsson

Phenol was discovered in coal tar by Runge (1)1/ in 1834 and was isolated (2) in 1841 as pure phenol by distilling the tar, extracting with caustic soda, acidifying the extract, and fractionating the tar acids. Later, o-cresol was isolated (3) through careful fractional distillation of the tar-acid mixture. The m-and p-cresols distilled within a boiling range of about 1.50 c. and had to be separated by other means. Raschig (4) fractionated the tar-acid mixture to obtain pure o-cresol, sulfonated the mixture of m-and p-cresols, and treated the cresol-sulfonic acids with superheated steam at 1200 to 1300 c. to hydrolyze the m-cresol sulfonic acid, the p-isomer was not affected at that temperature. He also attempted to make use of the different crystallizabilities of the m-and p-cresol sulfonic acids (5). When treated with sodium bisulfate and sodium pyro-sulfate at 100° to 110° C. or with sulfuric acid (90/0) at 20° C., only the m-cresol was sulfonated (6). Hoffman-La Roche (7) treated the meta-para mixture with concentrated sulfuric acid at 40° to 100° C., when m-cresol and part of the p-cresol was sulfonated, and precipitated the m-cresol sulfonic add by diluting with water. The same sort of separation may be carried out by means of 80 percent sulfuric acid at 35° C. and 35 mm pressure (8).

Jan 1, 1950

By Lloyd A. Morley

A concept is presented to improve underground coal mine electrical system safety and availability. This proposed technique is based upon the ability to predict incipient failures in the mine power system. Prediction is made possible by a new method, developed during this research, which uses a minicomputer to implement pattern recognition algorithms. The theoretical basis of the prediction system is discussed, along with synthesis of the hardware and software sections. The deterioration modes which could be detected are examined, and an evaluation of the system's ability to predict incipient failure is presented. Typical results of the system's performance during laboratory simulation of power system deterioration are given.

Jan 1, 1977

By D. J. Parker

Owing to its flexibility, convenience, economy, ands availability, electric power is peculiarly adapted to the needs of the coal -mining industry. Because of such obvious advantages, the application of electricity has in recent years become more and more extensive and is now a most important factor in the Nation's coal prediction. With the introduction of this type of power into coal mines certain new, specific, and well-recognized hazards resulted. The question arises, therefore: Has the industry met these hazards squarely and. effectively? With respect to some individual companies, the answer happily is in the affirmative; with respect to the industry as a whole, there is much room for improvement.

Jan 1, 1933

By L. G. Marshall

This report, describing the mining method of the Dresser Trap Rock Co., Dresser, Wis., is one of a series published by the Bureau of Mines on mining methods, performance, and costs at mining operations throughout the United States. SUMMARY Dresser, in Polk County, is 3 miles south of St. Croix Falls, Wis. Company operations are about 1 mile north of the townsite. The mine has been in [peration] since 1914 and under the present ownership since 1949.

Jan 1, 1959

By Doug Scott

Develop tools that companies can use to comply with 29 CFR 1910.1200.

By Rita D. Sylvester

"IntroductionThe Bureau of Mines was established in the public interest to conduct inquiries and scientific and technologic investigations concerning mining and the preparation, treatment, and utilization of mineral substances; to promote health and safety in the mineral industries; to conserve material resources and prevent their waste; to further economic development; to increase efficiency in the mining, metallurgical, quarrying, and other mineral industries; and to inquire into the economic conditions affecting these industries. The organic act of the Bureau, as amended by Congress and approved February 25, 1913, made it the province and duty of the Bureau to ""disseminate information concerning these subjects in such manner as will best carry out the purposes of this Act.""In accordance with this directive, the Bureau reports the findings of its research and investigations in its own series of publications and also in articles that appear in scientific, technical, and trade journals; in proceedings of conventions and seminars; in reference books; and in other non-Bureau publications. The number of these reports, the wide range of subjects they cover, and the variety of mediums in which they appear make the kind of list and index presented in this special publication both necessary and valuable. This issue describes reports and articles published during the period January I, 1965, to December 31, 1969. It supplements the 50-year list of Bureau publications issued from July 1, 1910, to January I, 1960;' the 50-year list of articles by Bureau authors published outside the Bureau from July 1, 1910, to January I, 1960;3 the 5-year list of Bureau publications and articles from January I, 1960, to December 31, 1964.' It includes all the material in the four annual lists of Bureau publications and articles from January 1, 1965, to December 31, 1968, as well as the Bureau publications and articles for 1969."

Jan 1, 1970