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The large increase in secondary industries in this country, during the war and post war periods, has caused a shortage of capacity for the production of merchant bar.To overcome this shortage, an expansion of rolling mill facilities has been undertaken by the Broken Hill Pty. Co. Ltd. A small, but modern, merchant mill has been erected at Kwinana in Western Australia and a strip and skelp mill is under construction at Newcastle. The latter mill will roll strip and skelp at present being rolled by the Newcastle 10 in. Merchant Mill, enahling this mill to concentrate on merchant bar production.The Kwinana mill was installed to supply the Western Australian market. This state has a small population (approximately 658,000) and is not at present highly industrialised. It was necessary, therefore, to design a mill which would be capable of producing a wide diversity of sections and could be expanded as the demand increased. To begin with capital expenditure had to be kept within reasonable bounds. The design work for this mill, with the exception of a few specialised items of equipment, was carried out at Newcastle.All design work for the Newcastle mill was carried out by the lVIorgan Construction Co. of America. Although initially intended for rolling flat. products, the designers were asked to make the mill as flexible as possible, so that should the market for flat products decrease, this mill with additional equipment could undertake the rolling of medium sized sections.

Jan 1, 1957

I would take this, opportunity of thanking you for the high honour you have conferred on me in electing me to the responsible position of President. You may rest assured I will use my best endeavours to promote the interests of the Institute in every way that lies in my power. In reviewing the work of the past year, it is a matter for congratulation to find the Institute in a position at once so healthy and robust, and that notwithstanding the acute depression which has prevailed in the mining industry.Owing to deaths or departures from the colony, the names of six members have disappeared from the roll of membership, but you will be pleaed to learn that several new members have been elected, the register now, showing 56 Members, 25Associates and 2 Students. A complete record of the papers read and the discussions that took place will be found embodied in the splendid volume of Transactions which has just been issued, and which I am sure will be welcomed by mining engineers in all parts of the world.

Jan 1, 1901

By J Elsen, R Snellings, K Van Balen

This research concerns the mineralogical study of the physico-chemical reactions taking place at the pozzolan-binder interface. Lime binder/ pozzolan mixtures have been prepared for different natural zeolites. Analcime, phillipsite, chabazite, erionite, mordenite and clinoptilolite were mixed with portlandite and water, after which the progress in the reaction was quantitatively determined by thermogravimetrical analyses from three to 180 days. A first and important step was the thorough characterisation of the raw materials by quantitative X-ray diffraction (XRD), X-ray fluorescence (XRF), scanning electron microscope energy- dispersive X-ray (SEM-EDX) measurements of the zeolite minerals, Brunauer-Emmet-Teller (BET) specific surface area measurements, grain-size analyses and cation exchange capacity measurements. Beside these zeolite samples with varying Si/Al ratios, two clinoptilolite samples exchanged to the calcium, potassium and sodium form were studied and the difference in their short- and long-term reactivity was assessed. Also the difference in reactivity between identical clinoptilolite samples ground to different grain sizes, obviously having different specific surface areas, was determined experimentally. The results indicate that the external surface area only influences the short-term reactivity, whereas the cation content has effect on both long- and short-term. Na-exchanged samples combine clearly more portlandite in the first few days, whereas the reaction slows down afterwards compared to K- and Ca-exchanged samples. The early reactivity of the unexchanged zeolite samples could be explained by these two parameters, but their long-term reactivity seemed to be related to their Si/Al ratio. Samples with zeolites rich in Si reacted faster then their Al-rich counterparts.

Jan 1, 2008

Some form of technical library is a necessity for every metallurgical plant, but its form and scope will vary with the conditions of each case. In its simplest form, it may consist of one or two mining journals and a few text books distributed amongst the staff. Again, it may be a separate establishment controlled by a clerk, the technical staff necessarily making its own research into the literature available. A still more elaborate organisation may be established both to supply information when requested and to keep the operating staff in touch with current matters of interest, and the library service of the Electrolytic Zinc Co. of Australasia is of this character.The necessity for such a service is due to several facts. The Company's interests are scattered over three States. Most of its staff members are remote from: good public library facilities and they have few opportunities for exchanging ideas verbally with other metallurgists and engineers. Then, too, the process of recovering zinc by electrolysis, is a young art of which the physical and chemical bases were far from fully known at the time the: Risdon plant was established. Most of the zinc produced is sold abroad, and this unsheltered industry can afford to miss no technical or economic development which may promote its efficiency. Add to these facts the geographical isolation of the Commonwealth and the case for an adequate library is complete.

Jan 1, 1934

By Delahant A. B, Dworski M

From the Saranac Laboratory for the Study of Tuberculosis of the Edward L., Trudeau Foundation, Saranac Lake, New York:We are assembled to honor the memory of our friend and colleague, Donald Cummings, one of the founders and a past president of the American Industrial Hygiene Association. I deem it an Unusual privilege to have been asked to give this first memorial lecture and hope that what shall have to say may be worthy of the occasion. It is fitting that we should discuss here the subject of Silicosis to which he devoted such a large part of his life and it is doubly fitting, I think, that I should report to you an extended series of investigations carried on by his associates at the Saranac Laboratory.The subject of silicosis may seem hackneyed to this audience which is so familiar with the tried and accepted methods of prevention and control.But in spite of our efforts, the condition is still with us and unfortunately is still being produced in many places. In industries that now maintain good control of dust, fresh cases are appearing on annual re-examination, whose major exposure date back to the days before the hazard was recognized.A few new employees, with apparently ineffective upper respiratory protection against inhaled dust, develop silicosis precociously in environments that are comparatively harmless to their fellows. In plants that have relaxed their vigilance under the urgency of war production schedules, conditions again prevail that will produce, disease in the future.Silicosis acquired new interest with the announcement by Denny, Robson and Irwin(1) in 1937 that it could be prevented by the inhalation of powdered metallic aluminium. It so happened that without knowledge of their work, we at the Saranac Laboratory had for some months been conducting similar experiments with one of the hydroxides of aluminium.Quite independently we discovered that hydrated alumina would also protect animals against quartz. Our approach to the problem had been empirical; we were trying to neutralize quartz particles by coating their surfaces with an insoluble material following the lead of Kettle who in 1932 had shown that this could be accomplished with iron. He neglected to describe his method and the chemist who prepared his coated...

Jan 1, 1945

During the drilling campaign conducted between October, 1942; and May, 1943, to prove the extent of the scheelite deposit worked by King Island Scheelite N.L. at Grassy, King Island, Tasmania, 35 holes were drilled and 606 samples recovered and assayed for their content. Of these, 238 came from outside the limits of the orebody and were for the most part barren, although a few contained some scheelite. The present statistical analysis is made only of the 368 samples taken from diamond-drill cores of the orebody itself.Drilling Pattern and Sampling MethodsFrom the purely statistical viewpoint, it is realised that methods employed in selecting sites for diamong.-drilling, and of collecting samples from drill cores, do not give a completely unbiassed set of data for analysis. Fig. 1 is a sketch plan showing the relativepositions of the drillholes, which were inclined at an angle of depression of 50 deg. The pattern does not conform to a properly randomized and' regularly-spaced grid, the positions of the later holes being determined by the results obtained from previous holes.Statistically, the bias is, therefore, favourable. The unequal spacing of the drill holes and the lack of uniformity in direction of the lines along which the holes were drilled are unsatisfactory from the mathematical viewpoint; but it is realised that these irregularitiesare difficult to avoid in determining by the most economical methods the extent of such an orebody, and are dictated by geological rather than mathematical necessity.Sampling, also, is lacking in complete uniformity. Each sample is approximately 10ft. in length. However, owing to the fact that 100% recovery of core is rarely achieved, and actual lengths of samples taken are ,primarily governed by the length of the drill runs,and secondarily by lithological changes, there is a considerable amount of variation in the sample length.AssayingWith the exception of 28 samples from three drill holes all samples dealt with in this paper were assayed in the Melbourne University Ore-Dressing Laboratory of the Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation. These assays were given to the nearest 0.05% WOg as it was considered that more accurate determination was not possible. This fact has been taken into consideration in the frequency analysis below. The 28 assays determined by the Tasmanian Mines Department were given to the nearest 0.01%.

Jan 1, 1950

A wide-ranging base of jig data was collected from various types of commercial jigs in 9 coal preparation plants in China, and a complete data analysis was made. It was found that the sharpness ofseparation was very variable, which demonstrates the complex interplay of the many factors which influence jig performance. Tests showed that there exist optimum frequency ranges in each compartment of a jig. Stepwise regression analysis indicated that the sharpness of separation is most sensitive to the intake fraction ofthe air cycle, the frequency, and the feed rate. By means of non-linear curve fitting techniques and statistical analysis, several mathematical models were developed to describe both partition curve and the jig performance, for simulation purposes.

Jan 1, 1986

By B Cope, Y Churi

Roxgold was a small exploration company when it discovered the Zone 55 orebody at the Yaramoko project in Burkina Faso in 2010. Since this time, it has actively progressed the project with the completion of a preliminary economic assessment in 2013, a feasibility study in early 2014 and obtained full permitting for construction in January 2015. With no other underground gold mine in Burkina Faso, developing a modern and productive modern gold mine in West Africa was considered a significant challenge as Roxgold moved from explorer to producer.To facilitate this development, Roxgold engaged an international underground mining contractor to partner this development. This has enabled Roxgold to successfully develop the mine over a relatively short time frame with construction commencing in April 2015, first gold being poured in May 2016 and commercial production being achieved in October 2016.This paper discusses key elements of the project development and highlights some of the challenges faced with operating in a remote poorly developed area with a limited mining culture. Furthermore, the authors highlight the key technical and operational aspects that make the Yaramoko project a very successful development project.CITATION:Cope, B and Churi, Y, 2017. The development of the Yaramoko gold project in Burkina Faso, West Africa, in Proceedings 13th AusIMM Underground Operators’ Conference 2017, pp 173–182 (The Australasian Institute of Mining and Metallurgy: Melbourne).

Oct 16, 2017

By J Kelly, C Kelsey

The Autogenous Kelsey Axial Displacement (KAD) mill is essentially a short retention time centrifugal mill, designed to effectively harness extraordinarily high concentrations of input energy for efficient particle size reduction. The mill which has an operating duty band extending from primary to ultra-fine also has the unique capacity to generate fine and ultra-fine products from single stage size reductions of either coarse or fine mineral feeds, in both wet or dry operating modes. This paper covers developments following a recent optimisation programme which confirmed that mill shell speed and the velocity differential between the shell and the rotating internal disc assembly tips could be optimised in relation to specific energy for a given feed rate and feed size providing the product size remains constant. Subsequent test-work further demonstrated the versatility of the mill with duties ranging from the removal of surface contamination associated with heavy mineral concentrate particles to the production of premium ultra-fine talc, from a single stage of size reduction. Open circuit grinding of a rougher gravity concentrate to liberate gold ahead of leaching also highlighted the scope for the application of low cost KAD milling for a range of hydrometallurgical feed preparation duties, which involve fine and ultra-fine grinding.CITATION:Kelly, J and Kelsey, C, 2013. Advanced media-free fine and ultra-fine grinding - The Kelsey axial displacement mill, in Proceedings MetPlant 2013 , pp 152-161 (The Australasian Institute of Mining and Metallurgy: Melbourne).

Jul 15, 2013

By B B. Du, Y N. Lu, L X. Wang, S L. Wu

The cohesive zone in the blast furnace is largely affected by the softening and melting behaviour of ferrous burden because of its vital role in the blast furnace process. The Visual High Temperature Methodology (VHTM) has been given to study the softening and melting behaviour of sinter, two kinds of lump ores and acid pellet intuitively. Before softening, both two kinds of lump ore swelled and more serious for lump ore B because of its denser structure than lump ore A. The softening and melting temperature intervals are different from one another and this phenomenon contributed to the gas permeability of ore layer in the cohesive zone since the ‘ore window’ has formed. Besides, the softening and melting behaviour of mixed burdens have been studied, where it has been found that the softening and melting characteristics of mixed burden A (consisting of sinter and lump ore A) is better than mixed burden B (consisting of sinter and lump ore B) and mixed burden C (consisting of sinter and acid pellet) despite the poorest characteristics of lump ore A. The reason is that the high temperature interactivity between lump ore A and sinter is much better than lump ore B and acid pellet. The high temperature interactivity is mainly influenced by the chemical compositions, porosity and contact condition. This paper provides a new research method for the softening and melting behaviour of iron ore and an important technical basis for the optimisation of blast furnace burden.CITATION:Wang, L X, Wu, S L, Lu, Y N and Du, B B, 2017. The softening and melting behaviour of single and mixed iron ore burdens, in Proceedings Iron Ore 2017, pp 605–610 (The Australasian Institute of Mining and Metallurgy: Melbourne).

Jul 24, 2017

The El Pe±on gold-silver deposit comprises four epithermal, low-sulfidation veins, which contain 2.9 million oz Au and 48 million oz Ag. Provisional data on alteration mineralogy, fluid inclusions, and vein textures constrain the chemistry and hydrology of the hydrothermal system responsible for ore mineralisation at El Pe±on. Alteration minerals include quartz, adularia, albite, illite, smectite, calcite, chlorite, and pyrite. Alteration minerals suggest the existence of near neutral pH, low salinity hydrothermal fluids, which circulated over an area greater than 18 km2. Complex mineral zonation patterns result from variations in host rock permeability and composition, overprinting alteration possibly produced by thermal waters from surficial and peripheral parts of the hydrothermal system, and supergene weathering in the hyperarid environment. Upflow zones were focused along N-S and NE trending structures, producing crustiform quartz-adularia+carbonate veins. Fluid inclusion data indicate vein deposition from low salinity (

Jan 1, 2002

By Woodcock J. T

A sulphide ion selective electrode (ISE) is suitable for control of sodium sulphide additions in flotation because it has a rapid response to changeS in S2- concentrations, can indicate -low concentrations at differentpH values, suffers from few interferences, and is robust enou'gh to use in a pulp. Three sulphidization techniques were studied using the lSE electrode for measurement and/or control of S2- levels. Metallurgy was assessedfrom concentrate grades and copper recovery.With slug additions of sodium sulphide, sulphidizing conditions were poorly defined and reproducibility tended to be poor. Although acceptable metallurgy could be achieved by multiple additions, sodium sulphide consumption was high.Controlled potential sulphidization readily gave good metallurgy. The optimum potential of the lSE for sulphidizing was about -500 mV versus SCE, but depended on sulphidization and flotation times; suitable times were3 and 5 min respectively for three to five stages. Application of this technique to previously untested ores gave good metallurgy in a first test in spite of variation by a factor of three in the sodium sulphide requirements ofthe ores.Simultaneous sulphidization and flotation was satisfactory when conducted at an lSE potential of -450 mV versus SCE. Mixed cha!copyrite-oxide copper ores responded satisfactorily.Besides optimizing sulphidization conditions it is also necessary to optimize xanthate additions (e.g. by measuring xanthate residuals).

Jan 1, 1978

Being a geologist I intend describing the renaissance of the gold industry in Australia within its geologic framework; there is a geological pattern to the numerous gold projects which have been brought on stream over the past decade. We are now about midway through our third and largest gold boom which, at a peak of 7.5 million ounces is about twice the production peaks achieved in the preceding booms. From discovery in 1851 through 1870 we saw the first boom largely based on alluvial production in NSW and in Victoria at the great Ballarat and Bendigo Goldfields. The discovery of the Golden Mile in Kalgoorlie, Western Australia, underpinned the second gold boom in the period 1895 - 1915. On that basis the present boom should last through the next decade.   It has been a golden decade for Australian gold production. From less than ten mines in 1980 with production over 10 000 ounces and the largest, Telfer, with output of about 130 000 ounces we now find over 130 deposits being worked around the country today that produce over 10 000 ounces with the largest, Boddington, having an output of over 400 000 ounces. In total these mines produced an estimated 210 tonnes of gold in 1989 and we expect this year, 1990, that a new record production of between 240 and 250 tonnes will be set. This positions Australia in third place in the Western World behind South Africa #1 and the USA #2 and fourth in the world with the Russians holding second place overall behind the South Africans.

Jan 1, 1990

By P Allen, E Gleeson, D Boakye, R Chesher, S Konopa

"An EXTENDED ABSTRACT is available for download. A full-length paper was not prepared for this presentation. Not only do epithermal gold deposits provide many challenges in estimating mineral resources, the complexities of these deposits also provide technical challenges in assessing appropriate mining and processing strategies, as well as social and environmental planning and management. The characteristics of epithermal gold deposits include being highly variable with respect to geometry and gold grade distribution, the presence of other economic contributors, mineralogy, texture, rock strength, weathering and alteration overprint. These characteristics influence the economic value of mining projects in an interlinked manner. Consequently, successful exploitation of epithermal deposits requires a holistic approach, coupled with the effective integration of geological data to meet all aspects of mine development decision-making. This paper presents examples of the key technical challenges encountered in estimating and mining epithermal deposits. It also highlights why these issues need to be addressed from the viewpoint of geology, sampling, resource estimation, mine planning, mineral processing and social and environmental planning for the true value of the mining project to be realised.CITATION:Konopa, S, Chesher, R, Gleeson, E, Allen, P and Boakye, D, 2015. Challenges in maximising the value from epithermal gold deposits, in Proceedings PACRIM 2015 Congress, pp 127–132 (The Australasian Institute of Mining and Metallurgy: Melbourne)."

Mar 18, 2015

THE treatment by chlorination of the Mount Morgan Gold Mining Company's ores was first accomplished, early in 1886, by a works having a capacity of 25,000 tons per annum. Shortly afterwards another works was established, capable of dealing with 50,000 tons per annum. The extraction of gold was originally successful and satisfactory, but running expenses were high, averaging £2 19s. 6d. per ton of ore treated. These works were believed to be the largest chlorination pJants in the world at that time. As might have been expected, the mechanical details and chemical process had not been perfected, and, moreover, both works were hurriedly built, and operating expenses were not then considered of such prime importance, as the ore at that time was of very high grade the large quantities of low grade ore since dealt with not being then considered, since the bulk of it was not even known to be in existence.These two works consisted of lock-breakers, high speed rolls, screens, elevators, &c., for crushing; a large number of small handrabbled reverberatory furnaces for roasting; one-ton chlorination barrels and three-ton leaching vats for chlorination.

Jan 1, 1910

A unique sluicing process for recovering tailing impounded in a valley was developed by Electrolytic Zinc Company of Australasia Ltd., West Coast Mines, Rosebery, Tasmania.Earthmoving equipment could not be used as most of the material to be recovered was semi-fluid. A conventional sluking method was also impracticable as there was no suitable working face from which the process could be commenced.Operations started from a flat surface, using special techniques for sinking through the tailing and establishing producing working faces as the sinking process continued.After about 2 years the bottom of the dam was reached and conventional sluicing methods could be used.

Jan 1, 1973

By B A. Mowat, T M. Leach

The Morobe Goldfield inPapua New Guinea has produced in excess of 120 tonnes of gold from predominantly alluvial sources. Hardrock gold has been mined historically at Wau (23 t) and Edie Creek (4 t) and geological resources have been established at Hidden Valley (78 t), Kerimenge (36 t) and Hamata (30 t).Numerous prospects have also been identified within the goldfield. Primary gold mineralisation is related to intrusion of dacitic to andesitic Edie Porphyry (2.4 to 3.8 Ma), often with associated diatremes, which have intruded along major regional structures. A full spectrum of deposit styles from proximal (mesothermal) to distal (epithermal) to the porphyry source is recognised. The transition between the proximal and distal styles is recognised both between deposits and within an individual deposit. The deposit styles should be termed porphyry related gold mineralisation rather than given the generic epithermal and mesothermal labels.   It is proposed that magmatic fluids which evolved from parent melts to the high level Edie porphyry stocks mixed with convecting meteoric fluids and were channelled along major structure and diatreme contacts. Proximal to the intrusives, gold mineralisation is associated with deposition of pyrite-hematite-quartz+/-magnetite-gold (Hamata) and pyritebasemetals-quartz-gold (Wau). The mineralising fluids were hot, and periodically saline due to pulses of magmatic fluid. Gold is non-refractory and occurs as 20 to 30 micron blebs within the pyrite.   More distal from the intrusives or under late cooler conditions, mixing of cool dilute meteoric and magmatic fluids resulted in gold deposition associated with arsenic rich pyrite-and arsenopyrite-mineralisation (Kerimenge, Hamata and Edie Creek). Gold is refractory and occurs within the sulfides either as sub-micron inclusion or within the lattice.   CO2 and H2S gases which evolved off the upwelling hydrothermal fluids as a result of boiling and pressure reductions, condensed within superficial groundwater and formed cool oxygenated bicarbonate fluids. These fluids percolated back down the structures depositing manganocarbonate in the upper parts of the hydrothermal system. At deeper levels in the system mixing of the descending bicarbonate fluid with upwelling mineralised fluids deposited manganocarbonate-quartz-sulfides nonrefractory gold (Hidden Valley, Wau and Edie Creek).   At Kerimenge the cool bicarbonate fluids have also quenched a late stage magmatic fluid rising along high permeability structures. The quenching has resulted in deposition of non-refractory gold mineralisation associated with hessite (Ag2Te)-tennantite-chalcopyrite deposition.   Within the Morobe Goldfield, a transition from deeper level pyrite-quartz+/-hematite-magnetite to intermediate level quartz sulfide and quartz-carbonate-sulfide deposition to upper level, massive manganocarbonate deposition is recognized. Gold mineralisation can occur within all levels up the system.

Jan 1, 1995

By J Cahill, D Holden, R Stuart, G Cryan, W Power, W Stratford, S Garwin

The combination of Stage 1 Geoinformatics legacy data intervention processes with the Stage 2 ultra-detailed airborne geophysical prospecting demonstrates a new approach to converting data to information to knowledge, and converting that knowledge into exploration results.   The Coromandel region of the North Island of New Zealand has long been know to host gold deposits of economic viability (Hauraki Gold Fields). To the SE of this area lies the Taupo Volcanic Region (TVR) where the geology and structural setting mirror the Hauraki Gold Fields, however mineral exploration in the past has been hindered by the blanketing volcanic ash deposits. Glass Earth Limited recognised that this whole potential epithermal gold province could be effectively explored utilising rapid, risk orientated processing to review legacy geoscience data: The Geoinformatics Data Intervention Process; which in turn directed ultra detailed airborne geophysical surveys over the TVR. Results have outlined 21 new drillable potential epithermal gold targets; and a plethora of other targets with high prospectivity.

Jan 1, 2005

By J L. Maule, S J. Mathews, K A. Rodgers

Gold and Silver bearing epithermal veins of the Golden Cross deposit are hosted in Miocene and Pliocene calc-alkaline volcanics occurring 8 km northwest of Waihi at the southern extent of the Coromandel Peninsula, North Island, New Zealand. Veining occurred during a period of hydrothermal activity that began early to late Pliocene, and possibly continued into the Pleistocene.   Field relations and petrographic relationships reveal that multiple generations of FeS2 occur in the Golden Cross region, with FeS2 occurring in all nine rock types recognised at Golden Cross. The variability of FeS2 morphology was investigated by preparation of high purity FeS2 separates, and grain counting. Marcasite is the dominant FeS2 phase at Golden Cross, and along with pyrite is shown to have a systematic habit variation. Pyrite shows a sequence from cubes through octahedra to pyritohedra to dendritic growth. This pyrite sequence conforms to an experimentally determined sequence. The parallel sequence for marcasite at Golden Cross is from tabular through bladed aggregates to euhedral miscellaneous marcasite morphologies. The FeS2 sequences observed are believed to be due to increasing temperature, and perhaps also increasing FeS2-oversaturation and fluid flow.

Jan 1, 1994

In preparing a paper such as this it was thought that the Newstan Colliery Company Ltd., being comparatively new, would need some introduction to mining people in general.The Newstan Company was formed by the Joint Coal Board in December, 1948 during a period of acute coal shortages. The Company took over the holdings of what were known as the Olstan and Northumberland Collieries, situated at Fassifern, alongside Lake Macquarie and adjacent to the Great Northern Railway, within easy rail access of Sydney and Newcastle, as shown on the locality plan (Fig. 1).The Company was developed in order to produce steaming coal for the power house trade and has continued its activities in the steaming coal trade since its inception. The Olstan and Northumberland collieries were together producing some 300 tons per day when the Company was formed, and it was from this foundation that the colliery was built. The planned development of the Company has been along the lines of producing coal by modern, highly mechanised methods, together with the preparation of theproduct for the consumer, to the highest degree possible consistent with up to date methods.In the comparatively short time of 5t years the mine has developed from a small hand-won coal unit to a high capacity modern mine, one of Australia's largest producers, with an output capacity as high as 3,000 tons per shift.

Jan 1, 1954