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By L. B. Kilius

The composite cathode system based on Ce0.9Gdo.1O2_,5 electrolyte with a painted cathode was used for an intermediate temperature (500-700°C) solid oxide fuel cell. This cathode system was chosen due to its excellent thermal expansion match to the electrolyte, its relatively high conductivity (115 S cm-1 at 700°C), and its low activation energy for oxygen reduction (99 kJ/mol). It was found that the decrease of sintering temperature of the composite cathode system produces a significant decrease in charge transfer resistances to a level of 0.25 SI cm2. The conductivity measurements of porous samples produced values between 40 and 88 S/cm for porosities of 30-40%.

Jan 1, 2005

By M. Hitch, M. B. Lytle

Resource development conflicts arise largely due to differences in worldview between those who support and those who oppose development. This paper illustrates how societies and civilizations with different worldviews produce different levels of creative and economic energy. A questionnaire was created to build a database of responses to test whether worldview and resource development are correlated. Factor and multivariate regression analysis determined correlations for respondent groupings. Results showed a positive correlation between the respondents\u2019 worldviews and their attitudes toward resource development. Correlations became stronger as the homogeneity of the sample subgroups increased.

Jan 1, 2017

By E. Godin, M. Rigaud, S. C. Panigrahy, I. Malinsky

"RésuméDes boulettes de concentres d'hématite spéculaire à basse silice ont été produites en substituant la bentonite par de la tourbe, adéquatement traitée, additionnée d'une faible quantile de soude caustique durant le boulettage. La réductibilité de telles boulettes et leur gonflement pendant la réduction ont été évacues, en utilisant quatre mélanges gazeux différents, formes de H2 - CO - N2.L'influence du pouvoir réducteur du gaz utilise, sur le gonflement des boulettes, à été mis en évidence. Quelles que soient ces conditions réductrices, les propriétés mesurées sur les boulettes liées a la tourbe sont comparables aux propriétés obtenues avec des boulettes traditionnelles liées à la bentonite.ABSTRACTAdditions of peat moss and small quantities of NaOH during balling of low silica specular hematite concentrates have eliminated the need to use bentonite as a binder. The reducibility and swelling of such pellets have been evaluated using four different gas mixtures, consisting of H2 - CO -N2. The influence of the reducing power of the gases, on the swelling behaviour of pellets has been documented. Under the different reducing conditions, this new type of pellets exhibit properties similar to the ones obtained using bentonite."

Jan 1, 1987

By J. Visman

"SummaryThis paper is presented as part of a programme to show the steps taken by industry and others interested in supplying a solid fuel of constant quality to 'satisfy a consuming market. The paper deals with the general principles underlying quality control in coal preparation plants, namely, constant quality and close adherance to acceptance limits. It also describes how control of ash content is ""generally hampered by the problem of coal sampling .and the long duration of the ash analysis and how these difficulties may be overcome.Quality control can be effected in several ways. Thorough blending wll reduce variations appreciably, except those of long trend. The latter can be detected by automatic sampling and quick ash analysis. At present, under favourable conditions, a system of half-hourly ash determinations with an accuracy of 0.5 to 1.0 per cent can be realized, to the effect that trends with a 'wave length' of more than two hours cu be eliminated within the limits of accuracy of the ash figures. The general solution of the problem is a combination of blending, accurate sampling, quick ash determination, and statistical analysis of the pattern of ash distribution.The use of statistical methods of analysis, such as the t test and F test, is •discussed at some length in order to emphasize the importance of the correct evaluation of observational data if there is to be confidence in the validity of test results.General ConsiderationsCOAL, as a fuel, is too cheap for a long haul across the country. The limiting distance depends on the price of the local competitive fuels, and, as the price depends to a great extent on quality, so does quality, to the same extent, command the market."

Jan 1, 1952

By M. Kunst

The creep behavior of three AJ62 alloys was investigated in a wide range of stresses and temperatures. Multi-level tensile creep tests revealed a distinct primary creep stage and a high stress exponent up to a value of 10. The threshold stress concept which is commonly used in combination with high stress exponents was utilized in the analysis of creep behaviour. This resulted in an effective stress exponent for the AJ alloys indi¬cating dislocation climb as the dominating creep mechanism. In addition, microstructural observations of the lamellar eutectic and of the a-Mg-matrix were carried out using opti¬cal microscopy, SEM and TEM. The creep properties of the alloys are discussed in the context of microstructural parameters such as phase volume-fraction, stability and solute supersaturation.

Jan 1, 2006

By M. J. Michaud, M. J. Lavigne

"Abstract - North American Palladium Ltd. operates its Lac des Iles open pit palladium mine 85 km north of the city of Thunder Bay, Ontario. The Roby Zone deposit occurs within the mafic/ultramafic Lac des Iles Intrusive Complex (LDI-IC), which was created by multiple pulses of magma of varying composition within several closely spaced chambers. Chaotic lithological distribution, the presence of magmatic breccias, and the rarity of rhythmic layering suggest a dynamic intrusive environment with disruptive magma pulses. As of December 31, 2001, measured and indicated resources for the 950 m long by 815 m wide Roby Zone deposit totalled 159 Mt grading 1.55 g/t Pd, 0.17 g/t Pt, 0.12 g/t Au, 0.05% Cu, and 0.05% Ni at a palladium cut-off grade of 0.7 g/t. The Roby Zone contains an additional 73 Mt of inferred resources at similar grades.The Roby Zone is dominated by varitextured gabbro containing pipes and pods of breccia, and large blocks (~60 m across) of varying lithology. Mineralization at Lac des Iles occurs as: (1) a PGEand base metal-rich magmatic matrix of breccia (breccia ore); (2) mineralized dikes or sills (gabbronorite in North Roby ore); (3) lower-grade mineralization in varitextured units that are host to the distinctive breccia ore and envelope the North Roby ore; and (4) high-grade mineralization associated with strong silicate alteration exemplified by high-grade ore.The close spatial association of the mineralized breccias with both varitextured units and silicate alteration leads to an interpretation that the energetic magma that created breccia was charged with a dissolved fluid, and that this deuteric fluid exsolved at high temperatures to migrate through crystal mush, enhancing crystallization along its pathways, resulting in variable grain size. This transformation occurred at high temperature and produced sulfide-poor, varitextured gabbro-hosted mineralization exemplified by some of the mineralization in the North Roby Zone, and also found throughout the Roby Zone. The association of hydrous silicate alteration with mineralization can be explained by continuing fluid migration during cooling and continued metal transport. Résumé - North American Palladium Ltd. opère la mine à ciel ouvert de Lac des Iles située à 85 km au nord de Thunder Bay, Ontario. Le gisement Roby Zone est encaissé dans le complexe mafique/ultramafique de Lac des Iles (LDI-IC), lequel représente une intrusion polyphasée créée par plusieurs pulses magmatiques de différente composition à l’intérieur de chambres magmatiques fermés. La distribution chaotique des lithologies, la présence de brèches magmatiques, et la quasi-absence de litage rythmique suggèrent un environnement magmatique dynamique perturbé par l’introduction de nouveau magma. Au 31 décembre 2001, les ressources mesurées et indiquées s’élevaient à 159 millions de tonnes titrant 1,55 g/t Pd, 0,17 g/t Pt, 0,12 g/t Au, 0,05% Cu, et 0,05% Ni, pour une teneur de coupure de 0,7 g/t Pd. De plus, la Roby Zone contient 73 millions de tonnes de ressources inférées à une teneur similaire.La Roby Zone est principalement encaissée dans un gabbro de texture hétérogène (varitextured) caractérisé par des cheminées et des lentilles de brèches et des énormes blocs (environ 60 m de diamètre) de plusieurs lithologies. Au Lac des Iles, la minéralisation en EGP et en métaux de base se retrouve dans la matrice magmatique de brèches (breccia ore), dans des dykes ou des sills minéralisés (gabbronorite dans la zone North Roby ore), comme minerai de basse teneur encaissant le minerai de brèche (breccia ore) et enveloppant la zone North Roby. Du minerai de haute teneur est également associé avec une forte altération en silicates dans la zone high-grade ore.L’étroite association spatiale entre les brèches minéralisées et les unités de texture variée (varitextured) et l’altération en silicate suggère que le magma énergique qui a causé la bréchification était chargé de fluides. Ces fluides deutérique"

Jan 1, 2001

By A. Ignatieff

This is the first in a series of Coal Technology Reviews being prepared in accordance with a recommendation voted by the Coal Division in session at the Jubilee Meeting, Vancouver, April, 1948, that the Department of Mines and Resources be requested to arrange for publication by the proper Government authority of a Quarterly Review' of Coal Technology, for distribution among those concerned in the production and use of coal in Canada. This recommendation was subsequently endorsed both by the Council of the Institute and by the Dominion Coal Board. Further reviews (or digests) will appear at intervals in the Bulletin, or will be published and distributed by the Board which, meanwhile, has undertaken to distribute reprints of Mr. Ignatieff's review.-En. * * * The fields in coal mining technology which are considered to demand most attention and study at the present time are reviewed under the headings appearing below. Mechanization In the light of the growing shortage of skilled miners and the necessity of mitigating constantly increasing mining costs, interest continues to centre in mining methods and applications of mechanization chat will produce the maximum reduction of man power. The growth of strip or open-cut mining, also, is a consequence of this trend. Mechanization at the face attracts most attention and the trend is toward developing and adopting machines capable of cutting and loading the coal in one operation instead of having the separate operations of cutting, drilling, blasting, and loading. In Great Britain, where longwall mining is? the general practice, the A.B. Meco-Moore machine still receives much attention, and accounts describing its performance over reasonably long periods have appeared in the technical press.

Jan 1, 1948

By John Loui Porathur

Highwall Mining has been recently introduced in India. The first Continuous Highwall Mining extraction in India started operating at Ramagundem Opencast Project-II (OC-II) of Singareni Collieries Company Ltd. (SCCL) in December 2010. A new hybrid empirical and numerical modelling approach has been devised to design web pillars for the initial Highwall Mining sites in India, considering the complex geology, such as existence of thick seams and multiple seams in close proximity. This paper gives the scientific elucidation of a comprehensive design methodology adopted for the above mentioned Indian Highwall Mining sites. The design technology includes web pillar design for multiple seams using hybrid empirical and numerical methods, slope stability assessment, ground movement monitoring, and recommendations for conducting blasting operations in the vicinity of Highwall Mining extractions.

Aug 1, 2013

By Karl J. C. Harries

13.1. RIGHT TO RECEIVE ROYALTY CONTRACTUAL ONLY1

Jan 1, 2003

By R. J. Traill

Introduction Following the discovery of high-grade deposits of pitchblende in the Great Bear Lake area of the Northwest Territories by Mr. Gilbert LaBine in May, 1930, samples were submitted to the Mines Branch for examination and investigation as to suitable methods of treatment (1). The purpose of this paper is to present, briefly, the results of the investigative work conducted on the ores and an outline of the methods developed for the extraction of the radium content and recovery of the by-products. The paper is presented in two parts. Part I gives a review of the history of radium production and of the principal processes used in other countries. Part II describes the work and gives the results of the Mines Branch investigation. Part 1-Radium Production In Other Countries Historical Outline Uranium was discovered in 1789, and more than a century later Madame Curie, while studying the physical properties of this element, observed that the ore of uranium exhibited greater activity than the pure uranium com-pounds she had prepared and traced the cause to the presence of a new element which she named radium. Eventually, research proved radium to be a disintegration product of uranium, and always present in uranium ores.

Jan 1, 1933

By A. M. Richmond

Introduction The apparent commonplace, and prosaic, nature of building-stones, lime, cement, gypsum, and clay products, and many other miscellaneous non-metallic minerals, such as abrasives, barite, diatomite, magnesite, mica, slate, salts, etc., and their everyday appearance and necessary in our lives, has removed much of the glamour, romance, and speculative attractiveness so frequently associated with our gold, silver, lead, zinc, and copper mining ventures. However, it will be readily appreciated, with but a brief study of the thirty-five or more non-metallic minerals and products which are mined, prepared, or are known to occur, in British Columbia, that the 'industrial minerals' industry in the Province has an abundance of interesting technical problems, is fraught with speculative possibilities, and, as such, fully deserves much more technical attention than it has hitherro received. The brief notes presented in this paper show, in summary form, the magnitude of the British Columbia industrial and non-metallic mineral industry; outline in synoptically form the principal deposits of non-metallic minerals presently known; and indicate in a general way a few of the possibilities which exist in the Province for the expansion of the industry. For convenience in presentation, the assembled material has been divided into four sections: 1.-Sraristical information 2.-Strucrural non-metallic minerals 3.-Miscellaneous non-metallic minerals 4.-Non-Metallic mineral possibilities in British Columbia 1. -Statistical Information The writer does not propose to dwell at length on the statistical comparisons and deductions which may be drawn from the four tables which have been compiled for this section of the paper, nor is it considered essential, as the figures present a most emphatic story in themselves.

Jan 1, 1935

By J. Ouellet

"ABSTRACTA brief background on in-situ testing of mine backfill, as well as pressuremeter testing is briefly described, and results from an in-situ testing on paste backfill are presented. A series of self-boring pressuremeter tests were done from the top of a backfilled stope in an underground mine. The tests were conducted along a 20-metre vertical line in the centre of the stope. Some 14 tests were performed along this depth. The instrument used was a Camkometer built by Cam Insitu, Cambridge. The instrument proved to be efficient and reliable for underground testing in a cemented paste backfill. The testing program was conducted within the planned schedule with a high success rate. The test done in this study permitted the measurement of paste backfill strength, stiffness and in-situ horizontal stress within the backfill. RésuméUn bref historique des essais in situ dans le remblai minier est présenté. L’essai pressiométrique est décrit succinctement et des résultats d’une campagne d’essai dans un remblai en pâte sont présentés. Un programme d’essais au pressiomètre auto-foreur a été réalisé à partir du sommet d’un chantier remblayé sous terre. Les essais ont été réalisés le long d’un ligne vertical d’environ 20 mètres pour un total de 14 mesures. Le Camkometer de la firme Cam Insitu de Cambridge a été utilisé. Cet instrument s’est avéré efficace et fiable pour tester le remblai en pâte cimenté sous terre. Le programme d’essai s’est déroulé à l’intérieur de l’échéancier prévu avec un taux de réussite élevé. Ces essais ont permis de déterminer la résistance, la rigidité de ce remblai ainsi que les pressions in-situ prévalant dans le remblai."

Jan 1, 2000

By E. J. Sides

In this paper, the argument is put forth that the codes used for public reporting of mineral resources and mineral reserves have some significant limitations with regard to the information provided to investors on the short- to medium-term value of mining properties. Such limitations include a) failure to explicitly incorporate a time element and b) failure to state explicitly the quantity and quality of mineral product that will be produced for sale. A time-value framework for reporting mineral assets is proposed in order to overcome these limitations. The proposed system is based on two classification axes: a) an X-axis representing time in years during which the value of the asset is likely to be realized and b) a Y-axis representing the value identified by a mining or exploration company\u2019s activities. The potential benefits of this system are discussed, including the ability to incorporate factors, such as permitting and construction times, directly into the magnitude of the reported mineral assets. The proposed framework would assist in the standardization of mineral assets reporting in such a manner that they could eventually be more readily included in financial statements. Year of Publication: Not explicitly mentioned in the document.

Jan 1, 2010

By K. Delbeke

Within the framework of the EU Existing Substance (93/793/EEC) and REACH regulations EC/1907/2006), the copper industry initiated in 2000 a comprehensive Voluntary Risk Assessment of copper and several copper compounds. The Italian Government's Istituto Superiore di Sanità, reviewed the process and reports on behalf of the European Commission. Copper exposure levels to man and the environment from production of copper anodes and cathodes, copper powders and copper chemicals as well as fabrication and use of semi-fabrication products and down stream user products were collected across Europe. Environmental and human health effects data were obtained from literature as well as novel research programs and used to deduct safe threshold

Jan 1, 2007

By Douglas A. Grieg

THE EXCUSE for producing still another paper dealing with the oilfields of the Middle East is the overwhelming importance of this area to everyone, both inside and out of the oil industry. Figure 1 shows the area defined as the Middle East for the purpose of this paper. No description of what constitutes the Middle East is generally acceptable to everyone and, in fact, in many parts of the world it is referred to as "Western Asia". At the time ?the writer went to work as a geologist in the Middle East -this was in 1926 -there were just three known oilfields, namely, Hurghada in Egypt, Naft Khaneh in the Transferred Territories of Iraq, and Masjid-i-Sulai-man in Persia. Their combined producing rate at that time was around 100,000 barrels per day. Toda y, just thirty years later, some forty-two fields have been proven to exist, and a recent discovery in Syria -if commercial -may add one more to the list. Producing rates at the end of last year ( 1956) were approaching four million barrels per day. This sizable figure re presents nearly 23 per cent of the total Free World's production. What is more important still, something over 70 per cent of the Free World's proven oil reserves are known to exist in the subsoil of the Middle East.

Jan 1, 1957

By William E. Roscoe

"Mineral exploration properties are those on which an economically viable mineral deposit has not yet been discovered. Such properties are bought, sold, optioned and joint ventured on the basis of their perceived potential for the existence and discovery of a viable mineral deposit. The intrinsic value of an exploration property is therefore based on the exploration potential. One measure of the exploration potential is the amount that can be justified to spend on exploration for a viable deposit.The appraised value method uses a cost approach to value exploration properties. It is based on the premise that an exploration property is worth the meaningful past exploration expenditures plus warranted future costs to test remaining exploration potential. Results of past exploration work are analyzed in order to retain only those past expenditures that are productive in terms of identifying remaining potential. Warranted future costs comprise a reasonable exploration budget to test that potential.INTRODUCTIONThe purpose of this paper is to describe a cost approach to the valuation of mineral exploration properties and to provide some valuation examples. The particular cost approach described is the Appraised Value Method, which is best applied to mineral properties at the exploration stage.At present there are no comprehensive regulations or guidelines in Canada which specify what approaches and methods to use for the valuation of mineral properties. In this paper, the Appraised Value Method described is one method that the writer considers to be accepted industry practice for mineral properties at the exploration stage.Mineral properties are valued for a number of reasons, including mergers and acquisitions, non arm's length transactions, pricing of initial public offering of stock, support for property agreements, litigation, expropriation, and insurance claims."

Jan 1, 2003

By P. E. Cavanagh

THIS REPORT is not intended to be a ?comprehensive survey of the steel industry in Europe. For the past ten years the Ontario Research Foundation has been interested in several developments in the steel industry in Europe which it was felt would be of particular interest in Canada and might possibly find application in this country. This is an account of the present status of some of these developments. The economies of steel making in Canada are somewhat different than in the United States because of the nature of the market and the relative costs and availability of such raw materials as metallurgical coke and electric power. There are cases in Europe where a great deal of effort and money has been spent in trying to make steel profitably by methods which take advantage of locally available and cheap raw materials by modifying standard practices. ln cases wl1ere the investigations have been successful and the data are available to allow translation of the results into Canadian conditions, it is felt that such information may be of great benefit in the future in Canada and at !east should be known to all those in the steel industry in this country. The field to be covered in this report only comprises the steps from concentration and treatment of iron ores to production of iron and is only concerned with those commercially operating processes well known to us and judged to be of present interest in Canada.

Jan 1, 1957

By J. -F. Blais, M. -O. Simonnot, J. Mocellin, G. Mercier, J. -L. Morel

Large quantities of ferromanganese sludge are generated as waste material by blast furnace during the manufacturing of ferromanganese. These slags are very rich in manganese, zinc and lead (5 to 40 %). These residues have been deposited in a pond in periphery of the steel industry. Considering the market value of the metals, these brownfield sites can now be considered as secondary resources. We have developed a hydrometallurgical process for selectively leaching Zn, Mn and Pb in order to produce compounds of Mn and Zn pure enough to be economically recoverable and a residue rich in Pb. Batch laboratory experiments were carried out to determine appropriate leaching conditions to maximize zinc extraction (100 %) and manganese extraction (90.0 %) with sulfuric acid and to generate a residue containing 15 to 30% of lead. This Pb residue is recyclable by another process.

Jan 1, 2015

By G. R. Heffernan

"IntroductionTHE PURPOSE of this paper is to give a •brief history of iron and steel in British Columbia, a quick look at the present operations of Western Canada Steel, Limited, a review of iron ore resources and iron and steel markets, and a projection of what the future might hold for the industry in British Columbia.From the Past to the PresentWhile the paper is entitled Past, Present, and Future, in covering the past, which we shall call the time prior to 1947, there is very little to be said. Small shipments of iron ore were made from the Texada deposits by the Puget Sound Iron Company from 1886 to 1907. Total ore shipped did not exceed 70,000 tons. Part of this is believed to have been used in building a United States battleship in 1907 in the Bremerton Naval Yards in Seattle, Washington.In 1914 a small steel mill was started on Lulu island, rolling bars from •box piles and used shafting. This mill operated spasmodically for a few years but finally burned down in 1921. The rolling mill stands were sold to China and are no doubt in operation in China today.In 1916 the City of Port Moody assisted in the financing of a mill which operated on re-roll rails, box piles, and steel ingots made in an experimental electric furnace in Port Moody. This furnace also produced small quantities of pig iron scrap. The backers of the Port Moody mill showed a great deal of enterprise and must have been a very forward looking group, since this was one of the first recorded applications of the electric furnace to small ingot production. Despite their enterprise, the operation was unsuccessful and terminated in 1921."

Jan 1, 1953

By Sylvie Lévesque, Frederic Couët, Laura Pérez-Barnuevo, Cory Hennessey

Determining mineralogical characteristics of samples throughout the iron ore concentration process – from drill core samples up to the concentrate – is critical to process improvement and remediation. However, assessment of mineral proportions, liberation, and texture, although essential, can be time-consuming and costly. Thus, a mineralogical study is often not performed or only restricted to a limited number of samples. New iron ore deposits or new ore zones in active mines will bring new challenges as they are known to be problematic due to their lower grades, complex textures and presence of mineral impurities. In those cases, applied process mineralogy will be necessary to understand and to diagnose potential processing issues. To take full advantage of mineralogical information along the iron ore concentration process, new tools are being developed to provide mineralogical data based on texture, composition and liberation. In an early stage at the mine, the automated identification of drill core textures could provide essential information for the prediction of ore concentrability and grindability. In a later stage, the automated modal tool, combining the knowledge of the iron ore mineralogy of a specific deposit and the results of chemical analyses, can quantify the mineral proportions of the ore; results show good agreement between mineral estimation via chemical analysis and modal analysis using a Mineral Liberation Analyser. A bulk mineralogical analyser allowing semi-quantitative evaluation of the liberation of iron oxides is being validated. The results from the bulk mineralogical analyser will eventually be linked with the mineral proportions issued by the automated modal tool to provide complete mineralogical characteristics of iron ore samples. Ultimately, these mineralogical tools could provide valuable and timely insight for predicting concentrators’ performances or troubleshooting gravity separation processes.

Jan 1, 2016