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By J Heyes, G A. Maddocks, R J. Stewart, G D. Corder

Mining is an international business and vital contributor to national and global economies. It depends on the trust and confidence of investors and stakeholders for its financial and operational well-being (Committee for Mineral Reserves International Reporting Standards (CRIRSCO), 2016). The Social Licence to Operate (SLTO) is an increasingly multifaceted and multistakeholder risk that can impact investment decisions. Community challenges to broader political and economic decisions have given rise to protest delaying or stopping projects or closing mines and has led to loss of life (Ernst and Young, 2016). Some governments are now giving greater powers to stakeholders to make the final decision on approving mining and metals activities (EY, 2016). With billions of dollars in project investment at stake, ongoing engagement, collaboration and effective communication with stakeholders is crucial and mutually beneficial solutions are increasingly expected (EY, 2016). It is therefore essential that the industry communicates the risks (and opportunities) associated with investment effectively and transparently in order to earn the necessary level of trust with investors and stakeholders to underpin its activities (CRIRSCO, 2016). Despite this need, investor and stakeholder trust in the sector has eroded in recent years.CITATION:Maddocks, G A, Corder, G D, Heyes, J and Stewart, R J, 2016. The social licence to operate and drivers for change – resource reporting and mine material characterisation, in Proceedings Life-of-Mine 2016 Conference, pp 183–187 (The Australasian Institute of Mining and Metallurgy: Melbourne).

Jun 28, 2016

By A L. Wills

Cliffs Natural Resources Pty Ltd (Cliffs) operates iron ore mines in the Koolyanobbing region of Western Australia. Ore is mined from three separate hubs and trucked to Koolyanobbing. There it is crushed and screened to lump and fines finished products and railed to Esperance port for export to Asian customers. Cliffs is renowned in the marketplace for its consistent product quality. In 2010, 9 Mt of ore was exported to Asia.Over the last three years, Cliffs has systematically refurbished its product quality system (PQS), to improve efficiency of production while maintaining its high standard of product quality. Particular attention has been given to reducing inventory, which has required significant modifications to the production process design.In redesigning the production process, emphasis was placed on maximising the application of the inherent blending in each of the production process steps and dedicated blending was only introduced where essential. Simulation modelling and statistical analysis of process capabilities were utilised to develop a system that optimises inventory, minimises rehandle, eliminates several decision-making steps and maintains a pull focus throughout the value chain.The new planning functions are now fully integrated and effectively control long-term grade variability rather than relying on long-term stockpiling. The production process design and the daily crusher blend plan are used to control short-term grade variability. With the upgrading of the planning processes the accuracy and consistency of algorithms for lump per cent and lump and fi nes grades became more important and an increased geometallurgical function has been added to the company.The continuous stockpile management system was upgraded to increase the effectiveness of the daily crusher blend planning process and is now the sole intervention point in the production process for grade-based decisions. Grade control systems were modified to utilise advances in software and geostatistics to deliver accurate short range planning models. The reconciliation and sampling systems have also been refurbished with an emphasis on practical application and feedback loops.Accountability and transparency are provided by management reports that are generated from a centralised data warehouse and the introduction of a corrective action system. Standardised reports are available to all stakeholders and a quarterly KPI scorecard assists the management review process.The successful rejuvenation of the PQS has culminated in operational efficiency through the implementation of an integrated end-to-end process flow. Shareholder value is maximised through maximising recovery of the resource and minimising costs. Customer focus is maintained by reliably delivering product with acceptable and low grade variability.

Jul 11, 2011

By W Russell, P Wighton, J Franke

Recent advances in ruggedised industrial control system technology and architecture in combination with latest technologies in the fast-evolving 3D LiDAR sensor sector becoming available have enabled the implementation of sophisticated automation algorithms for mining equipment such as bucket wheel reclaimers, as published by the authors in the peer reviewed AusIMM 2019 Iron Ore conference proceedings. This paper provides an overview of a second use case for such automation technology in bulk material ports integral to iron ore operations. The real-time 3D machine-vision based port automation system described in this paper was originally developed for the BHP-Mitsubishi Alliance’s (BMA) Hay Point port. The system has seen deployment at other major mining and general ports in Australia, such as at Dalrymple Bay Terminal (DBT) (shown in Figure 1) managed by Dalrymple Bay Infrastructure Management (DBIM), Hay Point, Queensland. It has the following use cases:

Nov 8, 2021

When studying minerals degrees at university, all the emphasis is towards sending the graduates into the bush to work at a remote mine; however, that is not the only option available to new graduates. There are positions in equipment supply companies, commercial laboratories, research organisations, engineering companies and contractors of many types. The aim of this paper is to show metallurgy graduates that there are non-mine site based career options available to them that offer outstanding career development. This is illustrated by outlining the research being undertaken by Magotteaux Australia and by telling the story of a graduate metallurgist working in MagotteauxÆs small research group. Magotteaux is an international supplier of grinding media and wear resistant components for the mining industry. The Australian research group is focused on determining the effects that the choice of grinding media has on subsequent processing, for example flotation and leaching, by using newly developed tools and techniques.

Jan 1, 2006

By A Turner, P Hills, D Johnson

Underground mining for gold began in Beaconsfield in 1877 and development of the Tasmania Mine saw the sinking of multiple shafts, including the Hart Shaft over the ensuing 35 years. The mine closed in 1914 at a depth of 455 m due to prevailing economics, eventually reopening in 1999. The modern mine closed in 2012 after extending the mine from a historical depth of 455 m to the exhaustion of the modern Ore Reserve at a depth of 1210 m. West Tamar Council took over the lease for the immediate area around the Hart Shaft as an extension of the adjacent museum. The Hart Shaft and above ground structures became a significant drawcard for visitors. Tasmania was affected by sustained wet weather during May, June and July of 2016 which caused severe flooding and significant Statewide damage. This uncharacteristically intense wet weather caused saturation of the ground surrounding the Hart Shaft. Eventual shaft failure was first identified in August 2016. The failure of the shaft occurred at approximately 50 m below surface and resulted in a plug of material completely blocking the shaft. Significant surface subsidence affecting the surface infrastructure ensued. Due to the unstable nature of the surrounding material, it was determined that addressing the failure above the blockage would not provide a permanent solution to prevent the continued flow of material into the shaft. Many options to stabilise the shaft were considered, however it was assessed that a concrete plug in the shaft in competent ground at a depth of 100 m below surface and well below the blockage, would provide the only long-term solution. Man-entry was considered unsafe. The solution to access ultimately entailed filling the entire shaft with granular fill up to 100 m depth to act as formwork for a concrete plug. The rising mains at 400 mm and 250 mm diameter, which remained in place in the shaft, provided the avenue for placing the fill and ultimately, the concrete plug. Once the plug was in place the remainder of the shaft up to the underside of the blockage and over the top of the blockage to the surface was successfully filled with a combination of more granular fill and flowable cement stabilised sand. The Hart Shaft and surrounding above ground infrastructure was successfully stabilised and re-opened to tourist access. CITATION:Johnson, D, Turner, A and Hills, P, 2018. Stabilising and filling the Beaconsfield Hart Shaft, in Proceedings The Fourth Australasian Ground Control in Mining Conference (AusRock), pp 42–57 (The Australasian Institute of Mining and Metallurgy: Melbourne).

Nov 30, 2018

By W Mahoney, F Clement, E Saraiva

Prefabricated waterproofing sheet membranes are extremely complicated to install in underground sections with complex geometries and, despite being already subjected to quality tests in the factory, the installed membrane often exhibits leakages due to different reasons. Main sources of leaks are the required high amount of welding seams and damages caused during installation of reinforcement, as well as overstretching and poorly installed secondary concrete linings. Also the design of the tunnel lining is strongly influenced and limited by the use of prefabricated waterproofing sheet membranes. The use of sprayed waterproofing membranes for more than a decade has contributed to durability and serviceability, as well as to increasing sustainability of tunnel linings. The presented sprayed waterproofing membrane MasterSeal 345 is an advantageous alternative to prefabricated waterproofing sheet membranes under typical tunnelling conditions, especially in geometrically complex areas, such as in lay-by niches, cross passages and crossover caverns, where installation of conventional waterproofing membranes is inherently difficult, and locating leaks is challenging. This membrane has been successfully used in underground projects with different waterproofing design concepts and under diverse hydro-geological and environmental conditions for over a decade. It provides tunnel designers with different options and optimisation for the design of the tunnel concrete lining. Additional advantages to owners, contractors and designers from the use of the sprayed membrane include flexibility in the design, increased productivity and flexibility in working programming, as well as improved logistics, resulting in significant program and cost savings and reduced long-term maintenance costs. This paper describes the key features of this sprayed waterproofing membrane, its application range and limitations, the waterproofing concept, design options and related benefits. Further, guidance for membrane application and quality control and a summary of two recent project references in the United Kingdom and in Switzerland are provided.CITATION:Saraiva, E, Clement, F and Mahoney, W, 2014. The use of sprayable waterproofing membranes in underground structures – concept, design options, benefits and limitations, in Proceedings 15th Australasian Tunnelling Conference 2014 , pp 323–332 (The Australasian Institute of Mining and Metallurgy: Melbourne).

Sep 17, 2014

By G Williams

Somewhat to the surprise of many heavy mineral sands (TiO2 and zircon) producers, there are important geological structures within their typical placers and aeolian sands deposits that affect plant metallurgical performance. After many years of operations, even experienced producers have encountered unexpected changes in production, product quality and recovery. After looking in all the obvious (but wrong) places, it is recognised that the mine has advanced into ore with different separation characteristics. Metallurgical process response can vary significantly between ore sourced from different geological domains. The mineral characteristics that are exploited for effective separation may be associated with differences in the depositional environment, or be post-depositional in origin. Surface coatings that interfere with electrostatic separation might be associated with paleo-water table movements. Major storm events in the deposition history can also leave distorted mineral assemblage through stranded formations or incisions in older deposits.Apart from the influence on capital and operating costs, geometallurgical variances add another dimension to orebody modelling. Each domain could have specific recovery, mineral assemblage and product quality values to be considered in the value model. Project success is often directly dependent on understanding the geometallurgy of the resource. Tailoring the exploration and early process flow sheet development programs to account for such variances should be standard practice. Such practices have had a chequered history in the mineral sands industry, with sophisticated processes having been developed, only to be shelved for ‘economic’ reasons, and then once again ‘discovered’ when problems re-emerge.It is clear that knowledge gained through a higher level understanding of the changing mineral separation characteristics and advance warning of mineral behavioural differences can mean the difference between lost recoveries and disappointed customers or well timed capital plans and maximised revenues.

Oct 5, 2011

This paper describes techniques that have been used at RixÆs Creek Colliery to control blast vibration from throwblasts that face a residential area 4 km in front of the face. The paper describes blast design, face control including laser profiling, selective loading of blastholes after borehole camera surveys, and techniques used to assess the effect of burden variation, the cumulative effect of drilling and delay sequence, and the effects of meteorology.

Jan 1, 2001

By C M. W Boyle, E K. C Phuak, A Lewan, E Ryan, M D. Paine, P H. Mackenzie

"Rio Tinto Iron Ore (RTIO) has an extensive history in the application of geometallurgy to the iron ore value chain. Fundamental to this has been the geological logging of material types which are assigned processing attributes such as lump per cent and density. Initially these were used for product (lump and fines) grade predictions in relation to grade blocks to be used within short-term planning horizons.More recently the predictive reach of the material types and their associated processing attributes has been extended due to their inclusion into geological block models. These predictions can now be used to influence mine plans across multiple planning horizons in such a way that the extremes of geometallurgical properties can be pre-empted and managed thus improving efficiency. Spatial material type domains are also used in the planning of metallurgical drill holes to ensure greater representivity of material than was typically obtained by chemical and/or stratigraphic criteria alone.Material type logging has also been enhanced by the introduction of modern, rapid mineralogical techniques that have complemented visual logging. This has enabled the identification and quantification of contaminant minerals and their relationships with host ore types to be established. This data is used to better manage product grade predictions and identify risks to the short-term plan.Work is ongoing in RTIO to further refine logging based predictions and in addition apply them to new areas of the business. This work requires collaborative and multidisciplinary teams working on an integrated approach combining geology, metallurgy, technology and innovation, mine planning and technical marketing.CITATION:Paine, M D, Boyle, C M W, Lewan, A, Phuak, E K C, Mackenzie, P H and Ryan, E, 2016. Geometallurgy at Rio Tinto Iron Ore – a New Angle on an Old Concept, in Proceedings The Third AusIMM International Geometallurgy Conference (GeoMet) 2016, pp 55–62 (The Australasian Institute of Mining and Metallurgy: Melbourne)."

Jun 15, 2016

By K Young, M Martin, D Payne

This paper outlines the evolution of managing high consequence risk scenarios in BHP Coal, with particular focus on managing the stability of an endwall that is adjacent to a public infrastructure corridor running through a Central Queensland coalmine. BHP Coal developed a Geotechnical Consequence Register after industry failures identified shortcomings in traditional risk assessment practices. Traditional risk assessments consider the consequence and likelihood of a geotechnical event occurring under normal operational conditions. As such, the risk rating for a high consequence, low likelihood failure may fall within the acceptable range, even where a lack of meaningful geological data exists due to the area being off lease or outside of mining reserves. The Geotechnical Consequence Register lists all geotechnical failure scenarios of high consequence, identifies if current controls are adequate, and highlights if specific Geotechnical Management Plans are required. This case study reviews a failure scenario that was identified through the geotechnical consequence register. The scenario had previously been considered low likelihood and subsequently driving a low risk; however, the likelihood ranking was impacted by a lack of geological data outside of the mining lease and predominately informed by an acceptable historical slope behaviour. Additional exploration identified previously unmapped faulting which increased the risk rating. The requirement to develop a specific management plan resulted in an increase in the required factor of safety, design changes, the implementation of additional monitoring and a corresponding monitoring Trigger Action Response Plans (TARP). In the case study area, the initiation of a geotechnical instability was identified early through the increased monitoring program. The instability was successfully managed and any impact to the infrastructure corridor off lease was prevented. BHP Coal has used the Geotechnical Consequence Register for several years to identify and assess high consequence geotechnical failure scenarios. In some areas this has justified additional exploration, more stringent design acceptance criteria and an increased level of geotechnical monitoring. The process has been successful in ensuring that geotechnical risk is controlled in areas that often receive less attention than active production areas.

Nov 29, 2022

By Manca PP, Lassandro R, Caranassios A, Massacci G, Ciccu R

The paper discusses the state of the progress reached in the development of the diamond wire tool for cutting hard rocks. To the advances of this relatively new technology a substantial contribution has been provided by the research being carried out at the University of Cagliari on samples of granite rocks from different Sardinian stone quarries. On the basis of field experiments and laboratory test data, the mechanism of diamond wire cutting has been assessed. In particular the influence of the rock features and operational variables on tool performance (cutting rate and bead wear) has been Elucidated.

Jan 1, 1992

By T Dawson, B Haskins

Fatigue is it the newest buzz word or is fatigue a real phenomenon that is creating safety and organisational risk for you? There is no debate that fatigue is natural, and it affects us all, just like gravity; however, there has been much debate on the severity of its impact in the workplace. For many years the impact was not measurable, hidden out of sight and, quite frankly, written off as the infamous ‘operator error’. Over the last several years, advancements in technology have provided safety and health professionals, sleep scientists, fatigue experts and organisations with the ability to monitor and detect fatigue events in real time, as well as predict and monitor increased risk for fatigue events. Caterpillar Safety Services has assembled an extensive and exceptional set of technologies that will provide the best methods and data to measure the impact of fatigue. This paper will discuss fatigue in the workplace and review the technologies and data sets available, which will allow the reader to determine whether this risk is real or rubbish.CITATION:Haskins, B and Dawson, T, 2017. Fatigue risk in your operations – real or rubbish? It actually depends , in Proceedings 13th AusIMM Underground Operators’ Conference 2017, pp 137–142 (The Australasian Institute of Mining and Metallurgy: Melbourne).

Oct 16, 2017

Krupp Polysius AG, FRG, in close cooperation with Prof. Dr. K. Schoenert, FRG have developed the principle of the high pressure grind- ing roll POLYCOM. The POLYCOM mill basically consists of two counter-rotating rolls of large diameter and relatively small width, one of which is fixed and the other moving in slide blocks. The pressure required for comminu- tion is applied via the sliding roll by a powerful hydraulic system. The comminution takes place between the rolls under high pressure in the bed of material by nipping and compacting. The top feed size-depending on the rolls diameter -may be as coarse as conventional secondary crusher feed and the product is a compacted cake containing a high amount of fines created by micro-cracking. The amount of fines depends on the pres- sure (grinding force) applied. Operating results show that even in wet griding circuits capacity increases at downstream connected grinding mills of up to 100010 can be accomplished with an interconnected POLYCOM machine and energy savings of up to 25070 may be achieved depending on application. POLYCOM can be used in existing grinding plants for low-cost upgrad- ing of capacities but also as an advanced alternative to conventional crush- ing and grinding equipment in open or closed circuit configuration. A single industrial size 2.8m roll diameter POLYCOM machine may be fed with top feed size of up to 200mm and produce a finish product as fine- grained as known from rod and ball mills but with less energy consumption. Meanwhile, the POLYCOM high pressure grinding roll has established itself world-wide in the cement industry and is now entering the mining industry. POLYCOM machines are currently designed in industrial standard sizes of 1.0m to 2.0m rolls diameter and drive units of up to 2400 kW. This paper includes: principles of high pressure grinding, main fea tures of the POLYCOM machine, results of tests on various materials including Australian gold and copper ores carried out at the POLYSIUS research centre in Germany. Some examples of industrial applications of high pressure grinding will also be presented.

Jan 1, 1988

By A Cooper

The current financial climate has given rise to fears that falling mineral prices and tight credit will force mining companies to cut back on production and new project development in a bid to cut costs and conserve cash. However, a prolonged squeeze on global supply can have only one result: a massive and potentially explosive demand for metals in the not-too-distant future. A resurgent global economy will also generate dramatic new demand for oil and energy, with a return to higher oil prices likely. How then should the mining industry plan for the future? In-pit crushing and conveying (IPCC) could lead the way as a partial or complete substitute for trucks. In 13 of 15 studies undertaken by Sandvik and Snowden, comparing IPCC with truck-optimised pit designs, IPCC generated operating savings ranging from US$0.18 to US$0.82 per tonne moved, compared to trucks. Trucks have higher operating, maintenance and energy costs than conveyors. New emission standards on diesel engines may make them more emission friendly but less efficient in terms of energy usage. With far more efficient energy use and cheaper operating costs per tonne moved than trucks, conveying offers an attractive alternative for the bad times ahead and into the apparent energy depleted future. When evaluating alternatives, a reasonable first step would be to conduct a scoping level study which analyses the differences in capital and operating costs between a truck and shovel operation and an IPCC solution. The study can also determine what type of IPCC is best suited to the particular mining application. The results can then be used to decide whether a more detailed study is justifiable. IPCC is a proven process that, with a fresh mindset, can make a significant improvement to mining operations. Sandvik (as an OEM with a full suite of IPCC equipment) can undertake these studies in ten working days in conjunction with Snowden or any other independent mine planner who knows how to schedule for IPCC. Because most mining industry personnel have been æborn and bredÆ on trucks and shovels û this paper focuses on some of the practical considerations necessary to make IPCC systems work that the Sandvik Technical Services Group has encountered during these studies.

Jan 1, 2009

Underlain by and intruded into the sedimentary rocks of the Transvaal Supergroup the Bushveld Complex is the largest known layered intrusion in the world and contains one of the richest ore deposits on earth. It has been the world's major source of Platinum Group Metals (PGM) since the mid-1900s with Chromite and PGMs the two most economically important components of the Bushveld Complex. The lower group (LG), within the critical zone, consists of seven chromitite layers and it is within this sequence of chromitite layers, the most important target of the lower chromitite group is found, ie the LG6 chromitite unit. The LG6 chromitite unit consists of a chromitite duplex composed of the lower LG6 chromitite layer (Steelport seam), averaging 1 m thick, overlain by a 0.66 m waste parting and a thin 0.34 m thick LG6a chromitite layer (leader layer).Two mining methods are commonly applied in the Bushveld Complex to extract the LG6 chromitite layer package. One method consists of footwall development utilising rail bound equipment to gain access to the orebody and then extracts only the LG6 chromitite layer by means of hand held rock drills and scraper winches. The second method is the use of mechanised equipment to access the orebody on the plane of the ore utilising bord and pillar mining method, which extracts the full mineral resource, ie the LG6 and LG6a layers. Conventional narrow vein stoping is often selected due to the large conventional mining skills base found in South Africa, the perceived cost and dilution implications of utilising mechanised equipment, and the difficulties of using mechanised equipment at dips above 12¦. The driving factor for mechanised mining is the perceived ability to access the orebody quickly and inexpensively, and extract the entire mineral resource package (LG6 and LG6a) while limiting capital expenditure and improving safety.This paper investigates these two commonly applied approaches, highlighting the benefits and problems associated with the two approaches. Comparisons will be made of the two mining methods and recommendations given for the mining engineer to consider before selecting the appropriate mine design.

Dec 6, 2010

The total cost of horizontal development can be minimised by optimising the cost of each of the component operations (eg drilling, blasting, etc). Component costs should not be minimised. To optimise blasting results (ie the mean advance per round, muckpile characteristics and overbreak), operators need to optimise the blast design and drilling and blasting procedures. The costs of pulling extremely long (say >6 m) rounds, producing unnecessarily fine fragmentation, and minimising overbreak are excessively high. Operators should continually consider how they can shorten the cycle period by saving time at the face. To enable it to be matched to the pertinent rock properties, the blast design needs to be based on as much relevant experience as possible. To develop the most valid correlation between blasting results and blast design, the latter must be implemented carefully and accurately, but without sacrificing speed excessively. The total cost can often be reduced by using: 1. computer-controlled jumbos (to reduce the period and cost of drilling and to increase drilling accuracy); 2. larger diameter (51 mm to 64 mm) and longer (4.5 m to 6 m) blastholes; 3. at least three large diameter ( ¦89 mm) relief holes that are 0.2 m to 0.3 m longer than the blastholes; 4. explosive products that are selected on the basis of proven reliability and overall cost efficiency rather than price; and5. stemming (to increase the amount of effective work done by each kilogram of explosive and, hence, to reduce the powder factor and possibly the number of blastholes and the costs of drilling and initiation). Non-perimeter blastholes should be charged with ANFO or a bulk emulsion of established performance. Upper perimeter blastholes should be charged with a bulk explosive with a much lower effective density. But where geology varies considerably, greatest control over overbreak could possibly be achieved with the versatile pre-assembled charge shown in Figure 1. This paper presents numerous potential ways in which the total cost of development can be minimised. It concentrates on recommending blast design features and the safe, rapid, cost-effective implementation of designs.

Jan 1, 1998

By D A. Shushkov

Analcime-bearing rocks are one of the varieties of raw zeolite material, although the characteristics of analcime are not as good as other kinds of zeolites such as clinoptilolite or mordenite. However, some fields of application of analcime-bearing rock have been found, eg a method of water purification has been developed and patented. Analcime-bearing rocks are rather widespread in the Timan region of the Komi Republic of the Russian Federation. They are represented by Upper Permian siltstones and mudstones. The analcime-bearing rocks have the following mineral composition (per cent): clay minerals (50 - 70 per cent), quartz (ten to 30 per cent), analcime (one to 30 per cent), feldspars (two to ten per cent), carbonates (two to five per cent) and pyroclastic material. Analcime aggregates encrust cavities and infill microfissures in rock. Both microcrystalline (crystals <0.01 mm in size) and medium-crystalline (~0.5 mm) aggregates are observed. The mechanical, gravitational, magnetic, sorption and ion-exchange properties of analcime-bearing rocks have been studied. They are characterised by a high index of grindability and a low index of abradability and crush resistance, low values of the benzol-based pore volume and toluene-based specific surface area, and a medium porosity value. The magnesium based ion-exchange capacity (IEC) ranges from 28.7 to 196 mg+equiv/100 g. Analcime-bearing rocks of the Timan region are characterised by low beneficiation potential. Preliminary ultrasonic treatment of the analcime- bearing rocks is efficient for the destruction of intergrowths along their boundaries and production of free analcime aggregates. The proposed beneficiation procedure yields 95 per cent analcime concentrate. In the Komi Republic, analcime-bearing rocks are utilised in agriculture. They are also used for domestic needs (eg as biotoilets for domestic animals) and the solution of ecological problems (regeneration of soil polluted by oil). We have completed experiments on the purification of potable and industrial water using analcime-bearing rock subjected to thermal treatment. The experiments demonstrated that it was possible to decrease water colouration by 20 per cent, turbidity by 79 per cent, permanganate oxidation by 30 per cent and total iron content by 70 per cent.

Jan 1, 2008

By J Evans-Wheeler

"The mandate of the 2005 VALMIN Code to provide ‘(all) reliable, thorough, understandable material information required by investors and their advisers when making investment decisions’ requires that due diligence for tenure be full and thorough. Yet a published due diligence would often appear to be simply a list of tenures allegedly held without any commitment as to the standing of the tenure as safe and secure or otherwise.The value of due diligence for tenure, as mandated in the 2012 JORC Code and the 2005 VALMIN Code, must focus on compliance rather than simply on ‘vital statistics’. Enforcement in every jurisdiction in Australia focuses on penalties (some more harsh than others) for non-compliance, which, in turn and most importantly, reflects directly on security of tenure. Some 22 Acts (on average) impinge on security of tenure and fundamentally underpin the security of any mineral asset.This paper will outline regulatory processes to demonstrate how tenure compliance is achieved and argue that the rigorous application of good practices in tenure evaluation will lead to more of this information being made available on a regular basis.The paper will then focus on further practical examples of tenure compliance failures, the application of these to the requirements of the JORC and VALMIN Codes and due diligence that failed to fulfil the mandate. Examples will be given that alerted other professionals using the JORC Code to complex geological and mining situations of which they were unaware in their valuations.Finally, the author will make a personal plea for tenure to be considered at the commencement of any reporting process.CITATION:Evans-Wheeler, J, 2016. The VALMIN code and tenure compliance – not just a list, in Proceedings Project Evaluation 2016, pp 112–121 (The Australasian Institute of Mining and Metallurgy: Melbourne)."

Mar 8, 2016

By D Hope, D K. Mukhopadhyay, J D. Harvey

South32 (S32), a globally diversified mining and metals company, is listed on securities exchanges around the world (ASX, JSE, LSE), with its primary listing being on the Australian Securities Exchange (ASX). Chapter 5 of the ASX Listing Rules (Australian Securities Exchange (ASX), 2019b) requires a mining entity to provide a summary of governance arrangements and internal controls with respect to its estimation processes, estimates and reporting of Mineral Resources and Ore Reserves annually. As a global company, it is also important to design and implement all governance processes and internal controls which can be used consistently across the organisation. The three lines model (previously known as the ‘three lines of defense’ model) is employed across South32 to manage risk where the first line (Practitioners) designs, implements and executes processes and controls to manage risk; the second line (Stewardship) identifies material gaps and improvement opportunities in the first line by monitoring conformance with the group requirements, legislative and regulatory obligations. Second line also assists with the development and improvement of core fundamentals based on industry good practise. The third line (Group Assurance) provides independent and objective assurance over the Group’s system of risk management and control. The estimation of resources and reserves for most of the operations within South32 is managed by the Planning function. The estimation process is part of the annual Life of Operation Plan (LoOP). The LoOP identifies and assesses the strategic alternatives for the development of an operation and recommends the preferred pathway based on value and risk. The LoOP starts with opportunity framing and the updated resources as an input and ends with the short-term plan and annual budget (the outputs). Ore Reserves estimates are one of the outputs from the LoOP. All the inputs and outputs follow internal standards and procedures which includes peer review and performance reconciliation. Stewardship (Second line) which is a centralised function has standards in place to ensure compliance to internal controls and external regulatory requirements. This includes assessment of the competence of Competent Persons, technical reviews, independent audits and training in the relevant chapters of the ASX Listing Rules, Guidance Notes and Appendices. Group Assurance (Third line) which reports to the Risk and Audit Committee of the Board of Directors ensures the design and operating effectiveness of the processes, standards and procedures associated with the estimation and reporting of resources and reserves. While the level of scrutiny has a different intent for each line in the three lines model, the overall purpose is to achieve a consistent outcome across the organisation

May 24, 2023

By T. Baker

The Eloise Cu-Au deposit is 60 km SE of Cloncurry in NW Queensland and has a current indicated reserve of 3.2 Mt @ 5.8 per cent Cu, 1.5gA Au and I9g/t Ag. It is hosted by metasediments and metabasic rocks that underwent amphibolite facies metamorphism at 550-600¦C and less than 3.5 kb. Peak metamorphism coincided with the regional D2 event which produced an S2 foliation with north-south strike and variable sub-vertical to steep east or west dip. The deposit is associated with several major shear zones parallel to the S2 foliation. The lodes form part of a large alteration system that is localised by the retrograde shear zones. Homblende-biotite-quartz with minor sulphides occur early in the alteration paragenesis which is overprinted by chlorite-muscovite-pyrrhotite-chalcopyrite ¦calcite+¦nagnetite. The later assemblage replaces the earlier Fe-K alteration as well as Fe-rich metamorphic assemblages such as homblende, biotite and staurolite indicating a post peak metamorphism timing for ore formation. Although replacive textures are the most common, the alteration can display open space infill and brecciation as well as durchbewegung and mylonite textures indicating that mineralisation occurred during ongoing ductile deformation. All these features are crosscut by a later brittle phase of calcite-chlorite-quartz¦pyrite alteration.

Jan 1, 1994