Search Documents

By G. Auld

"A simple method is presented whereby the additional quantity and static pressure necessary to compensate for ventilation duct leakage may be estimated using the circular reference functions of modern spreadsheets. Favourable comparisons have been made to the National Coal Board (United Kingdom) design charts and to a case study analysis. IntroductionIn mining, most ducted systems are applied to the development of access tunnels, and most of these systems leak to some extent. When the ventilation duct fails to deliver the required quantity of air to the work place, there is a significant contribution to the development costs, either directly or indirectly.Directly — More air and more pressure are required to compensate for the leakage, more capital development (ventilation shafts, parallel drives) are required because ventilation systems cannot push the fresh air far enough, and longer re-entry times to ensure toxic blast fumes to be diluted.Indirectly — There is a reduction in productivity because of the inclement atmospheric conditions, and/or closure of development ends because of unacceptable atmospheric conditions at the working place. This has been exacerbated over the last few decades because of the increased use of diesel equipment of ever increasing power, and the more stringent Occupational Health and Safety requirements demanding more air flow per kilowatt of diesel power.The leakage from a duct must, therefore, be reliably estimated in order to assess the effectiveness and construction of the system; assess the effectiveness of the maintenance or repair of the duct; appreciate the cost of the leakage, and therefore apply effective maintenance and installation procedures; and engineer safer, healthier and more cost-effective ventilation systems."

Jan 1, 2002

By C. H. Bertoni, A. Vachon

The Corner bay copper deposit is the first significan discovery on the south limb of the Dore Lake Complex, located at the eastern end of the Detour Lake-Chibougamau greenstone belt, Quebec. The deposit was discovered in March, 1981, after 26 years of intermittent work in the area. Mineralization is found in a shear zone cut ting rocks ranging in composition, from gabbroic anorthosites to anorthositic gabbros which have been intensely altered and deformed by at least two tectonometamorphic events. Both the copper-bearing shear zone and its host rocks are cut by a large NE-striking gabbro dyke. Most of the known mineralization is found east of the dyke, but two deep exploration holes have shown that the down dip extension is present to the west of the dyke. The mineralized shear varies from one to 15 metres in width, strikes around 010° and dips from 70° to 80° to the west, and has been tested for a length of 700 metres. The wall rocks are usually chloritized and silicified. Mineralization is characterized by chalcopyrite, pyrite, molybdenite, magnetite, and sphalerite occurring mainly as the matrix to quartz-carbonate breccias in the "main" shear zone. The predominant sulphides are pyrite and chalcopyri te as crystals or fragments. The brecciated mineralized shear shows evidence that there was at least one remobilization of the shear and it is suggested that copper-bearing fluids invaded the shear during its remobilization. The exact timing and source of mineralization are not known. Up to February 1984, 38 holes had been drilled to outline indicated reserves to a depth of 450 m of 1,5 million tonnes grading approximately 4% copper, 0.34 gm, gold and 13.71 gm silver per tonne. It is believed that there is considerable reserve potential in the block west of the gab bro dyke, the down dip extension of the main zone.

Jan 1, 1984

By François Robert

The rate of new mineral discoveries in Canada has been declining in the last two decades. In response to the challenge and to stagnating investments in mining-related R&D, twenty Industry partners, supported by PDAC and Natural Resources Canada, established in 2010 the Exploration Innovation Consortium (EIC). This Consortium seeks to promote the discovery of new resources in Canada through coordination and sponsorship of industry-focused innovative and collaborative research and technology development, as well as training and education in mineral exploration. The two main themes of the integrated R&D program focus on exploration targeting in Deep and Mature Environments and in Remote and Covered Terranes.

May 1, 2011

By Galen Bauer

"Up until the mid 1960's, the only available methods for making continuous weight measurements were through the use of mechanical and electro-mechanical weigh scales. It was during this time period that a new concept in weighing was introduced. It was known and is still known as the nuclear belt weigh scale.During the early days of its appearance in the market place, many things were learned about its advantages and disadvantages for weighing various materials. As with many new devices, it had to go through a ""wringing out stage"" before it became accepted by the weighing industry. Even today, even though it is a proven device, there are skeptics who believe the nuclear belt weigh scale will not survive. Let me assure you, it is here to stay.. 'PRINCIPLE OF MEASUREMENTThe nuclear belt weigh scale consists of a ""C"" Frame assembly which houses the radioactive source (Cesiwn 137) and the radiation detector (Ionization chamber). The ""C"" Frame assembly is put in place around the conveyor belt as shown in Figure 1. The radiation source emits a fan shaped beam of radiation which covers the full width of the material being conveyed on the belt. Radiation which has passed through the material on the belt is detected by the ionization chamber which is located in the lower arm of the ""C"" Frame assembly. The ionization chamber changes the radiation energy into an electrical signal which is related to pounds per foot belt loading. This signal is transmitted to a highly stable amplifier which combines the pounds per foot signal with a belt travel signal from a digital tachometer which allowed the scale user to be able to monitor total mass being conveyed. Many so-called conventional type scales use belt speed rather than travel to obtain mass per unit time, and then integrate the signal to obtain their weight signal. This unnecessary step tends to erode the overall accuracy of the weighing system."

Jan 1, 1975

By R. W. Schutz

"Titanium possesses an exceptional and wide-range resistance to chlorides and their compounds when compared to most corrosion-resistant engineering alloys (CRAs) used in the chemical process industry. This natural resistance to chlorides stems from titanium’s protective, tenacious, and readily rehealable titanium oxide surface film, which is chemically stable over a wide range of pH and redox potentials in aqueous environments. This passive film explains titanium’s elevated resistance to anodic pitting, crevice and stress corrosion, and erosion-corrosion in aqueous chloride environments.Guidelines for successful selection and application of industrial titanium alloys are derived from an extensive laboratory test database and more than forty years of industrial/chemical service experience. These guidelines are simplified, and alloy corrosion performance is assessed with respect to four basic aqueous chloride service categories where selection or consideration of titanium is highly merited. An overview of historical titanium alloy applications in chloride-rich environments in a wide variety of process industries substantiates their exceptional chloride tolerance. These industrial titanium alloys are cost-competitive with stainless steels and nickel alloys, readily commercially available, and routinely fabricated and welded in the shop and field via well-established methods."

Jan 1, 2002

By C. W. Taylor, F. L. Martin

"THE DICTIONARY defines Metallurgy as the ""science or art of separating metals from their ores and refining them for use"". In these days, however, such a definition is not detailed enough.The modern science of metallurgy is based on two fundamental sciences, physics .and chemistry, and is sub-divided into two major fields: Process Metallurgy and Physical Metallurgy. These fields of metallurgy are now so comprehensive and involved that even the graduate metallurgist has to specialize in one or the other.In recent years, the relatively new science or technology of non• destructive testing has also entered the industrial scene, with tremendous impact and ramifications. So much so that, certainly, no .discussion on metallurgy can be complete without including some reference to it.Obviously, one paper cannot hope to cover in detail the relationship of the whole science of metallurgy to the mining industry. Consequently, only a very brief reference will be made to the field of Process Metallurgy, our major concern being with Physical Metallurgy and Non-Destructive Testing."

Jan 1, 1960

By J. A. McCamley

Gypsum scrap generated from wallboard manufacturing, construction and deconstruction activities in North America, Europe and Japan is a recognized environmental problem. Landfill disposal of this gypsum scrap is problematic, with deposits often creating hydrogen sulphide emissions and metallic sulphide groundwater leachates. Of these regions, Europe is the most advanced in dealing with the issue having enacted legislation, which will come into effect in July 2005 that will strongly encourage gypsum recycling throughout the EU. An estimated 10% to 17% of all gypsum used in the wallboard industry becomes recyclable scrap, which represents approximately 1% of the total waste stream in North America. In the United States, 2.5 to 4.5 Mt of gypsum scrap is generated each year; the volume is similar in Europe (the percentage of total tonnage is less because of the higher use of brick and concrete). The Greater Vancouver region of British Columbia has banned gypsum from its landfills, and as a result, all gypsum scrap is now recycled. New West Gypsum Recycling, a Canadian firm, uses its proprietary technology to process large quantities of gypsum scrap that is reincorporated into new wallboard, at percentages ranging up to 25%. The operation of New West Gypsum Recycling Inc. of Langley, Vancouver is examined as a case study and recommendations are provided as to how other urban regions can implement similar gypsum scrap recycling programs.

Jan 1, 2004

By J. E. Williamson

Introduction 1. Factors on Which the Design of the Roaster Plant was Based The roasting operation at Lake Shore, it was realized from the outset, would be profitable only if costs and losses could be reduced to a low figure. It was absolutely imperative that the operation should be self roasting over the whole range of tonnages and sulphur grades which might obtain during the life of the mine. The roasting operation could not bear the cost in fuel and labour of even a partially fired roast. To meet this requirement, it was necessary to resort to additional insulation in the construction of the roaster and to provide a more flexible means of rabble cooling than the conventional water jacket (see p. 31). A second basic consideration was that of handling a wet, putty-like concentrate. The operating costs of a drier ruled out the possibility of drying the charge before feeding it to the roaster. Moreover, the dusting which would result from charging a dry product virtually all -40 micron (325 mesh) in size would seriously handicap the use of a dryer. Dust lubrication (p. 3S) due to the back-mixing action of the Edwards rabbles, and the use of a Sullivan slapper ( p. 27) on the concentrate filter, completely solved the problem of handling the roast feed. The third consideration was the reduction of dusting to a sufficiently low point that a Cottrell or other dust collecting system was unnecessary. The Edwards roaster when properly supervised, it is believed, can be operated to give the minimum possible dusting. At Lake Shore, the evidence has been that less than 1 per cent dusting occurs at any time and that the greater part of the dust produced is recovered either in the spray tower or in the dust chambers.

Jan 1, 1947

By N. Wang, A. I. A. Salama

"An index to evaluate the amenability for processing of different coals is implemented. The index is based on the well-known Mayer-curve or M-curve. The index is superior to other existing indices and is implemented using Microsoft-Excel™. Several coals are used to demonstrate the implementation of the index proposed.IntroductionIn 1950, Mayer introduced a curve that carries the information embedded in the fir s t three curves or ash curves of the conventional washability tables and curves (Peng et al., 1979; Osborne, 1988). The curve was labeled the Mcurve (abbreviation for Mittlewertkurve in German or the Mayer- curve). The main idea behind the curve is to use the ordinate for the cumulative mass and the abscissa for the ash (attribute) mass. Specific slopes on the resulting curve represent the cumulative float, cumulative sink, and elementary ash (attribute) contents (Mayer, 1950, 1953, 1957; Venkatesan, 1975; Osborne, 1988; Salama, 1989). Beyond the ash values, the curve carries graphical information that can be used in evaluating coal processing characteristics. Consequently, it becomes possible to present several raw coals on a single diagram, thus making it easier to compare their processing characteristics. This is particularly useful in comparing various size ranges of raw coal or the same size range from different seams. Therefore, the M-curve is adopted as a vehicle for developing the “processing (washing) characteristics index” implemented in this paper."

Jan 1, 2001

By C. Ketata, M. C. Rockwell

During the operation of a mineral processing plant, the unit processes are investigated by analyzing the data extracted by means of stream sampling. The data structure is identical to the time series form. Data analysis is a crucial step in understanding the plant performance. To control the plant performance efficiently, it is very important to avoid sampling errors, which is impossible. However, it is possible to minimize these errors. The factors influencing these errors are divided into two categories: material properties illustrating its heterogeneity, and sampler features. The purpose of this paper is to study the influence of the material composition variation on sampling errors, and to compare our evaluation method with that of Gy. Note that the stream mass flowrate is assumed to be constant during the sampling process.

Jan 1, 2001

By A. Azad

SAGD (Steam Assisted Gravity Drainage) is an in-situ oil recovery technique for heavy oil reservoirs. The technique has been successfully applied to many projects in the past 25 years and the process has been, now, well understood. It is now believed that geomechanics plays an important role in SAGD and should be considered in numerical or analytical modeling. Currently, geomechanics is numerically modeled through combining a multi-phase flow and a geomechanical simulator. Numerical modeling is, however, time consuming, need lots of input data, and could not be used for quick decision-making purposes. To decrease the modeling time, this study based on a new version of the Reis drainage model, proposes coupled mathematical model and reserves the effect of geomechanics in the process. Results showed a perfect match with the past experimental and numerical data.

May 1, 2009

By J. Lazareck

"XPotential Products Inc. has developed technologies to convert auto shredder residues and other forms of plastic waste into useful products such as posts suitable for retaining walls and parking curbs. The technology is competitive provided low-cost plastic waste is available, and could have applications throughout the world. The paper describes the technology used and illustrates the various processing steps. Development of the TechnologyPresently, state-of-the-art auto shredding yields approximately 75% ferrous and non-ferrous metals and approximately 25% by weight of auto shredder residue (ASR). Advances in metal shredding and non-ferrous metal separation technologies turned XPotential Products Inc.’s attention to ASR as a potential revenue source, or at least a means to markedly reduce the cost of disposal. This abundance of nuisance ASR was, in the company’s view, a potential resource as derelict autos and white goods were similarly perceived 40 years ago. As owners of General Scrap & Car Shredder Ltd. in western Canada, XPotential faced significant disposal costs for four shredders. This journey began over 10 years ago and took many twists and turns until a final course of action was chosen. The recovery of the metallic portion of vehicles and white goods has reached technological maturity and attempts to add value are now achievable only in very small increments."

Jan 1, 2004

By L. Larson

Rock samples were taken, away from zones of mineralization , from seven sections of five rhyolitic zones as define d by Spence (l967) in the Noranda area. The purpose of the investigation was to test whether there were intrinsic differences between the zones which would differentiate between non-productive zones and productive zones. For the elements sought (major elements, Cu , Pb , Zn and S) , no clear chemical difference between the zones was found. Thus, identification of a favour able zone from the over -all composition of the zone does not appear promising. Within sampled sections, there is no clear gradual compositional change up through the sections. A capping of highly siliceous massive rhyolite is present in five of the sections sampled. A layer of relatively basic material occurs near the base of individual units. The third (mine zone) and later zones contain abundant pyroclastic material, where as the non-productive zones do not.

Jan 1, 1977

By K. R. Coulter

"Good morning gentlemen. I am very pleased to have this opportunity to tell you a few of the things that happen within a completely unrelated activity, the electroplating industry, except that it does consume metals and has some slight similarity of problems so far as cyanide is concerned.First, just a few general terms about the industry. It is a relatively unsophisticated industry technically, and in many instances there are serious problems in obtaining staff that can operate the various systems that are currently available for destroying cyanide or precipitating metals.I would suggest to you that if you are investigating any system that you consider very seriously the personnel that are actually going to run it. The installation people; probably have some idea what it is all about but the operators must be chosen for their ability and not because they just happen to be available.We perhaps have another area in common. There is very little money for capital expenditures that produce no immediate return or even eventual return on the investment.The industry is largely made up of ""Jobbers"" who are strictly electroplating. There is another group in which the electroplating is captive as in large companions where it is a convenience operation. Also there are specialists, who do other things besides plating but it is a very major part of their operation. This applies to the automotive parts industry.Cyanide applications in the plating industry will be for copper, zinc, cadmium, silver, brass, and gold. Cyanide waste solutions come from those solutions adhering to the plated parts, and from the occasional discharge of the plating bath solutions. Also, in a related industry, the heat treating people with cyanide case hardening have some high concentrations of cyanide to dispose of. Concentrations of cyanide that we treat are 2500 parts per million or higher especially in wastes from heat treating. Solution volumes might be as low as 100 gallons per hour in a well run, carefully operated rinsing system. It may be as high as 3000 gallons per hour where dilution occurs."

Jan 1, 1973

By T. W. Wloder

During recent studies concerning the effects that various surface treatments, surface imperfections, locked-in residual stresses and metallurgical and geometrical notches have upon the mechanical behaviour of metals and, in particular, upon their tension-bending characteristics under impact loads, it became apparent that specially developed methods and samples would be of great assistance in determining the desired data. This paper describes and discusses a number of different types of double-notched tension-bending impact samples which have been considered and examined for this purpose. The types most suitable for exploratory investigations are proposed for application in the study of the _behaviour of metals, their welds, and, in particular, their surfaces, when subjected to various notch-severities, surface imperfections, strain rates, temperatures, and constrained states of stress (i.e. the relations of the three principal stresses). It is expected that the proposed double-notched tension-bending samples and the proposed test methods will also contribute toward further understanding of the cold brittle behaviour and the notch-sensitivities of metals. The possibilities of introducing the so-called impact notch-sensitivity index and relative impact notch sensitivity of metals are discussed. Data obtained on double-

Jan 1, 1961

By W. P. Campbell

Foreword At the outset, it should be stated that this paper does not pretend to present a panacea for the ills that 'frozen' wells are heir to, but rather is an attempt to bring to the attention of those whose special concern it is, a little theory and some facts, which have been brought to light recently, in connection with the problem of 'freezing' as it applies to naphtha-producing wells in the Turner Valley field, and to draw some conclusions that follow from the facts discovered. It should also be stated that the investigation is not to be regarded as in any sense complete, but in progress. Doubtless new facts will be brought to light from time to time which may modify present ideas on the subject, but whether favourable or contrary, these will be welcomed, as the purpose of the Department is to secure as complete information as possible of the factors contributing to 'freezing', since this must be the first step to an intelligent attempt to remedy or prevent its occurrence, if such can be done. It is possible, too, that the cause or causes of freezing may not be the same in all cases, but whether this be so or not will have to be determined later as new information comes to hand. Introduction One of the worries which must constantly confront the operators of gas-naphtha producing wells in Turner Valley-although all, fortunately, have not met with it-is the possibility of the occurrence of what is commonly called 'freezing' (going off production).

Jan 1, 1930

By C. Siac

"It is a widely held view that in the 21st century, the mining industry will be dominated by a relatively small number of large companies, truly global in scope and internationally staffed (Gooding, 1997). Interestingly enough, most of the exploration and exploitation activities are being carried out by junior and major mining companies from common law jurisdictions in civil law countries, in particular in Latin America, where in recent years, the region has ranked first as a destination for exploration dollars, thanks to the reforms undertaken by some countries to amend their legal framework to attract foreign investment. From a lawyer’s point of view, this is where the main challenge lies: how to bridge the gap between the two legal systems.In order to avoid pitfalls, common law lawyers should be more diligent and proactive when dealing with civil law jurisdictions, given the different systems of law, standards, traditions and customs. Common law lawyers cannot be expected to be well-versed in civil law but they should not be completely unfamiliar with it either. A balance should be struck to ensure clients’ needs are professionally taken care of and that common law requirements and standards are met."

Jan 1, 2003

By Barbara Hendrickson

Outline ? Canadian Regulatory Update ? Turning the Corner: Background & Status ? Implications of U.S. Waxman-Markey bill for Canada ? Federal-provincial considerations ? Current certainties and uncertainties ?Turning the Corner? as Originally Proposed ? April 26, 2007 - the Canadian federal government announced Turning the Corner: An Action Plan to Reduce Greenhouse Gases and Air Pollution (?Turning the Corner?)

May 1, 2009

By J. G. Ross

IN the paper entitled Block Caving at the King Mine (1), which was presented at the Annual General Meeting held in April, 1934, at Quebec, it was pointed out that, owing to certain conditions and financial restrictions, it was advisable to provide a temporary shaft. This was raised from the )00-ft. level to the bottom of the pit, and a 45-degree incline track was constructed up the face of the pit to surface. The temporary shaft and incline were within the ore-body, but were to be used only until such time as the new shaft-the subject of this paper-could be sunk and made ready for operation. After a careful study had been made of all available information pertaining to the ore-body, including examination of diamond-drill core records and geological data, a shaft location was selected well outside the ore-body. Further, since the crusher and dryer buildings are located over part of the ore-body, it was necessary to plan the removal of these buildings and to construct a new crushing and drying plant. This, and the new shaft, must operate in conjunction with the present mill and rock storage bin, which would continue robe used as formerly. No part of this programme, with the exception of drifting toward the shaft site, was started prior to 1937. More than usual detail on technical features is given in this paper in the hope that some parts of it may be of assistance to other members of the Institute who have to undertake somewhat similar work. The engineering and operating staff designed and supervised the work, while at the same time carrying on regular production in four mines at the rate of 12,000 tons of rock mined per day, the output at the King mine being at the rate of 140 tons per hour. No additional engineers were required.

Jan 1, 1939

By Michael Stuart Parsons

The haulage cycle is the sequence which a haulage vehicle must first arrive at the loading area, then turn around and reverse into position. Once it is loaded, the vehicle leaves and travels to the unloading area, where again it must turn around and back up to unload. The cycle is repeated over and over again. The Vector Neutral truck is a rubbertired, self-propelled hauling vehicle designed such that it eliminates the requirement to turn around and back-up to either load or unload. Vector Neutral Truck Cycle: 1.) Travel from the load station to the dump station. 2.) Stop and dump load. 3.) Travel from the dump station to the load station. 4.) Stop and load. The Advantage is in the Difference: 1.) Shorter distance traveled. 2.) Fewer brake and steering actuations. 3.) Easier to automate. 4.) Easier to adapt for remote control operation.

May 1, 2003