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By Steven R. Davis

Dear Interested Party: Subject: Notice of Intent to Solicit Outside Opinions Regarding Amendments to the Rules Concerning the Leasing of State Owned Lands for the Mining of Metallic Minerals The Department of Natural Resources, Division of Minerals, is seeking outside opinions concerning the leasing of state owned lands far the mining of metallic minerals. Enclosed for your information in a copy of the Notice of Intent to Solicit Outside Opinions Regarding Amendments to the Rules Concerning the Leasing of State Owned Lands for the Mining of Metallic Minerals.

Jan 1, 1994

By E. L. Rawlins

Pipe lines through which natural gas is flowing should be buried in order to minimize fluctuations in the temperature of the gas, as these fluctuations have several harmful effects. One of these effects is to decrease the accuracy of measurements of gas volume. In order to meter properly the quantity of gas flowing past any point in a transmission system, it is necessary to how the temperature of the gas. If the temperature remains fairly constant, the gas flow can be measured with a close degree of accuracy, but if it fluctuates rapidly, close measurement is impossible.

Jan 1, 1926

By Ivor Hawkes

The purpose of the development described in this report and as stated in the contract work statement is to "design, develop, fabricate, test and demonstrate, and deliver to the government permissible low cost cylindrical stress gauges and associated components capable of measuring change of stress as a function of time in underground coal mines. The cylindrical stress gauges shall be suitable for installation in bore holes". The technique adopted for measuring rock stress changes is to preload a steel cylinder diametrically across the sides of a 1-1/2 in diameter bore hole and detect deformation of the cylinder from stress changes in the rock, by means of a vibrating wire transducer. By calibration, changes in the period (time for one wire oscillation at the natural frequency) of a high tensioned wire stretched diametrically across the cylinder in the direction of load application are related to stress changes in the rock. To completely evaluate the stress field change in the plane of the bore hole, three gauges set at an angle to each other are required.

Jan 1, 1973

By Irving Hartmann

Rock-dusting of coal mines is a most important safety measure for preventing or limiting the propagation of explosions. The Bureau of Mines has recommended for many years that rock dust be distributed on the top, ribs, and floor of mine entries and other workings of all bituminous coal and lignite mines in sufficient quantities to maintain the incombustible content of the dust above the minimum requirements. Rock-dust barriers constitute a secondary safeguard used occasionally to complement generalized rock dusting at entrances to panels and side entries or at other locations. In general, rock dust can be applied effectively with modern rock-dusting machines. However, in thin coal beds, in certain back entries, and in some other areas, rock-dusting machines cannot be used conveniently. Furthermore, many small mines find the purchase of machines costly. In such cases, rock dust is not used at all, or else it is distributed by hand, a relatively slow and costly procedure. In recent years some coal mines have started applying rock dust with the aid of permissible explosives. This may be done in various ways. One method consists in placing a stick of explosive on the floor of a room or entry midway between the ribs and covering the stick with two bags of rock dust that are slit on top and set crosswise one above the other. The explosive is then fired, causing the rock dust to be distributed on the nearby roof, rib, and floor surfaces. The procedure is repeated at desired intervals until the entire area is rock dusted. The method is claimed to be rapid, safe, and inexpensive.

Jan 1, 1950

By C. A. Frenzel

Extensive spectroscopic data are needed in making reliable vibrational assignments for use in calculating thermodynamic functions of polyatomic molecules. The fundamental vibrations of organic molecules may be observed at any wavelength from 2.5 to 200 microns (micron = µ = 10-4 centimeters), but most often in the region from 3µ to 50µ. Raman spectra generally cover the range in which fundamental vibrations occur, but equally important infrared spectra usually are not measured at wavelengths longer than 25µ. This limitation results because most infrared spectra are determined for analytical purposes, which seldom require information outside the region 2µ to 25µ. Measurements of infrared spectra in the range 15µ to 35µ recently were begun by the Bureau of Mines to obtain data needed in making vibrational assignments. This report presents the spectra of the following thirteen compounds: Tetrahydrofuran, 1-methylpyrrole, piperidine, 2-methylpyridine, 3-miuthylpyridine, 2-propanethiol, cyclopentanethiol, 2-methyl-2-butanethiol, 3,3-dimethyl-2-thiabutane, cyclohexanethiol, cyclopentyl-l-thiaethane, 2,4-dimethyl-3-thiapentane, and hexamethyldisiloxane.

Jan 1, 1960

By E. C. Strycula

Solid-state equipment offers a number of potential advantages in the coal mining industry. These advantages can only be realized, however, through careful and judicious design of the control and protection circuitry. Problems relating to the interaction of solid-state equipment on the electrical system and the special design considerations which apply to solid-state circuitry are examined. Design guidelines are provided for solid-state applications in the areas of: (a) equipment operated from a DC trolley wire, (b) drive systems for surface mining equipment, (c) AC motor starters, and (d) electromagnetic interference.

Jan 1, 1981

By J. B. Zadra

During the investigations of the occurrence of manganese in the western United States, the Bureau of Mines received a 100-pound sample of manganese ore from the Doyle-Smith property, Yuma County, Ariz. Laboratory tests were made to determine the amenability of this ore to standard ore-dressing methods of concentration to produce a marketable-grade product. The Doyle-Smith claims are in northern Yuma County, within 15 miles of the Artillery Peak deposit. The lot of ore used in the test work was taken from the outcrop of a large, massive, irregular bed of oxide manganese ore found on the claims.

Jan 1, 1952

By Oliver Bowles

"Simple systematic accounting that adequately records all transactions has long been regarded as essential to the welfare of any business enterprise. Some of the defects that detract from the prosperity of the slate industry are attributable to a lack of effectiveness in cost keeping. This condition has prompted the United States Bureau of Mines to make a detailed study of accounting methods for the slate industry, and to present for consideration a system of accounts, which it is believed would enable the industry to attain more economical management and operation if accepted by a fair proportion of its important units.The method of accounting presented herein has been worked out with the assistance of leading slate producers and the recommendation are tentative and are submitted in this form as a means of developing constructive criticism. Believing that cooperative effort in this, as in many other problems, will bring the most enduring benefits to the industry as a whole, the writer urges that the most earnest consideration be given to this vital problem now facing the slate industry.Grateful acknowledgment is made of the helpful assistance rendered by R. E. Eckert of the accounting firm of Eckert, Degan, and Palmer of Easton, Pa., in compiling the charts and the explanatory text. He has brought to this work a wide knowledge of accountancy, supplemented by a background of direct contact with the slate industry, and his presence at the various conferences has been of great advantage in clearing up difficulties. The National Slate Association sponsored the cost study and chiefly through the efforts of President W. H. Smith and Secretary W. S. Hays, has aided greatly in conducting it. Acknowledgment is also made of assistance rendered by William F. Marsh of the United States Bureau of Mines."

Nov 1, 1929

By L. O. Bacon, H. R. Joesting, J. H. Getz

"INTRODUCTION For a number of years manganiferous iron ore has been mined on a small scale at Boston Hill, in Grant County, N. Mex. Total production up to 1943 is estimated to be over 793,000 long tons, containing 8 to 35 percent manganese and 26 to 46 percent iron. 4/ During 1941 to 1943 production was estimated to be 206,000 long tons, containing about 13 percent manganese and 37 percent iron. During 1944 daily production was several hundred tons, mostly from a single open pit. Several moderately large deposits have been mined: and many smaller ones have been found.From February to April 1945 geophysical surveys were carried out on Boston Hill by the Division of Geophysical Exploration, in cooperation with District 5, Central Region, Bureau of Mines, to determine if hitherto undiscovered manganiferous iron deposits exist. Field work was interrupted for a total of about 1 month during this period by work on other projects in nearby areas. Previous to the geophysical surveys, a preliminary examination was made by H. R. Joesting to determine if geophysical methods could be utilized in exploring the area. 5/Field measurements were made by L. O. Bacon and J. H. Getz, project geo¬physicists of the Bureau of Mines, under the general supervision of H. R. Joesting. A grid survey of the area, to locate geophysical stations, was made by Paul Russell, Bureau of Mines engineer, who also collected specimens for laboratory tests. Most of the computations and the preliminary magnetic and resistivity maps were made by L. 0. Bacon."

Feb 1, 1948

By H. S. Auvil

[The shrinkage of coke after formation is one of the variables that affects the net expansion of the change in both industrial and test ovens. Various test results have been interpreted as indicating that cokes from certain coals shrink to a marked extent and that other cokes show very little shrinkage; out no comprehensive experimental study of the shrinkage of coke after its formation and of the factors influencing this shrinkage has come to the attention of the authors. While investigating the reactivity of cokes made by the BM-AGA method,6/ Reynolds7/ found that granular low-temperature cokes shrink considerably then reheated to higher temperatures. This shrinkage was large enough to influence the behavior of the charge (net expansion or contraction) in a coke oven to a marked extent. Since that time the Bureau of nines has investigated the shrinkage of coke different methods, all of thick had one common objective - the elimination of the effect of other factors, such as swelling in the plastic range, which could either partly or completely mask the shrinkage of the coke. Only parts of these studies have been published8/9/ in abbreviated form in]

Jan 1, 1940

"INTRODUCTION AND ACKNOWLEDGMENTSAt the request of the lessees, the Pearl tract was examined in February 1946, by Otto Ruhl, an engineer of the Bureau of Mines. From the evidence of old drill logs and from the few available records of mining operations on the Pearl and the adjoining Trussel (Big Tom) tract, it appeared that a relatively small churn-drilling program might develop enough lead-since ore to justify resumption of mining. In March 1946, funds were allotted for churn drilling, and the work was begun the following month. Ten holes totaling 1,933 feet were completed before the close of the project in August 1946. The work was under the general supervision of C. H. Johnson, chief, Rolla Division, Mining Branch, and under the direct supervision of the Bureau project engineers. 3/In its program of investigation of mineral deposits, the Bureau of Mines has as its primary objective the more effective utilization of our mineral resources to the end that they make the greatest possible contribution to our national security and economy, It is the,of the Bureau to publish the facts development by each project as soon as possible after its conclusion. The Mining Branch, Lowell B. Moon, chief, makes preliminary examinations and conducts investigation of mineral deposits. The Metallurgical Branch, O. C. Ralston, chief, participates in this program by making beneficiation tests and analyses. In the present project, no metallurgical tests were made, and for the sake of speed the samples taken were analyzed by a local commercial assayer. 4/"

Jul 1, 1947

By Wallace W. Roepke

Research to evaluate the lubricity effects achieved by spraying water on the cutting bit of a mining machine or spraying water on the coal during cutting has shown that neither practice affects cutting forces, as had been believed. However, when water was supplied to the cutting zone axially through the bit at 3,000 to 5,000 psi pressure, tangent'ial cutting forces were reduced an average of 30 pct at a I-in depth of cut while normal bit forces were reduced an average of 65 pct. Lower normal forces mean reduced bit wear, faster advance with greater depth of cut, and fewer coal fines.

Jan 1, 1985

By R. J. Fantel

The Bureau of Mines investigated the resources, costs, capacities, market relationships, and short- and long-run supply of phosphate rock and phosphoric acid. The 206 mines and deposits evaluated in 30 market economy countries contain an estimated 35.1 billion mt of recoverable phosphate rock (demonstrated resource level). U.S. resources are sufficient to satisfy the domestic and export markets for phosphate products well beyond the year 2000. Because of resource depletion at current producers, however, new properties (with higher cost levels) need to be developed if U.S. production levels are to be maintained. Existing worldwide capacity can satisfy expected demand through the early 1990's. Expansion at existing mines or low demand growth could mean that no new property development will be needed before the late 1990's. Worldwide, almost $8 billion could be required for development of new phosphate rock properties between now and the year 2000, given 3-pct annual growth in demand. Most properties that could develop in the 1990's would require price increases of 20 to 50 pct to break even. To earn a 15-pct rate of return on investment, prices must rise to nearly double the present level of $24 to $29 per metric ton.

Jan 1, 1988

By D. E. Wolfson

This report presents 900° C BM-AGA carbonization and related data for coals from the principal beds of Nicholas, Randolph, and Webster Counties, W. Va. Thirty-three samples from nine coal beds in three counties were car-bonized at 900° C in the l8-inch-diameter BM-AGA retort, data from which have been correlated with industrial production. Host of the samples were chemically suitable for metallurgical use, and their coking properties were satisfactory. Except for four of the Lower Kit-tanning samples, the ranges of constituents in the coal seams were 1.8 to 9.0 percent ash and 0.4 to 1.1 percent sulfur, values within the range of accept-ability for metallurgical coals. Coke strength indexes were normal for Appalachian coals of similar rank, and the tumbler stability indexes of the coke ranged from 35 to 57.

Jan 1, 1969

The low production rates associated with the underground metal mining industry have received considerable attention during the last decade. A number of significant technological advancements, in the form of new equipment, have taken place to improve the economics of ore production. Unfortunately, an extremely important factor in the equation -- the operator protection and safety -- continues to receive a low priority. The underground metal mining industry has one of the poorest industrial safety records in the United States. Equipment operators are constantly being placed in hazardous situations. Even one fatality is one too many. All of us bear the responsibility to eliminate it. This project is one of the important steps currently being undertaken by the U.S. Bureau of Mines to improve the operational safety of seven major pieces of ore handling equipment commonly used in underground metal and non-metal mines. The objectives of this study are; (a) to identify the existing hazards associated with the operation of the specific equipment, and (b) to recommend practical solutions that will minimize these hazards and reduce operator injuries. These recommendations are to be in the areas of equipment design improvements, additional operator protection and warning devices, equipment operating procedures and any modifications to the existing safety regulations.

Jan 1, 1975

By E. B. Olds

This paper describes the methods and costs of deepening the 3-compartment underground shaft in the Hooper Tunnel adit at the Bunker Hill & Sullivan Mining and Concentrating Company Crescent mine in the Coeur d'Alene mining region, 7 miles east of Kellogg, Shoshone County, Idaho. The work was done with the aid of a Defense Minerals Exploration Administration contract (No. Idm-E493, Docket No. DMEA-2764). Preparation for deepening the shaft was begun March 26, 1953, and sinking was completed May 27, 1954. The shaft, bottomed at 1,275.5 feet in 1939, was deepened to 3,276 feet, using mechanical mucking and intermediate pockets. A total of 50,349 man-hours was required to complete the work of sinking 2,000.5 feet, cutting 7 pump stations, and driving 2 pocket raises. The rate of advance was 7.1 feet of shaft per operating day, or 8.4 feet per day of actual sinking. The total direct cost for sinking was $205.20 per foot.

Jan 1, 1957

By F. A. Rutledge

The W. E. Dunkle mine, sometimes called the Costello Creek coal mine, is 8 miles N. 20° W. of Colorado Station on the Alaska Railroad. The presence of coal in this area has been known since the district was extensively prospected for gold between 1911 and 1915. At that time, coal from this deposit was used by miners for blacksmithing. The increased demand for coal resulting from government defense projects in Alaska led to exploitation of this deposit in 1941. The inability of Alaska coal mines to supply the quantity of coal required by public and private consumers and by the armed forces in Alaska was responsible for establishment by the Army of the Coal Procurement Section of its Alaska Department. It proposed to investigate the deposits and to expedite production from the Alaskan coal fields. The Bureau of Mines closely cooperated in this program. The quality of the Dunkle coal and the favorable location of the deposit caused it to be one of the properties chosen for investigation under a joint Army-Bureau of Mines-Geological Survey program.

Jan 1, 1948

By N. S. Dalal, Xianglin Shi

"The mechanism of vanadium(V) V ) toxicity is still not fully understood in spite of extensive current effort (1-3). The presence of a vanadium(V) V ) -dependent NAD ( P )H oxidase in cell membranes suggests that at least one of the pathways involves oxidation of NAD(P)H (1-3). Considerable effort has therefore been devoted to finding the mechanism of NAD ( P ) H-oxidation by va¬nadium( V ) (1-19). Recently Liochev and Fridovich (4, 16) provided a critical review of vanadium( V) -stimulated NAD (P )H oxidation by plasma membranes. They out¬lined a mechanism in which vanadium(V) V )-stimulated oxidation of NAD ( P )H by biomembranes involves an O2 - initiated free radical chain reaction (4 ). While the above may be the major pathway for the vanadium-me¬diated NAD (P )H oxidation in membrane-related sys¬tems, some recent results suggest that in the presence of NADPH the flavoenzyme glutathione reductase can function as a vanadium(V) V ) reductase (18). Because of the significance of this result in relationship to the mech¬anism of vanadium( V) metabolism and the novelty of the metal-reductase behavior of a flavoenzyme, we have car¬ried out additional studies on one-electron reduction of vanadium( V) by two other, related flavoenzymes: lipoyl dehydrogenase and ferredoxin-NADPH oxidoreductase. These two enzymes were selected because they are known to catalyze a one-electron reduction of Cr ( VI ) (19-21 ), which is isoelectronic with vanadium( V ).The present study also reports on the generation of hydroxyl ( • OH) radicals in the vanadium( V) -flavoen-zyme redox system without exogenous H2O2. The • OH study was undertaken because • OH radicals are known to be generated in reactions of vanadium( IV) with H2O2 (17,18,22-27). For example, Piette and co-workers (17, 22) have studied effects of vanadium(IV) IV ) on lipid per-oxidation and NADPH oxidation and suggested that va-nadium( IV) -induced • OH radical formation may play an important role in vanadium( V) toxicity. Carmichael (25, 26) investigated the reaction between a RNA /VO 2' complex and H2O2 with a view to probe the possible re-lationship between vanadium( IV) -mediated • OH radical generation and DNA damage. He has suggested that in this reaction the • OH radical adds to the C (5) carbon of uracil, causing nucleotide damage, similar to what occurs in the nucleotide /Fe2+ / H2O2 reaction (28) and in y-irradiated aqueous solutions of nucleic acids (29 ). To our knowledge, however, there is as yet no report on ·OH radical generation in any reaction involving the reduction of vanadium ( V) by a well-characterized enzyme, without exogenous H20 2 • The present study provides evidence that ·OH radicals can form in a flavoenzyme-mediated reduction of vanadium( V) to vanadium( IV) and that this process involves also the reduction of molecular oxygen ( 0 2 ) to H20 2 • The H20 2 thus generated reacts with vanadium( IV) to produce ·OH radical, in analogy with the Fenton reaction ( Fe2 + + H20 2 - Fe3 + + OH- + ·OH)."

Mar 1, 1992

By Joseph M. Pugliese

This work was done by the Bureau of Mines to provide quarry operators with an uncomplicated, first-approximation method for designing blast patterns, considering geologic structure, and to show the valid use of the technique by comparing drill and blast pattern dimensions used in the quarry with those determined by the presented method. The author visited 12 limestone and dolomite quarries in Ohio (Adam, Crawford, and Highland Counties), Wisconsin (Milwaukee, Racine, and Waukesha Counties), and Minnesota (Fillmore, Olmsted, and Wabasha Counties); observed the blasting practices; studied the major geologic features; and after discussion with the quarry managers, foremen, and blasters, compared the quarry blasting patterns with those as calculated by the empirical formulas (after R. L. Ash), with geologic structural considerations. When geologic structure such as bedding, jointing, folding, and caves, as well as explosive properties and field performance characteristics are accounted for in a manner suggested by the research, the presented empirical formulas may be used as a good first approximation. The included steps in planning a blast design and generalized blast patterns should be of help to the quarry operator. Design changes are recommended for those quarries where problems are occurring.

Jan 1, 1972

By D. P. Schlick

The German experience in dealing with the health hazard of respirable dust in underground mines is reported from first-hand observation in this Bureau of Mines paper. The report covers-- 1. The control of dust by water infusion, water spraying, and ventilation. 2. The sampling devices (tyndalloscope , konimeter , and BAT-I) and methods used to determine the dust concentrations in mines. 3. The systems of classifying hazardous and safe dust levels in mines. 4. The research facilities devoted to theoretical and applied work on mine dust and pneumoconiotic disease. Tile major research projects on dust and disease now underway in West Germany are outlined in an appendix.

Jan 1, 1970