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By Soseol Kim

A high-performance Emulsion-based booster explosives has been developed that can be used as a booster for bulk explosives. Currently, Pentolite booster, which is mainly used as a booster for bulk explosives, has a high risk of accidents due to the sensitivity of its raw materials PETN and TNT, and has a low melting point, making it impossible to use it in high-temperature ground. The Emulsion-based booster was developed to maximize the Velocity of Detonation (VOD) while elimination the shortcomings of the Pentolite booster. The VOD of the Emulsion-based booster is about 6,500m/s, so it can maximize the performance of the bulk explosive. In addition, it can be used in high-temperature ground and does not cause accidental detonation due to the external environment. In this article, the performance of the Emulsion booster was verifies through comparative test blasting of the developed Emulsion-based booster and Pentolite booster.

Feb 6, 2023

By Paul McAnuff, Alastair Grogan

In Canada, the only vibration regulations which apply across the entire country are intended to protect fish spawning areas. The Provinces and Territories regulate mines and quarries, and are responsible for setting vibration and airblast regulations. Some Provinces have set specific regulations, while others leave these restrictions to the mines inspectors who can set limits on a case by case basis. For the most part, it is left to individual municipalities to regulate blast vibrations and airblast from other blasting activities, which differ from jurisdiction to jurisdiction, and in some cases are not enforced. Blasters working in different jurisdictions have to be aware of the applicable regulations for the area they are working.

Jan 1, 2005

By T. G. Sitharam, P. B. Choudhury

Prediction of ground vibration (peak particle velocity, PPV) and frequency is an important task in geoscience. Till date, many empirical equations are derived from conducting trial blasts in the mines, to arrive at attenuation predictors. These predictors are usually site dependant and hold good for one particular type of rock/strata. These predictors cannot be used for geologically different rocks/strata. This paper presents the application of support vector machine (SVM) model, for predicting blast induced ground vibration and frequency, using a one comprehensive model for three different types of rock. Inputs to the SVM model formulation involve twenty one parameters consisting of geotechnical properties of the rock mass, blast design geometry and explosive properties, and the output of the formulated model is peak particle velocity and its associated frequency. The data has been acquired from eight limestone mine, five coal mine and two manganese mines. The comprehensive SVM model is formulated using 400 datasets and tested with 143 datasets. The performance indicators to the model not only justify its formulation but also the advantages it has over site specific predictor models. The SVM model not only predicts PPV, with higher correlation coefficients as compared to predictor equations, but also the associated frequency.

Jan 1, 2010

By Ali Kahriman, Abdulkadir Karadogan, Alper Celtikci, Ahmet Varol, Ertugrul Kaya, Turgay Ozat

This paper presents analysis of environmental effects induced by cautious blasting during the construction of the Istanbul Subway 4 Levent - Ayazaga Darulsafaka Metro Tunnel Project carried out by the contractor, located at Northern Istanbul in Turkey. Within the scope of the study, for the prediction of the peak particle velocity and to determine the slope of the attenuation curves together with the maximum charge per delay for the S6-7-8 shafts of this tunnel route, ground vibration components were measured carefully by using five vibration monitors during the construction of the tunnels which required blasting. The particle velocities and frequency values of all blast events are evaluated according to the United States Bureau of Mines (USBM) and German DIN 4150 Norms in order to predict, and compare the influence grades to the neighboring buildings, and structures. Also, data pairs of scaled distance and peak particle velocity obtained from 107 records belong to 51 shots were analyzed statistically. Empirical relationships with correlation at the 95 % confidence interval were established for these tunnel excavations and suggested for the test sites in order to estimate particle velocity of the ground vibrations. As a result of the studies, some practical charts are created in order to minimize the psychological effects of the shots, and simplify the authorities of shots’ job. And last but not least, make sure that the shots will be done in a controlled way.

Jan 1, 2011

By Denise de La Corte Bacci

The Brazilian Regulation NBR 9653 is a guide intended to evaluate mine and quarry blasting effects in urban areas. The first version, written in 1986 by the Committee of the Brazilian Associate of Technical Norms, is currently being revised. Current regulations specify a maximum PPV limit of 15 mm/s (0.59 in/s) without consideration of frequency or type of structures being protected. The present regulation is still a draft and it is not validated. Several different agencies and institutions have participated in the Committee such as the Environmental Agency from the State of São Paulo (CETESB), University of São Paulo (POLI-USP), University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), National Department of Mineral Resources (DNPM), Aggregate Industry (ANEPAC and SINDIPEDRAS), besides a number of industry representatives, explosives manufactures and independent consultants. The present regulation proposes to modify the limits of particle velocity and introduces new definitions and criteria for evaluation of vibrations, as well recommendations to address blast vibration complaints.

Jan 1, 2005

By Catherine L. VanOmmeren

Emulsion quality characteristics such as shelf life, handling, and sensitivity are critical to the end-user. It is therefore important that the consumer be prepared to ask his suppher specific questions. To do so, he needs to have a basic understanding of what an emulsion is and how emulsion properties can affect safety, performance, and environmental impact. The criteria to be covered include: energy, velocity, sensitivity, minimum priming, shelf life, pumpability, effect of AN quality, over-the-road handling, and formulation. The consumer will learn how each of these properties can directly affect him. The information will enable him to set minimum standards in product selection, blending, and application.

Jan 1, 1992

By Jihan Farhan Lubis, Putu Chandra Darmansyah

Ground vibration caused by blasting has become a common concern, especially when blasting is conducted near buildings or structures. Uncontrolled vibrations can potentially damage nearby infrastructure if appropriate control measures are not implemented. PT Tambang Semen SUKABUMI, a limestone mining company, is planning to carry out blasting activities near a crusher building located approximately 80 meters away. This building is classified as a Class 5 structure, with a maximum allowable Peak Particle Velocity (PPV) of 40 mm/s, in accordance with the Indonesian national standard SNI 7571:2023. To ensure compliance with this limit, a Signature Holes Analysis (SHA) was conducted using the Hanwha HEBS II electronic detonator initiation system. This analysis measured ground vibration from single-hole blasts, with the average vibration from three SHA holes recorded at 49 mm/s. A site constant analysis using the scaled distance formula yielded a multiple R value of 0.87. However, the ANOVA table showed a significance-F value of 0.24, which is greater than 0.05 indicating that the regression model used for prediction was not statistically significant. Using the SHA data and assuming a maximum of 30 blast holes, a recommended delay timing of 22 × 15 milliseconds was selected. This produced a predicted PPV of 17.25 mm/s. The comparison between predicted and actual PPV values demonstrates that the delay configuration derived from Signature Hole Analysis provides reliable results. The observed deviations range from -16% to +29%, with an average deviation of only 8%, indicating a high level of accuracy and consistency. Using the actual blast data, three model prediction were applied for predicting the most accurate prediction that close to the actual value. The SHA method, utilizing actual single-hole vibration measurements and optimized delay timing, provided the lowest average deviation of ±8% and the smallest absolute error (2.45 mm/s) from actual measurements, demonstrating high reliability for sites with sufficient signature data. Meanwhile, the log-log regression model yielded the highest coefficient of determination (R² = 0.751) and the smallest prediction deviation (3%) when standard deviation margins were considered, making it highly effective for predictive modeling.

Jan 26, 2026

By Sami Kara, Yunseok Park, Seung-Joong Lee, Namsun Hwang, Michael Laing

This study conducts a comparative analysis of construction efficiency. In the first part we compared electronic and non-electric initiation systems, focusing on tunnel contour holes. Field blasting operations were executed across a variety of delays to identify the optimal delay time. This delay for the in-situ rock mass was determined through regression analysis of blasting vibration in contour holes and for overbreak/underbreak. The blasting results with the electronic initiation system using the obtained optimal delay, applied to contour holes, were compared with the results of the non-electric initiation system. The overbreak and underbreak decreased by an average of 2.7 cm and 5.8 cm respectively, by using the electronic initiation system. Moreover, the vibration reduction rate in contour holes region was reduced by 11.9% based on the blasting vibration estimation equation proposed by the Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, and Transport (MOLIT). Underground construction projects have become increasing popular as cities grow in both size and density. This growth severely limits the amount of useable space for new project on the surface, resulting in the decision to build them underground. This new policy however brings into focus the challenge of managing and reducing blasting related vibration due to the proximity of these projects to sensitive structures, utilities and foundations often present in urban environments. For this purpose, we have been required to manage the vibration by reducing the quantity of explosives used per round. Inspired by surface blasting techniques, we applied a decking mode to address and work around this challenge. We present in this paper the first attempt to blast a tunnel face using a decking method and reduce the charging per hole from 6 kg to 3 kg per hole and keep the same advance rate for this tunnel. The results are presented in the third part of this paper. In the second part we present the results of the decking mode in shaft. The use of the electronic initiation system in tunnel construction provides the users an effective tool to improve the overbreak/underbreak and keep the vibration at a low level with a large gain on the overall project schedule and budget. This what we want to demonstrate in this paper.

Jan 21, 2025

By Frank Sames, Brad Terhune

In many construction projects and in most quarrying operations drilling and blasting remains the only feasible method of loosening rock in the removal of rock or overburden, the development of the quarry and in the production process of crushed stone. Often, a blasting plan is required for the project or the quarry’s permit with primary concerns over safety and site security, and compliance with environmental regulations or standards. From this plan, a blasting program has to be developed considering the varying requirements of production, the advance of the mineral extraction and the environmental impact. The actual blast design requires a planning and optimization process. This optimization process is driven by the blasting technicians/engineers, project or mine management and often by community concerns. The blast design process comprises the selection of blast parameters, including the explosives, and the actual layout of the blast. Design tools and controls range from conventional methods based on established blasting practices to advanced design tools or computer models. Blast monitoring and evaluation can also range from empirical to advanced blast assessment. The data and information from each blast or a series of blasts can further be used in the optimization process. Its success depends upon recording the data, the timely transformation of the data to relevant information, and the development of process oriented knowledge. The elements of the blast design process are summarized and described with examples of state-of-the art engineering controls. The reporting and monitoring of individual blasts is discussed with respect to data management and information systems. A conceptual overview of the components and interfaces of a blasting program is given and discussed on the background of technical, management and community concerns.

Jan 1, 2004

By Ankit Jha, RICHARD AMOAKO

In this paper, we examine the challenges associated with the use of empirical rock fragmentation models. We highlight key parameters omitted by these models, and propose a machine learning approach that incorporates these parameters, leading to a simple, yet more accurate approach to blast design.

Feb 1, 2020

By Gary Kahn

The knowledge of how and when your explosives go off can help you make intelligent decisions regarding future application of explosives thus removing some of the black magic associated with blasting. The net result will be intelligently set-up shots with timing, explosive charges, and placement more accurately done. Lower operational costs can be achieved when the correct combinations are applied.

Jan 1, 1989

By A T. Spathis

Corrections are given for “A three parameter rock fragmentation distribution” by A.T. Spathis (Measurement and Analysis of Blast Fragmentation, Workshop hosted by 10th International Symposium on Rock Fragmentation by Blasting, New Delhi, India, November 25-29, 2012 pp. 73-86). Typographical errors in two equations for the uniformity index in the two versions of the original and modified Kuz-Ram model are corrected. It is noted that the modified equation in the original published paper of Cunningham also had the same typographical error. A corrected plot of the dependence of the uniformity index versus the burden to diameter ratio is given. These corrections do not affect the rest of the original published paper.

Jan 1, 2013

By (Journal for the Fields of Gunpowder and Explosives) Germany (1914 Issues)

RBH Note: The following items are a deviation from the usual content of these articles, but I thought they were kind of interesting from an historical point of view (other than just explosives-history historical.) The interesting things to me are the military-related products, keeping in mind that World War I didn’t start until August, 1914, and then it was kind of an accident of political alliances gone awry. Obviously companies in Germany saw it coming. Of course, all the ads also included dynamite and safety explosives for mining and tunneling as well as the military items.

Jan 1, 2015

By Tom Snyder, John Brulia

PART 3 – UN Identifi cation Markings for the Highway Transportation in Commerce of Bulk Explosives, Oxidizers, and Combustible Liquids

Jan 1, 2015

By R. F. Favreau, Favreau Patrice

"The economy profits from the rock excavated in mines and quarries and the excavations required for the construction of roads and buildings. However such excavations are achieved by blasting withexplosives, and explosions create fly rock and vibrations which in some cases may throw rock far intoinhabited regions and may vibrate buildings excessively in these regions. Society, however, no longeraccepts that their quality of life be disturbed by the risks of fly rock or the perturbation of vibrations.Thus it is important to know how to design blasts that do not cause excessive fly rock or vibrations, and to understand why sometimes a blast does create excessive vibration or fly rock. An article presented at the 2015 ISEE (reference 1) explains how unacceptable vibrations can be avoided, while the present article explains why dangerous fly rock occurs and how it can be avoided. The article shows by rigorous calculations with the blast simulator Blaspa that long range fly rock can be due to short collar or short burden, but mainly it explains how inadequate blasting that allows the floor to rise can cause even further reaching fly rock, a situation not usually recognized by most blasters."

Jan 1, 2016

By Steve Dillingham

The origin of the written blasting log or shot report can likely be traced back to the earliest annals of blasting and record keeping. These records were, for the most part, a way of checking inventory, production progress, or billing, and not necessarily designed with the intention of being used as a legal document in a court of law. As our litigious society has evolved to include far reaching regulatory requirements, however, the blasting log has developed to support and aid in the defense of the common blaster from blasting lawsuits by providing a comprehensive written report of his or her actions.

Jan 1, 2002

By Chanhwi Shin, Hyeongmin Kang

Mine optimization is a key strategy in the mining industry that focuses on improving the efficiency, productivity, and sustainability of mining operations. To achieve mine optimization, digitalization is essential for modernizing mining operations and attaining optimal performance. Due to the importance of mine digitalization, various software and platforms have been released to support this effort. Furthermore, by integrating these advanced technologies, mines can enhance processes, leading to significant economic and operational benefits. However, integrating data from various sources and collaborating across different platforms remains a significant challenge in the mining industry. Generally, data for mine optimization, such as mapping, smart drilling, FMS (Fleet Management Systems), fragmentation analysis, or vibration analysis, are collected and analyzed separately on different platforms. This separation makes it difficult to aggregate and utilize data comprehensively for overall mining process optimization. During the digitalization process, obstacles arise due to these complexity, variability, and sharing issues of data across different maker, sources, and methods. These challenges highlight the need for seamless integration to achieve optimal mining operations. Thus, this study applied a total solution that can cover the entire Drilling and Blasting (D&B) processes. The blast design was performed using actual terrain mapping data, and drilling and charging were conducted following a guide based on the blast design plan. After blasting, loading and hauling distances and fuel consumption were measured, and fragmentation for each blast was evaluated. All measurement tasks were automated to minimize human error. By collecting all data in one server, it became possible to perform an overall evaluation for each blast, allowing the identification of optimal values. In conclusion, to evaluate the optimization effects for each mining process, one month of integrated data collected on a single server was used. Compared to the period before the Total solution was implemented, there were notable improvements: a 25% enhancement in hole spacing, a 60% improvement in floor flatness, a 23% reduction in average fragment size, and a 19% improvement in fragment uniformity. Regarding cost savings per blasting volume, the improvements were 11.7% in drilling, 9.3% in explosives, 7.6% in loading, and 17.5% in hauling.

Jan 21, 2025

By B Mohanty

Currently there exist several explosive quantity-distance (Q-D) rules variously exercised by most countries to protect personnel and property against the effects of accidental explosions. These regulations apply to manufacture, transport and storage of explosive products. This paper reviews the technical basis behind these regulations, as they apply to commercial and military explosives. The characteristics of a blast wave and missiles issuing out of an explosion site and their role in determining the level of damage to a target are discussed. The need for further research on the effect of detonation of charges of non-standard geometry, and under confined conditions such as tunnels is discussed. The challenge in estimating the net quantity of explosives involved and calculation of its TNT-equivalency is also highlighted.

Jan 1, 2014

By Guillermo Lazcano Ríos, Jorge Parvez Aguirre, Alejandro G. Díaz Berríos, Felipe Rodriguez Alveal

Codelco's Chuquicamata Underground Division (DCHS) faces issues due to collapses in its subsidence streets, which hinders the advancement of the subsidence front and leads to the loss of areas and reserves. To address these issues, DCHS and Orica have developed a new excavation methodology based on pre-loading explosives in high drawbell. This methodology involves creating a high drawbell extending from the floor of the production level to the ceiling of the subsidence level, divided into two phases: upper and lower. A resin stemming is used to separate these phases. The excavation strategy adjusts to variables such as reception volume, fluffing, and excavation geometry, involving vertical pre-loading of the explosive and the use of a separating element between the phases. The test aims to validate the new excavation methodology and the retaining element in the rock mass, evaluating aspects such as drawbell geometry, impact on the rock mass, damage to the retaining element, and fragmentation. Wireless electronic detonators are used in the upper phase to improve safety by eliminating the need for physical connections, while traditional electronic detonators are employed in the lower phase. Low-density bulk emulsion is applied to minimize the impact on the Crown pillar and extraction point, and higher-density explosives are used above the subsidence level to ensure good caving. Results showed that the blast achieved 86% conformity with the theoretical design. Resin stemming allowed for 100% effective detonation in the upper columns, and the fragmentation obtained was 5.44 inches, which was less than expected. No damage to the Crown pillar was observed, and the explosive quality met standards. This technique has proven to be effective and viable, suggesting the possibility of eliminating the subsidence level in future levels, resulting in savings, and providing greater stability to the rock mass.

Jan 21, 2025

By Z X. Zhang

If the iron ore loss is 15% in the process of mining, the total iron ore loss in the world will be about 461 million tons, this is equal to the total production of 230 iron ore mines each of which produces 2 million-tons of iron ore per year. Based on a series of blast tests in the Malmberget mine, this paper shows that ore recovery can be markedly increased by improving blasting technology such as choosing a correct primer position and making use of shock wave collision. The paper further suggests that a high ore recovery can not only reduce natural resource loss and mining cost but also prolong the life of a mine. In addition, the paper shows an example of reducing blast-caused rock damage in the roofs and walls of underground drifts (tunnels) by using new blasting methods in the Malmberget mine. Finally, the paper shows how the Malmberget mine has successfully reduced the ground vibrations, without adversely affecting fragmentation and ore recovery in sublevel caving mining.

Jan 1, 2014