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Joseph Esrey Johnson, Jr., had already achieved rare distinction as an able metallurgist, clear thinker, brilliant author, and wise consulting engineer to bankers and operators; he had achieved the essentials of a great career when dcath cut short his activities on Apr. 4, 1919, in the forty-ninth year of his age. He belonged to a family of iron blast-furnace men and mine managers. His father, Major J. E. Johnson, after serving with distinction in the Army of the North, identified himself with the iron mines and blast furnace at Longdale, Va., with which he was connected during almost his entire business life. It is significant, that, during those troublous times of reconstruction in the South, he enjoyed always the affection and respect of his neighbors and associates alike. From him his son obtained not only a thorough training in blast-furnace practice and iron mining, but great personal courage and force of character. His mother, who survives both her husband and sons, possesses rare intellectuality, humor and a tenderness and human sympathy which those who were privileged to know well J. E. Johnson, Jr., recognized beneath his exterior of aggressiveness and will power. In a recently published analysis of the qualities which characterize the world's great men, three traits stand out preeminently; viz., independence, courage, and intellectuality. Each of these characteristics J. E. Johnson, Jr., possessed in extraordinary degree. His early education was obtained under a private tutor at Longdale, and this circumstance probably enhanced a natural tendency to independence of character and individuality which, however, under the control of his unusual power of straight thinking and clear analysis never allowed him to go far astray. It has been said of him that if once he set his mind to a problem, however knotty, he scored a bull's-eye before the subject was dropped. His manner of attacking a subject involved first mastering the details of the available knowledge; then, putting this acquired information to one side, with an untrammeled mind blazing out a path of his own, so clear, so well-defined, and expressed in such simple terms that he illuminated the whole subject without distorting the original data or discussion. His two books, "Blast-furnace Construction in America" and "The Principles, Operation, and Products of the Blast Furnace, "on the iron blast furnace together form the most comprehensive, the most enlightening, and the most useful treatise on the subject ever produced in any language. But his ability did not end with the mastery and elucidation of principles enunciated by his predecessors; his own

Jan 1, 1920

By W. T. Cardwell, R. L. Parsons

This paper discusses the practical problem of estimating a single equivalent permeability for an oil reservoir, or a portion thereof, whose actual permeability varies in an irregular manner. Limiting averages for general types of permeability variation are developed, and illustrated by examples involving important, specific types of variation. Introduction The theory of the flow of fluids through porous media1"4 is becoming increasingly important in predictions of oil-reservoir behavior. In practical applications, however, reservoirs are seldom found to which simple theory strictly applies. Actual reservoirs have complicated shapes and nonuniform permeabilities and porosities. This paper discusses the problem of estimating a single equivalent permeability for an oil reservoir, or a segment of an oil reservoir, whose actual permeability varies in an irregular manner. The equivalent permeability of a reservoir segment is defined as the permeability of a homogeneous segment of the same dimensions that would pass the same flux under the same pressure drop- It is the permeability value that can be used in simple theoretical formulas to calculate the reservoir behavior. To the authors' knowledge, previous theoretical calculationst on systems of nonuniform permeability have been carried out only by Muskat'"; and he has not dealt with irregular variations, except in writing down the general differential equation for the pressure in variably permeable systems.lb In practical work, many calculations necessarily have been made to estimate equivalent permeabilities from the permeabiiity profiles obtained by core analyses. Regarding such calculations, Johnston and Sherborne6 say: Simple arithmetic and weighted averages have been tried on many wells and it has been found that, where frequent sampling has occurred, the arithmetic average is as satis- factory as a weighted average. It is possible that the application of statistical methods to the analysis of permeability data as recently presented by Law8 may prove fruitful. L,, has made a valuable contribution in showing how statistical analyses may aid in picturing the characteristics of a reservoir from those of a necessarily limited number of core samples. It is believed however that the particular problem of the estimation of equivalent permeabilities can be most directly approached from a fluid dynamical viewpoint as given in the present paper. An example is presented of the use of the conclusions herein in conjunction with Law's method. Theory In order to approach the problem of heterogeneity simply, it is interesting to consider a square block composed of four smaller, homogeneous, square blocks of porous medium, two of which have a

Jan 1, 1945

Photographs of Officers

Jan 1, 1923

By A. B. Kinzel

Precise knowledge regarding the effect of heat treatment on the properties of steel has made possible the detailed specifications and instructions covering optimum heat-treating temperatures and practices that are in current use. A distinct contrast is presented by the metallurgical treatment of steel adjacent to a fusion weld, as such steel is subjected to each temperature from room temperature to fusion temperature, and cooled at a rate that is not generally controllable but is predetermined by the nature of the assembly to be welded, the kind of welding used, and the surrounding conditions. This is true regardless of the type of fusion welding: oxyacetylene, electric arc, thermit or flash resistance. Therefore it seemed desirable to investigate the effect of this metallurgical treatment on the characteristics of carbon steels commonly used for welding, by a detailed study of metal subjected to each temperature range; i.e., each heat-affected zone. Oxyacetylene welding was chosen for the investigation because of the experimental facility of accurately segregating and studying each temperature zone. The nature of the zones produced by other types of welding is the same. The difference is primarily a matter of dimensions of each of the temperature zones involved. The advantages and disadvantages of the extent of the zone are of prime moment, and are discussed after the presentation of the detailed zone study. No mention is made of the fused metal proper, as this has been the subject of much published research and the nature of the solidified metal is fairly .ell known. General Method The scheme of procedure in the work herein reported involved the testing of the metal of each temperature zone adjacent to the weld in so

Jan 1, 1935

By J. M. Neilson

The occurrence of iron ore deposits in the State of Western Australia has been known at least since the 1930's,3 but the true significance of the deposits has only come to light within the past four years. Although they are widely distributed throughout the State, it is now known that more than 90% of the available iron ore reserves are located in the "Hamersley Iron Province". Western Australia may well contain the world's largest known reserves of iron ore. Recent reports place this reserve at 15 billion tons and an even higher figure may appear in the future. LOCATION, CULTURE AND COMMUNICATIONS It is difficult to comprehend the immense size of Western Australia (Fig. 1). The State occupies almost one million sq miles and it is more than 2000 miles from north to south. More specifically, it stretches from the 14th to the 35th parallel of latitude south. The Ophthalmia Region in the Hamersley Iron Province is barely halfway up the long dimension of the State. Nevertheless, the region is 800 miles north of Perth, a distance comparable to that from New York to Chicago or to that from Chicago to New Orleans. The Hamersley Iron Province (so named in 1963 to distinguish it from the Pilbara mineral district adjacent to it on the north) covers an area of approximately 30,000 sq miles in the northwestern part of the State. It extends in a roughly oval form from the Indian Ocean to the Gibson Desert of the interior, a distance of about 300 miles. With the exception of the small coastal towns of Onslow, Roebourne and Port Hedland and a few other communities such as the asbestos-mining town of Wittenoom, the region is very sparsely populated. Sheep and cattle stations are scattered thfough the region and these and the main towns are connected by truck tracks and a few main highways. Voice communication is almost entirely by the short-wave radio net operated by the Royal Flying Doctor

Jan 1, 1965

By A. B. Kinzel

Precise knowledge regarding the effect of heat treatment on the properties of steel has made possible the detailed specifications and instructions covering optimum heat-treating temperatures and practices that are in current use. A distinct contrast is presented by the metallurgical treatment of steel adjacent to a fusion weld, as such steel is subjected to each temperature from room temperature to fusion temperature, and cooled at a rate that is not generally controllable but is predetermined by the nature of the assembly to be welded, the kind of welding used, and the surrounding conditions. This is true regardless of the type of fusion welding: oxyacetylene, electric arc, thermit or flash resistance. Therefore it seemed desirable to investigate the effect of this metallurgical treatment on the characteristics of carbon steels commonly used for welding, by a detailed study of metal subjected to each temperature range; i.e., each heat-affected zone. Oxyacetylene welding was chosen for the investigation because of the experimental facility of accurately segregating and studying each temperature zone. The nature of the zones produced by other types of welding is the same. The difference is primarily a matter of dimensions of each of the temperature zones involved. The advantages and disadvantages of the extent of the zone are of prime moment, and are discussed after the presentation of the detailed zone study. No mention is made of the fused metal proper, as this has been the subject of much published research and the nature of the solidified metal is fairly .ell known. General Method The scheme of procedure in the work herein reported involved the testing of the metal of each temperature zone adjacent to the weld in so

Jan 1, 1935

By W. B. Coleman

Considerable discussion on the effect of iron and steel scrap in blastfurnace burdens was presented in the January, 1927, issue of Mining and Metallurgy. Therein the question is asked as to what causes the difference in physical properties of pig irons where the chemical analyses are practically the same. This point no doubt has been noticed by a number of furnace operators, but several years ago very little thought was given to it. The foundries purchased pig iron, had it analyzed and found it to be within their specification. The castings made from this iron at times would be satisfactory and at other times hardness and shrinkage would occur. Since the iron was chemically correct the foundries generally were at a loss as to what to do. They changed their method of melting in the cupola and in some cases this corrected the trouble. In some instances the foundry would continue eliminating a brand of iron until the castings produced were satisfactory. Through this process of elimination they would finally arrive at the conclusion that a certain brand of iron was causing the trouble. During the course of this elimination minor changes might have been made in the melting and in the end satisfactory castings were secured without discovering any definite reason for the trouble. Frequently the foundries blamed the manufacturer of the pig iron although the seat of the trouble was in their own method of melting. I have in mind one foundry in particular that was using three brands of pig iron for producing their castings and their losses were rather high. Three entirely new brands of iron were substituted in the charge and still the losses continued. Even after using six brands of pig iron the management felt that the pig iron was the cause. The difficulties encountered in the melting of iron in the cupola, over the past several years, reflect in a great many cases on the operation of the cupola. At different times certain brands of iron were unsuitable for producing a certain class of castings, but at the same time one could see no reason why the iron should be considered abnormal. Irons from furnaces where production and low cost are the main factors that are being used in foundries produce in most cases harder cast-

Jan 1, 1927

By Dell H. Adams

COAL EXPLORATION Coal exploration may be defined as the acquisition of data necessary to define and acquire a block of coal which can be mined at a profit. Unlike ore minerals, coal resources are widespread and relatively abundant with supply exceeding demand in almost every case. Thus simple discovery of coal is generally not enough. The chemical and physical variability of individual coal seams, the capital intensive nature of coal mine development, and the changing patterns of utilization require that a multiphase, three-dimensional evaluation be made of each potential reserve. Factors which must be investigated include not only the quantity and quality of the coal but also the geologic, hydrologic, and engineering characteristics of the seam and its surrounding strata. Acquisition of property to provide a secure base for exploration and mine development is equal in importance to the geologic and engineering programs. The successful development of a coal reserve requires that control of coal and, in the case of a strip mine, the surface be in the form of contiguous blocks of sufficient size to support mining. PHASES OF EXPLORATION The high capital risks of coal exploration and land acquisition dictate that a multiphase program be utilized to minimize initial risk. In such a program, phased development of the data insures that each increase in capital expenditures will be justified by a corresponding increase in the level of confidence in the ultimate success of the project. Each phase is designed to provide sufficient data and property control to facilitate the decision whether to proceed to the next phase of development or to discontinue the program (Table 1). The first phase of a typical exploration program consists of a pre-

Jan 1, 1981

By C. S. Blair

THE development of a geological department as an integral part of the Tennessee Coal, Iron & Railroad Co. in the Birmingham district, Ala-bama, in 1908 was an innovation probably unique for any mining organ-ization south of the Ohio River, At that time a few of the oil companies were starting geological departments, but there were no geologists among the larger industrial organizations. The Tennessee Coal, Iron & Railroad Co. had been a substantial producer of pig iron for many years and was just getting a start in the manufacture of steel products from the pig iron. It had large acreages of coal land, ore land and timber land, but there was lacking the detailed knowledge of the possible mineral resources of much (of its territory, and this territory at that time covered an area in the neighborhood of 500,000 acres in the states of Alabama, Tennessee and Georgia. Those responsible for the operations of the mining properties, not being familiar with the kind of help that might be expected from geologic work, were decidedly skeptical of the utility of the work. Therefore it was necessary to develop cooperation with the mining organization, by not infringing upon its functions, and by developing the work in such a manner as to demonstrate to the mining department its practical utility. In the first instance the man responsible for a mining operation is apt to assume the attitude that the geologist is a blockader, because the geologist, unfortunately, is obliged to point out difficulties in the carrying out of mining operations in the way originally planned. He points out the dangers of mining out one coal or metal seam at the ultimate expense of an upper or lower seam, and he develops structural features, such as faults and folds, which call to the attention of the mining operator diffi-culties in his future operations, which the latter had not anticipated. Eventually, however, -the value of having these data became ap to the Tennessee Coal, Iron and Railroad Co., and the operators not only welcomed the geological work and cooperated fully in its acquisition of essential information, but reached the point of asking assistance and advice; and complete coordination of the two activities has existed for many years.

Jan 1, 1933

LIST OF THE MEETINGS OF THE INSTITUTE AND THEIR LOCALITIES FROM ITS ORGANIZATION Transactions Number Place Date Vol Page I Wilkes-Barre, Pa * May, 1871 I 3 II Bethlehem, Pa August, 1871 I 10 III Troy, N Y November, 1871 I 13 IV Philadelphia, Pa February, 1872 I 17 V New York, N Y * May, 1872 I 20 VI Pittsburg, Pa October, 1872 I 25 VII Boston, Mass February, 1873 I 28 VIII Philadelphia, Pa * May, 1873 II 3 IX Easton, Pa October, 1873 II 7 X New York, N Y February, 1874 II 11 XI St Louis, Mo * May, 1874 III 3 XII Hazleton, Pa October, 1874 III 8 XIII New Haven, Conn February, 1875 III 15 XIV Dover, N J * May, 1875 IV 3 XV Cleveland, 0 October, 1875 IV 9 XVI Washington, D C February, 1876 IV 8 XVII Philadelphia, Pat June, 1876, V XVIII Philadelphia, Pa October, 1876 V 9 XIX New York, N Y February, 1877 v 27 XX Wilkes-Barre, Pa * May, 1877 vi 3 XXI Amenia, N Y October, 1877 vi 10

Jan 1, 1910

By D. F. Hewett

ALTHOUGH most persons will agree that an individual or a nation can profit from the experience of other individuals or nations, there is always room for debate over the degree of similarity of their past and present conditions and of their future problems. Noting the increasing interest that Americans are showing in our mineral problems, I have felt that we could profit from reviews of the experiences in mineral exploitation acquired by the industrial nations of Europe. Whether we can learn much from Europe's experience in exploiting such minerals as petroleum may be debatable, but certainly, with a record of metal production extending back nearly 3000 years, Europe should hold much of value for America. A trip to Europe in 1926 permitted me to visit 28 mining districts, of which about half are now or have been in times past outstanding sources of several metals. The districts range from England to Greece and from Spain to Poland. To summarize briefly my impressions of these mining districts, as well as such reactions to the thought and life of Europe as so short a visit permits, I shall only venture the opinion that Americans can review with great profit the ideas and actions of Europeans, with regard not only to the production of metals but to many expressions of life. I believe that America has made and is making new contributions to the art of living, as well as to the arts of mining and metallurgy, but in so far as Europe is and has been a laboratory of economic, social and political experiments, the results she has attained deserve the thoughtful attention of America. I have come to believe that many of the problems that harass Europe lie in our path not far ahead. I have therefore hoped that a review of metal production in Europe in the light of its geologic, economic and political background may -serve to clear our vision with regard to our own metal production.

Jan 1, 1929

By Henning Nielsen

SIX weeks ahead of schedule, the International Nickel Co. of Canada Ltd. has brought a 30-mile rail line into the newly born town of Thompson, Manitoba. Its construction spurs the development of a rich new mining region slated to become the world's second largest nickel-producing area-exceeded only by Inco's Sudbury, Ont., workings. Two mines, the Thompson and the Moak Lake, will be opened to meet International Nickel's scheduled annual production goal of 385 million lb of refined nickel by 1961. Accomplishment of this aim will mean an additional 75 million lb of the metal available to consumers. In addition, stepped-up out- put of Inco's Sudbury holdings may increase this figure by another 25 million lb. (For an earlier report on these developments see MINING ENGINEERING News, January 1957).

Jan 12, 1957

By R. M. Brick, R. G. Treuting

DESPITE the basic importance of slip in the plastic deformation of metals, and the considerable experimental investigation, thought, and speculation that have been devoted to the fundamental nature of these processes, surprisingly few data have been reported regarding the microscopic appear- [ ] ance and distribution of slip lines,[$] the external manifestation of the slip process. Photographs hitherto reproduced in the literature are in general at low or unspecified magnifications with no correlation to the prior shear. A single-crystal cylindrical tensile specimen of alpha brass about ½ in. in diameter, one of many previously prepared by H. L. Burghoff,1 was available for study. A plane about 3/16 in. wide, parallel to the specimen axis and normal to the plane containing the slip direction and the specimen axis, was ground and metallographically polished along the entire 5-in. gauge length. Heavy etching produced a surface free of both scratches and flow. The specimen was strained in tension until slip markings first became visible on the polished surface (Figs. I and 2). Restressing the crystal caused additional markings to appear at an initially lower [ ] stress than previously was required. Stretching the specimen to produce a dense concentration of slip lines caused such variations in level in the polished surface (normal to the slip direction) that microscopic study at higher magnifications became impossible. After annealing 15 hr. at 850°C., the specimen recrystallized to form two grains with a boundary approximately normal to the specimen axis and about midway along its length. Each was X-rayed, and two planes were again polished along the length of the specimen, in this case each parallel to the slip direction in one of the two crystals. A light longitudinal scratch parallel to the specimen axis was drawn down the center of each plane. A Huggenberger extensometer was attached to the crystal A, whose slip plane would have the higher resolved shear stress of the two, and the specimen was again strained in tension.

Jan 1, 1941

By Dermot M. Ross-Brown

Introduction Slope angles are one of the major factors affecting the shape of the final pit and the location of the walls Due to differences in geology, the optimum slope angles vary from pit to pit and within different parts of the same pit. Indeed, it is not unusual to have different slope angles for the top and bottom portions of the same cross section. The optimization of these slope angles is a major study in itself and this chapter is intended as a general introduction to the subject. It is not intended to be a comprehensive text for the absolute beginner The objective is to put the various aspects of slope stability analysis into relative perspective by describing the vari¬ous analytical techniques available and indicating when each may be most appropriately used References are made to the many excellent texts and papers on slope stability for the reader who does not have a formal training in soil or rock mechanics. In writing this chapter, an assumption has been made that a tentative mining plan has been drawn up, includ¬ing a preliminary estimate of the slope angles. It has also been assumed that all the necessary field and laboratory data has been collected and reduced to a form suitable for input into the stability analyses.

Jan 1, 1979

By Warren B. Davis

Introduction If a subject this broad were to be covered in even moderate detail, it would require a set of books about the size of an encyclopedia. Since an acceptable length for this paper is a small fraction of one book, it will have to consist of a few samples of the subjects that I think are the most pertinent to World Fossil Fuel Economics. I plan to discuss the trends in world energy demand, particularly in the U. S. and Europe; the consumption patterns and cost patterns of oil, gas and coal; the prospects of synthetics; and some of the effects of government regulation of fuel economics. World Energy Demands Fig. 1 shows Free World energy consumption by principal areas for the period from 1950 to 1970 and a forecast for the period from 1970 to 1985. These figures include only the measurable forms of energy. An example of energy consumption that is not measured is the wood a peasant might cut in the forest and bum in a fireplace to heat his home. This omission probably is a very small part of the total. This forecast is not identical with that of Wayne E. Glenn (see Page 22), but the differences in total energy consumption are not significant. The U. S. consumption, which was 55 percent of the world total in 1950, had declined to 45 percent by 1970, and is expected to decline further to 38 percent by 1985. Western Europe has consumed 28 percent of the total from 1950 to 1970 and is expected to lose share slightly between 1970 and 1985. The most spectacular gainer is Japan, which increased consumption from 2.5 percent in 1950 to 7.5 percent in 1970, and is expected to reach nearly 17 percent by 1985. The over-all Free World total has grown from 62 quadrillion Btu (equivalent to 29 million B/D of crude oil) in 1950 to 151 quadrillion by 1970, an average growth rate of 4.5 percent/year. This total is expected to grow at a rate of 5 percent/year between now and 1985, reaching 315 quadrillion Btu (equivalent to nearly 150 million B/D). Fig. 2 shows which fuels supplied this energy between 1950 and 1970, and gives an estimate of how it will be supplied between 1970 and 1985.

Jan 1, 1971

By Ralph A. Sherman, J. M. Pilcher

BY surface treatment of coal is meant the application of a material, either solid or liquid, to the surface of pieces of coal. The purposes of surface treatment are varied. They may be to identify or "trade-mark" the coal, to modify the burning characteristics, the coking tendencies, or the behavior of the ash, to prevent the freezing of wet coal, or to control the dust. The control of dust is the usual purpose of surface treatment. TRADE-MARKING COAL The application of color to the surface of coal for the purpose of identification and registration of the trade-mark has been practiced to some extent. In 1928, the Glen Alden Coal Co. began to color its coal and adopted the trade-mark, "Blue Coal." The Old Ben Coal Co. later followed a similar practice with "Green Coal." A commoner means of identification of coal has been the stenciling of designs or pasting labels on large lumps or in the distribution of small cardboard tags through the smaller sizes. The details of the method used to color coal have not been revealed. Usually all of the coal is not treated, because of the expense. Only enough pieces are colored to show clearly when distributed through the coal.

Jan 1, 1943

By Herbert R. Hanley

THE One Hundred and Twenty-sixth meeting-of the Institute, held in San Francisco, Sept. 25 to 29, 1922, was a success in every way. Character-istically, San Francisco presented climate suited, to the occasion, while the Committees on Arrangements left nothing undone that would contribute to the interest and entertainment of the members and their wives. There was a registration of over 230, and all sections, save three, were represented. In the technical meetings, under the leadership of Albert Burch in the mining session and C. W. Merrill in the milling session, the greatest interest was manifested in ore-hunting geology and modern ore-dressing methods. The general geologic phase developed numerous discussions and had for its aim the study and correlation of known data and the application-of these to the finding of commercial orebodies. The geologic features of the Comstock and their significance to the development of the present orebodies were discussed. This brought out matters of much technical interest as well as those of romantic nature in the history of the early life of that camp. The profitable application of modern milling methods to ores, non-commercial a short time ago, was discussed with much interest. The recent work on the Comstock ores occupied a conspicuous part in these discussions. Basic principles delineated by mathematical study of mechanical devices for the milling of ore came in for a prominent part in the program as well as the physical-chemical side of the processes devised for the winning of precious metals as a profit.

Jan 11, 1922

By A. N. Winchell

Petrographic studies of over 1400 rock and mineral samples, and studies of their field relations, show that there is a complete gradation between sandstone and limestone; the lime-silicate rocks were produced by recrystallization of limestone; mineralization and silicification occurred after silication and at considerably lower temperature; carbonation occurred at still lower temperatures. IN CONNECTION with law suits between mining companies at Bingham, Utah, a few years ago, the writer made petrographic studies of more than 1400 rock and mineral samples in thin sections, and also careful studies of their field relations. In petrographic studies, even when an area is studied intensively, attention is commonly centered very largely on the unusual features of special interest, so that the relative abundance of rock types (or minerals or textures) can only be determined by a study of map areas outlined largely by field methods, and cannot be based directly on microscopic work. It is very uncommon, and usually impossible, to take samples at regular short intervals along and across formations. It is precisely because such methods were used at Bingham that the work presents a rare opportunity for determining, on a microscopic basis, the relative abundance of rock types and the continuity of gradations between rock types. At the same time, a study was made of the alteration of sediments under the influence of igneous intrusions, with results that are believed to be of interest and importance.

Jan 3, 1924

By Edward Martinez

Although the copper segregation process has been known as a method for treating oxide copper ores since the 1920's, the reactions involved in this process are still a matter of conjecture. However, the evidence turned up in a recent series of experiments at Asarco's Central Research Laboratories strongly indicates that some of the proposed reactions may not be occurring. Experimental work on oxide copper ores from the Sagasca mines in Chile led to the discovery of the copper segregation process in 1923. It was found that the reduction of the copper with coal at about 700°C occurred on the surface of the coal instead of remaining disseminated in the ore. The unusual behavior of the copper, which caused it to migrate from the ore particles to the coal, was traced to the presence of a small quantity of sodium chloride occurring in the ore. Further experiments with oxide copper ores proved that the presence of a halide, either occurring naturally or admixed with the ore, caused the copper to migrate from the ore particles and to segregate in the charge.

Jan 8, 1966

By Y. Takahashi, I. Iwasaki, S. Tanabe

Supported by the vigorous capital investment of the heavy and chemical industries and by the ever-increasing demand for durable consumer goods in the past decade, Japan has now emerged as the world's third largest steel producer, surpassed only by the United States and the Soviet Union. In 1968, the crude steel production is expected to exceed 50 million tons; the per capita steel consumption at that time will reach 886 lb, approaching the level of Western Europe. Characteristics of the Japanese steel industry is the high dependence of raw materials on overseas sources. Before World War II the industry relied on North China and Manchuria for coking coal, and on middle China, Hainan Island, the Philippines and the Malayan Peninsula for iron ores. After the war, the major sources of iron ores were shifted to the Philippines and the Malayan Peninsula, supplemented by shipments from the United States, Canada, India and Goa. The United States, in addition, became the primary source of coking coal.

Jan 1, 1967