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By AIME AIME

Further details of the 97th meeting of the Institute, at Spokane, have been sent to members in the Special Circular of May 8, 1909, and for convenience a summary of the additional information is given later in this announcement. In spite of the present small number who have joined the party, final arrangements have been made to complete the itinerary given in the circular. It is greatly to be desired, both in behalf of the Institute and in recognition of the special courtesies to be extended on the trip, that the party be made larger. Exceptional facilities to visit the many mines and smelters have been freely provided; and members are requested to make all reasonable effort to attend the meeting at Spokane and participate in the excursions. . For those who cannot take the entire trip, it may be possible to provide special Pullman accommodations after leaving the Yellowstone Park. In order to make the necessary arrangements, however, the names of members and guests contemplating this partial trip should be sent at once to Mr. Theodore Dwight, .39 West 39th St., New York, N. Y. A special train of Pullman cars will leave Chicago September 16. This train will be side-tracked at all places visited, and the sleepers will be available for lodging and the dining-car for meals (luring the entire trip, except while taking the tour through the Yellowstone Park. The general cost of the trip per member will be $300, which includes transportation, berth, and meals for the entire trip from Chicago back to Chicago, almost 6,000 miles, and the tour through Yellowstone Park, occupying in all about 30 days. Special accommodations on the train will be furnished at the following rates

Aug 1, 1909

By R. W. Raymond

(Pittsburg Meeting, March,1910.) THE Giroux Consolidated Mines Co. is equipping a five-compartment shaft at Kimberly, Nev., which will serve the Alpha mice. The depth of this shaft, January, 1910, is 963 ft., and of this depth 948 ft. was opened by raising, 15 ft. of sinking was done so that the bearers, collar-set, and three shaft-sets might be installed and concreted, and with this done it was possible to erect the necessary surface-equipment for resuming shaft-timbering on the completion of the raise. The arrangement of the shaft-timbering is shown in Fig. 1. At the 1,000-ft. level of the Alpha, and 750 ft. SW. from the Alpha shaft, a 14- by 18-ft. station was cut, and a 25-h-p. air-hoist *as installed. From here the raising commenced on July 5, 1909. The raise was cut approximately 13 by 21. ft. in area, and supported by timbering with square sets, illustrated in Fig. 2, which shows the division into four compartments. The end compartments, which were used as chutes, had the center girts heavier than in the others on account of the wear from falling rock. The chute-lining was braced by inserting 8- by 8-in. stiffeners parallel to and half way between successive caps. Similarly, the lagging on the wall sides of the cage-way and the compartment for pipes and ladder was stiffened with 4- by 6-in. timbers. In the pipe-and-ladder compartment the chute-stiffeners were reinforced with 8- by 8-in, struts, and as the cage-way was partitioned off by braced lining, there was practically no chance of rock entering the ladder-way in case a chute burst into the cage-way. Over the two center compartments the last two, sets were always bulkheaded with 8- by 12-in. timbers, shown in Fig. 3, and from the lower bulkhead the cage sheave-wheel was suspended. After a round of holes had been blasted and the loose

Jun 1, 1910

By J. S. Marsh

TUESDAY, Feb. 16, was no day for strolling along the cold sidewalks of New York, and a large number of metallurgists sat down with pleasure to the warming task of wiping a few soldered joints. Presented by a joint-wiper of the modern school, G. M. Bouton, of the well-known team of Schumacher, Bouton, and Phipps, the initial paper brought into focus the theme of conservation of strategic metals and described the technique of making the fillet-type joint now employed by the Bell System. Using an over-all average of only 40 per cent of the solder formerly used by the conventional method. this important development bids fair to stick when the war is over. D. L. Martin and E. R. Parker then described the embrittling effect of hydrogen on silver previously heated in oxygen and the less serious but troublesome result obtained under the converse conditions. An interesting example of grain growth restriction created additional material for the lively discussion that ensued among those who have encountered one or another of these phenomena in silver and copper.

Jan 1, 1943

By James Terry Duce

Production of oil in Bahrein for the war years was as follows: YEAR BBL PER YEAR Prior to 1939 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22,287,055 1939 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7,588,554 1940 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7,073,919 1941 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6,794,157 1942 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6,240,627 1943 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6,571,609 1944 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6,713,795 1945 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7,308,938 Total to Jan. 1, 1946 . . . . . . . . 70,578,654

Jan 1, 1946

By AIME AIME

NO FEATURE of the annual meeting is considered more important at Institute headquarters than the assembly of delegates from the various local sections and divisions. There the president of the Institute and other officials may learn at first hand what the members are thinking and doing in every part of the country, and the delegates, in turn, may find that head- quarters is not a group of more or less cold-blooded New Yorkers whose primary function is to send out annual bills for $15. This year, the section and division delegates required three sessions to thresh out the matters of common interest: Monday morning and afternoon and Thursday afternoon. They were also guests of the Institute at the Directors' dinner on Tuesday night, and at the Directors' meeting afterward.

Jan 1, 1932

By E. N. Pennebaker

A PRESENT, a comprehensive account of the geology and ore deposits of the Robinson mining district, in eastern Nevada, is not warranted. Though several years' work has been done, the district is so large that it will be some time before the investigation nears completion. In this paper I purpose merely to discuss methods of study and the application of geologic data to the search for ore. In the first place, the purpose of a geological depart¬ment in a mining organization is to collect and correlate all geologic and engineering data likely to be useful. In an extensive and well developed mining camp this involves a detailed study of the structure and stratigraphy of the district as a whole, as well as careful analysis of the orebodies exposed. The problem then is to find continuations or similar ore environments in other parts of the district in which like phenomena have been active, and to explore these for new orebodies. Experience gained in other similar mining districts is useful but one must always remember that a great many mining districts are unique and that exploration rules and procedure applying to one cannot always be transferred to another of apparently similar character and be made to work. One also has to be careful in moving from one to another part of the same district. The geologist must first examine the region critically to determine its individual characteristics. .

Jan 1, 1932

By J. J. Luchessa

HAULAGE was one of the many problems to be solved in the successful handling of the Miami Copper Company's low-grade orebody. The ore extracted had to be increased from 1000 to 18,000 tons per 24 hours over the existing track-age and haulage way. This called for increased speed, longer trains, in¬creased car capacity, and a block signal system so as to maintain a fixed schedule and headway. The motive power in service at the time of this transition consisted of Baldwin-Westinghouse 6-ton trolley locomotives. (See Fig. 3.) These locomotives were purchased to handle twenty inverted-V-bottom side-dump cars of 60 cu. ft. capacity. Dimensions were limited as to height on account of ore chutes, width on account of short radius curves, and length of 12 ft. from bumper to bumper- so that the locomotives could be handled on the man and material hoist which has a cage length of 121/ ft. The limited length made it possible to bring the locomotives to the surface for periodic overhauling and major repairs such as changing wheel tires, gears, and

Jan 1, 1934

By Ralph M. Roosevelt

IN AS MUCH as our Institute, by tradition, never adopts any official view of matters upon which difference of opinion exists, it may be taken for granted that the duty of its Production Control Committee does' not embrace the formulation of any general policy on that much-discussed subject. During the first years of its existence the Committee confined its activities to making arrangements for an annual general session at which the broader aspects of the general problem were discussed by men both within and outside the mineral industry. These general sessions, although interesting, did not indicate any definite path of progress, so during the last year the Committee has held a number of luncheon meetings at which the members might discuss in detail problems existing in the specific industries with which they are most closely acquainted, in the hope that discussions dealing with conditions rather than theories might result in the bringing to light of some general truths. Most of these truths have been fairly obvious from the beginning but they are of such basic importance that a periodic restatement of them seems worth while,

Jan 1, 1932

By E. J. Kenaedy, E. H. Robie

THOUGH the fall meeting of the Coal Division was held in the heart of the anthracite section, at Hazleton, Pa., the bituminous industry was well represented also, and the two groups found much common ground for discussion. The' technical part of the program was confined to two sessions in the morning and afternoon of the first day, Friday, Oct. 14, the evening and the following day being reserved for field trips and social functions. The attendance more than met the expectations of those in charge of the arrangements; there seemed no hint of depression here.

Jan 1, 1932

By George Newton

When Mr. Bailey asked us to present a paper describing our new BOF shop, he requested that we avoid a presentation heavily laden with detail and statistics. Not only have we attempted to do this, but also we have prepared a number of colour slides which, hopefully, will provide you with a graphic conception of the facility. The installation of the BOF facility at the Steel Co. of Canada's Hilton Works was delayed many years because of the remarkable production growth of the oxygen open hearth furnaces in No. 3 shop. However, in mid-1960 it became strongly evident that not only would increased ingot capacity be required, but also that N0.2 shop - with vintage non-oxygen open hearth furnaces - would have to clean its stacks in the near future, or be closed down. A decision to embark on the BOF facility was made in 1967 after an extended period of in-depth planning and assessment of industry trends.

Jan 1, 1972

By H. W. McCue

In 1945 the number of oil wells drilled was less than in 1944 but the number of gas wells was greater. The oil wells numbered 176, completed for an initial production of 25,214 bbl., an average of 143 bbl. per well as against a total in 1944 of 245 drilled for 32,886 bbl., or 134 bbl. per well. All of these wells were in proven areas and no new discoveries

Jan 1, 1946

By Y. C. Liu, G. A. Alers

The anisotropy of Young's modules has been measured in a series of Cu-Zn alloys containing from 1 to 28 wt pct Zn and cold-rolled to 97.5 pct reduction in thickness. These modulus data show a transition in texture as a function of zinc content. In alloys containing 3 pct Zn or less, the texture is essentially that of copper. A transition is clearly seen to develop in 5 and 8 pct Zn alloys, and to have been completed in a 12 pct Zn alloy. Increasing the proportion of zinc to 28 pct does not produce any further changes in texture. The ease and clarity with which this texture transition can be seen in the modulus data is in great contrast with the inccertainty in the visual detertiination of the range of texture transition from a series of pole figures. It is also shown that the rolling texture of the high zinc content alloys cannot be a one-COIIIponenl texture, characterized by the (110)(112) ideal orientations, as usually assumed. A second, quite important component must also be present. Furthermore, the present data are inconsistent with matrix orientations on which the "oriented growth" hypothesis of the Formation of recrystallization textures is based. THE rolling textures of binary fcc alloy systems have generally been considered to lie between two terminal textures. One of these terminal textures is the copper type and the other is the 70:30 brass type. Alloys of intermediate solute content exhibit a texture which is said to be a transition between the two terminal textures. On the basis of efforts to correlate rolling and recrystallization textures, two concepts have been advanced in the literature on the nature of these transition textures. One school1 suggests that the addition of alloying elements, e.g., zinc, causes a gradual rotation about one of the (111) poles from the (358)( 523) ideal orientation of the copper-type rolling texture to the terminal {1 10)( 112) ideal orientation used to describe the rolling texture of 70:30 brass. This concept is depicted in Fig. 1 with the angle of rotation corresponding approximately to the zinc content and is designated here as the "rotational concept", since the ideal orientation of the transition textures varies continuously with alloy content. The other concept,' the "mixture concept", suggests that the copper-type rolling texture is a two-component texture. {358) (523) and {110)(112). The addition of alloying elements affects only quantitatively the relative amounts of these two components—a decrease in the amount of material in the {385}(523) orientation and an increase of that in the {110)(112) orientation with increasing solute content. An experimental distinction between these two concepts is essential to a better understanding of both the mechanism of formation of rolling textures and the subsequent formation of recrystailization textures in fcc metals. Because of the lack of resolution inherent in pole figures, it has not been possible to differentiate between the two concepts on the basis of this data. Both concepts, in fact, make use of the same set of pole figures but interpret them in a manner acco-rding to the view held.'" Experimental results obtained from inverse pole figures or selected-area electron diffraction3j4 simply -yield more refined pole figures but do not eliminate the ambiguity of interpretation. Quantitative measurement of an entirely different, orientation-dependent property must thus be considered

Jan 1, 1967

By George C. Stone

AS most of you probably know, Australia has had many strikes. The two places that had the worst reputation were the Broken Hill mines and Port Pirie, where the smelter was located. About four or five years ago, the smelter changed hands. The new proprietors - immediately endeavored to get on better terms with the men and made such progress in that respect that, the men came to them and said, "There is no use giving us any more money. You have just raised our pay one- bob a day, but the store-keeper and the boarding-house keeper have raised their prices. The boarding housekeeper raised our board three bob a week and the storekeeper took the rest of it and we are no better off." Learning that what the men needed most was firewood wood the company bought the wood on a tract of ground across Spencer's Gulf and- sent men over to cut it. The wood was brought to the works and given to a man to cut up. He thought he had an easy job and loafed, but when the committee representing the men discovered that his loafing added to the cost of 'the wood, it promptly disciplined him and made -him work as he had never worked before. The next question that arose was the distribution of the wood. The committee got bids from several cartmen whose prices varied from about two to five shillings. It gave the work to the next to the lowest bidder. The fact that if delivering the wood cost more, the user would have to pay for it, was an entirely new idea to the men.

Jan 1, 1920

By Augustus Locke

Jan 1, 1923

By Augustus Locke

Jan 1, 1923

By AIME AIME

Report of Committee 24, of the International Association for Testing Materials, presented at the Brussels Congress, 1906. Republished for use at the 94th Meeting of the American Institute of Mining Engineers, New York, N. Y., February, 1908. Discussion by letter is requested by the Secretary of the Institute. The Committee appointed for the solution of Problem 24 consisted of the following members Prof. H. M. Howe, New York, N. Y. (Chairman); L. Levy, Paris, France (Vice-Chairman) ; Prof. D. Tschernoff, St. Petersburg, Russia (Vice-Chairman) ; Prof. Albert Sauveur, Cambridge, Mass. (Secretary) ; Van Drunen, Ixelles, Belgium; Lieut.-Col. H. Tusen, Copenhagen, Denmark ; E. P. Martin, Abergavenny, England ; A. Pourcel, Paris, France ; H. Brauer, Dortmund, Germany ; Dr. Prof. H. Wedding, Berlin, Germany; P. Verole, Milan, Italy ; A. Baalsrud, Christiania, Norway ; A. R. v. Dormus, Vienna, Austria ; A. Sailler, Vienna, Austria; Bureau des Forges, St. Petersburg, Russia; Prof. N. Belelub-sky, St. Petersburg, Russia ; N. Jossa, St. Petersburg, Russia ; Maj.-Gen. M. Korobkoff, St. Petersburg, Russia ; S. Smirnoff, St. Petersburg, Russia ;.Ladislaus v. Tetmajer, Budapest, Hungary ; H. H. Campbell, Steelton, Pa. Early in February, 1905, a list of species and varieties of iron and steel, with definitions, drawn by the Chairman and Secretary of Committee 24, was sent to every member of this Committee with a request for comments and suggestions. A special request was sent to the following gentlemen . for the equivalents in their several languages of these species and varieties : A. , Pourcel, Paris, France; Prof. H. Wedding, Berlin, Germany ; J. A. Brinell, Stockholm, Sweden ; Prof. H. I. Hannover, Copenhagen, Denmark; Prof. P. Kley, Delft, Holland; P. Verole, Milan, Italy; Col. Cubillo, Trubia, Spain. This present report, which is based upon our original list and definitions, and upon the replies to these requests, consists of four parts I. A polyglot, which gives the names of the chief classes of iron and steel in English, French, German, Swedish, Danish and Dutch. We .regret that we have failed to get the Italian and Spanish names. II. English definitions of principal classes of iron and steel. III. A glossary of special sizes and shapes of iron and steel. IV. A note on the boundary between steel and cast-iron. I. POLYGLOT, IN ENGLISH, FRENCH, GERMAN, SWEDISH, DANISH AND DUTCH, OF THE CHIEF CLASSES OF IRON AND STEEL, AND OF THE APPARATUS IN WHICH THEY ARE MADE. This list is not intended to be complete, but rather to include only those varieties which are of interest to the Association.

Mar 1, 1908

By Hans Lundberg

GEOPHYSICAL methods as described in technical articles generally fail to answer the questions of prospectors and geologists as to which method they should apply and what information they may expect from their application. This article is an attempt to discuss the use of electrical methods with special reference to the prospecting for orebodies and the map¬ping of geologic structure. Especially on virgin ground, geological reconnaissance should precede electrical prospecting, with the object of outlining carefully the orebearing rock and determining the possibilities of elec¬trical prospecting. No electrical survey will then be carried out on ground which, for geological reasons, may be considered barren or where the electrical meth¬ods are inapplicable. As the success of electrical prospecting depends on the difference in conductivity between the ore and the country rock within which the orebody is inclosed, the conductivity of the two should be considered and de¬termined, if possible. The conductivity of an orebody depends on the distribution of conductive ore minerals and, in addition, on its size (length, width and depth). Most minerals with metallic luster show good electrical conductivity; for instance, the sulfides. Zinc-blende is an exception, but as it is often associated with the ore minerals of good conductivity (for instance, pyrite or galena), there is likelihood also of finding zinc.

Jan 1, 1930

By AIME AIME

THE No. 9 mine of the Wheeling & Lake Erie Coal Mining Co., a subsidiary of M. A. Hanna & Co., at Fairpoint, Ohio, has normally produced about 1000 tons of coal daily for several years, but recently it was converted into an experimental mine to afford means of studying new methods and equipment under consideration for development and mining. Among other projects, the possibility of using a duck-bill, self- loading conveyor in driving entries, with a view of in- creasing the rate of progress where quick development is of importance was studied. Actual operation soon revealed that even though break-throughs are made ,every 60 ft., as required by the state mining laws, the :amount of natural Ventilation reaching the working face was not sufficient to supply the men and that in ,order to obtain a plentiful supply of pure. air and maximum efficiency and to avoid costly interruptions after shots, it was necessary to supply auxiliary ventilation by using Ventube and a Vano fan.

Jan 1, 1929

By Fred R. Ingram

FOR the purpose of this discussion, let us consider that the Rocky Mountain region covers the area in the seven Mountain States, Idaho, Montana, Wyoming, Utah, Colorado, New Mexico, and Arizona, and before we discuss the needs of these states, let us define Industrial Hygiene. Industrial Hygiene is that branch of preventive medicine concerned with the protection of health, improvement of efficiency, and prolongation of life of the industrial worker; in short, adult health conservation. It includes in its broad meaning not only the prevention of occupational diseases, such as silicosis, lead poisoning, cadmium poisoning, and many others, but such relative problems as overcrowding, fatigue, and personal and mental hygiene; exposure to abnormal temperatures, pressures, and humidities; ventilation, heating, and lighting. It is a science which requires the combined activity of medical personnel (doctors and nurses), engineers, and chemists to evaluate the exposures and determine the means of eliminating the hazard. The engineer surveys the workplace, takes air samples at the breathing level of the workman, and analyzes the work exposure. The chemist determines in his laboratory the exact amount of toxic material collected in the sample, which represents the exposure of the workman. The doctor must diagnose the occupational disease, recognize its cause, and evaluate the disability. Together, all three must correlate the data obtained and devise efficient methods, medical or engineering or process changes, for controlling or minimizing the dangerous condition and for studying the effectiveness of these measures. The plant doctor, in addition, must aid in the readjustment of the incapacitated worker and provide facilities for prevention. Industrial hygiene, however, is of no avail without the understanding co-operation of management.

Jan 1, 1945

By George Otis Smith

A PHILOSOPHER has pointed out that inventive genius, in substituting mechanical power for human brawn, leaves' man the intellectual factor in the industrial life. "Almost human" is the description sometimes applied to the automatic machine, yet the true characteristic of the perfect machine is its unquestioning obedience. "Its not to reason why." The human operator, not the mechanism of gears and levers, has freedom of choice: he wills; the machine obeys: There map be a grinding monotony, a tiring rhythm, that passes from machine to man, but the responsibility resides in the man. In no proper sense call the machine worker be called the slave: whether he guides an electric shovel or tends a group of automatic 1athes.in the machine shop.

Jan 1, 1930