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By Albert W. Deurbrouck

This report describes the preparation characteristics of the Pittsburgh and Upper Freeport coalbeds in Hancock , Brooke , Ohio , and Marshall Counties , W. Va . Over 4.5 million tons of coal was produced in these four counties in 1962. Most of this production came from the Pittsburgh coalbed . Twelve coal samples were collected for this study , 11 from the Pittsburgh bed and 1 from the Lower Freeport bed . Two of these samples could be upgraded to produce metallurgical - grade coal . The sulfur content of the Pittsburgh- bed coals was generally excessive --as high as 4.9 percent in the raw coal and 3.19 percent in the float 1.30 specific gravity fraction . The rank of the coals in this area ranges from high-volatile A to high-volatile B bituminous .

Jan 1, 1964

By E. A. Hewitt

This paper describing the mining practices at the Park Utah mine in the Park City district is one of a series being prepared by the United States Bureau of Mines on mining practices, methods, and costs in the various mining districts of the United States. The Park Utah mine is situated at Keetly, Utah, about 5 miles east of Park City. The Park City district lies on the eastern slope of the Wasatch Mountains, 25 miles southeast of Salt Lake City. The district embraces a tract located between the crest of the main range on the west and the mountain meadows along the eastern foothills. The elevation of the Union Pacific Railroad station at Park City is 7,000 feet above sea level. The town and mines are served by two railroads; one 28 miles long is a branch of the Union Pacific Railroad and connects with the main line at Echo Junction, east of Ogden; the other is 35 miles long and joins the Denver & Rio Grande Western Railroad at Salt Lake City. The district and mines are also accessible by excellent automobile roads from Salt Lake City and surrounding points (fig. 1).

Jan 1, 1930

By B. B. Letson, D. F. Smith, T. E. Gardner, A. R. Taylor

Low- temperature heat capacities of strontium chloride (7° - 300° K) and strontium fluoride ( 11 ° - 300 ° K) were measured with an adiabatic calorimeter . Smooth values of heat capacity , entropy , enthalpy function , and free - energy function were calculated from the heat - capacity data . The smooth values are reported at 10 ° K intervals and at 273.15 ° and 298.15 ° K.

Jan 1, 1963

Mining officials, as well as members of the Bureau of Mines staff, in their efforts to make mining safer are confronted from time to time pith complicated problems concerning solution of which there is a diversity of opinion. To reduce these differences of opinion as much as possible and to obtain a generally acceptable decision on any mine-safety question, the Director of the U.S. Bureau of Mines established the Mine Safety Board on June 1, 1924- *** to consider questions arising within any divisions of the Bureau that require a definition of tie Bureaus s collective opinion as to safety practices, safety devices, or safety methods for underground operations or open-pit mining. The approved2/decisions shall form the basis of teaching and policy for the Bureau.

Jan 1, 1935

By Victor E. Kral

The Modarelli iron deposit , formerly known as the Requa iron deposit , is 44 miles by road south of Palisade , Nev . , on the Southern Pacific and Western Pacific Railroads . Construction of 10 miles of new road, which is necessary in case the property is exploited , will reduce this distance to about 28 miles . The deposit was discovered in 1905 , and patent was obtained in 1907 . The present owners obtained title to the property in recent years by paying the delinquent taxes . There has been no production . The ore deposit is a replacement of a Tertiary volcanic believed to be a rhyolite . Except for evidence of slight shearing , the deposit has no apparent structure . Hematite is the principal ore mineral ; it is fine-grained and is associated with very fine-grained apatite and unidentified minerals assumed to be alteration products of residual rhyolite minerals .

Feb 1, 1947

By Robert C. Johnson

Single crystal whiskers of ZrO2 and TiO2 were grown by solution and crystallization of these oxides in molten baths. Mixtures of Na2B407 and LiC1 were the most suitable growth media for zirconia. Sodium borate alone and Na2CO3 plus SiO2 were best suited for titania. The solubilities of zirconia and titania in molten sodium borate were determined, Whether zirconia whiskers were dendritic or nondendritic depended on the temperature used. The best single crystal whiskers were grown below 1,100° C. Titania whiskers always grew as single crystals. The tensile strengths of zirconia and titania whiskers were about 15,000 psi and 50,000 psi, respectively. Modulus of rupture was about 49,000 psi for zirconia whiskers and 75,000 psi for titania whiskers. Chemical analyses showed the zirconia and titania whiskers to be pure. The zirconia and titania whiskers were shown by X-ray analysis to be, respectively, baddeleyite and rutile.

Jan 1, 1965

By Robert W. Geehan

The Bureau of Mines has been developing deposits of critical and essential minerals in the United States since 1939. A preliminary examination of the Union lead mine was made in November 1944 and January 1945 by W. T. Benson, a Bureau of Mines engineer, who recommended development by diamond drilling. The Bureau conducted a drilling project at the mine from February 12 to May 16, 1947. The property is in sec.12, T. 17'N., R. 19 E., Mount Diablo Base and Meridian, in. southern Washoe County, Nev., about 15 miles south of Reno. The Union lead mane, also known 4s the Commonwealth mine, has been an intermittent producer of zinc-lead-silver ore since 1860. During World War II, ore was shipped to smelter& near: salt Lake City, Utah. The Bureau drilled 21 diamond-drill holes having a total length of 1,549 feet and 20 long percussion-drill holes with a total length of 359 feet. The program was designed to test for horizontal and vertical extensions of the ore body and to prospect for parallel ore bodies. As a result of this program, extensions of the ore zone were established, but no parallel ore-bearing structures were found. The areas drilled were limited by drill sites available.

Jan 1, 1950

By Jerry Olson

The Bureau of Mines (Bureau) conducted a mineral resource investigation of the French Creek-Patrick Butte study area, in west central Idaho during 1989. No mineral resources or significant occurrences were identified. Other than small scale placer gold, no mineral production is known or recorded. At least 100 lode and 150 placer claims have been located in the study area. Most of the area was examined by ground or areal surveys, and 110 lode and 60 placer samples were taken. Four lode prospects were examined in detail, and all placer claim locations were sampled.

Jan 1, 1991

By Laurance L. Oden

The Bureau of Mines conducted corrosion tests of 18 commercial alloys in H3 P04 -phosphate rock or A1,03 slurry, in 10 pct HF, and in 25 pct H2 SiF6 to simulate three environments anticipated in a Bureau process to extract fluoride values from phosphate rock. Small alloy coupons were rotated in duplicate tests at 4.4 to 21 fps in the slurry at 170° C to determine rates of erosion-corrosion. At 4.4 fps the lowest rates, in mils penetration per year (mpy), were measured for Hastelloy C-276 (<20), Hastelloy B (30), and Inconel 625 (150);the rates increased at 21 fps to 55 mpy, 45 mpy, and 1,000 mpy, respectively. The corrosion rate for all alloys exceeded 40 mpy in either the equilibrium vapor or liquid phases of aqueous solutions containing 10 pct HF or 25 pct H2SiF6 at 100° C. Uniform corrosion in 10 pct HF at 50° C was observed only for Inconel 625 (22 mpy), Hastelloy C-276 (43 mpy), and Illium 98 (17 mpy). Inconel 625 (0.75 mpy), Hastelloy C-276 (1.3 mpy), Illium 98 (1.7 mpy), and Incoloy 825 (0.45 mpy) were attacked uniformly in 25 pct H2SiF6 at 50° C.

Jan 1, 1974

By Dean C. Holt

This work was done to appraise the potential of titanium minerals in known titanium- bearing placer deposits and potential titanium- bearing placer areas in western Montana . Reconnaissance studies were made of more than 225 stream areas . Churn drilling and other placer exploration techniques were used in sampling eight deposits . The sampling results indicate that areas containing more than 10 pounds of ilmenite and other titanium- bearing black - sand minerals per cubic yard occur in the Bitterroot , Upper Clark Fork , and Jefferson River drainages . The chief source for the constituents of the black sands appears to be the Idaho batholith , and the highest black - sand concentrations are generally found near the source . Sample testing methods include gravity and magnetic separation and visual microscopic as well as chemical and radiometric analyses on deposits sampled in detail .

Jan 1, 1964

By S. M. Shelton, R. B. Fisher, M. M. Fine

"INTRODUCTION The Batesville manganese district lies in the southern part of the Ozark region, mostly in Independence County but partly in Sharp, Izard, and Stone Counties of north central Arkansas.Oxides, carbonates, and silicates of manganese are found in the district. 4/ Carbonate ores have been mined from time to time, but the reserves of potentially commercial ore are chiefly black manganese oxide minerals.The district has produced manganese ore for many years. lip to and including 1933, 160,804 long tons of ferruginous manganese ore (10 to 35 percent manganese) and 140,277 long tons of metallurgical ore (35 percent or more manganese) were shipped;./ most of it was wad orThe term ""wad ore,"" used locally to designate the soft, clayey de¬posits of oxide ore, is a partial misnomer. The ores contain a soft, low-specific-gravity mineral of indefinite composition, which can be designated as wad, but coarse and fine particles of psilomelane and hausmannite, with a smaller proportion of braunite, pyrolusite, and indefinite manganese silicates, are also present. Large and small lumps of high-grade, hard manganese oxide minerals are found, frequently embedded in a soft, black matrix of fine particles of manganese oxides mixed with gangue."

Jul 1, 1942

By L. A. Morley

Volume III of the final report examines the indication versus interruption procedures used on motion-drive power equipment, with emphasis on surface excavators. The report begins with a review of the electromechanical acid conversion used with the Ward-Leonard control system. Protection criteria for the drive-system components are then discussed. Fault sources and fault calculations for both the ac supply source and dc power loop are introduced to assist in discussing indication and interruption procedures. The subject is then expanded to examine the dynamic process of the machine and determine the effects of fault current and position of the machine to allow for an orderly shutdown. With this analysis, possible indication an interruption procedures are given for the four-quadrant duty cycle of excavators. The report concludes by introducing other mining operations that utilize similar motion-drive systems and also static (solid-state) drives and recommends further research in these areas, as well as a more detailed examination of the dynamic fault analysis for excavators.

Jan 1, 1982

By R. M. Becker

As part of the Bureau of Mines program for examining the Nation&apos;s iron and titanium resources, magnetic, gravity, and geologic surveys were made to permit an estimate of the extent and magnitude of the Iron Mountain, Colorado, titaniferous magnetite deposit. Gabbro is the dominant rock type of the area. Within the gabbro are lenses of titaniferous magnetite, 5 to 25 feet wide and as much as several hundred feet long. These lenses comprise a zone which has scattered occurrences of magnetite for 2,200 feet. To the west, the gabbro grades into a strip of pyroxenite that in turn borders a large monzonite mass. A wedgelike broadening of the pyroxenite with depth accompanied by little or no increase in the titaniferous magnetite is considered a reasonable interpretation of the field data. The iron deposits appear to be limited and discontinuous.

Jan 1, 1961

By E. G. Erspamer

Laboratory investigations were made by the Bureau of Mines on ore containing the sulfides of both mercury and antimony to develop a method or methods for the economic recovery of mercury metal and the concurrent recovery of antimony as metal or salts,. If standard mercury-recovery techniques are applied to such ores, the antimony content interferes with the effective production of mercury metal; further-more, the antimony is lost. This report presents the results of tests on a sample of cinnabar-stibnite ore from the Red Devil mine near Sleitmute, Alaska. Red Devil ore was chosen for the investigation because it is purported to be typical of ores of the Kuskokwim River area, which, in their aggregate, constitute large potential reserves of mercury and antimony. Studies included petrographic, spectrographic, and chemical analyses, gravity-separation tests, bulk flotation of mercury and antimony sulfides, differential flotation, leaching, and furnacing of crude ore and of flotation concentrate.

Jan 1, 1956

By E. J. HOFFMAN, J. c. W. FRAZER

The apparatus and methods described in the following pages were devised and used by the writers in connection with certain investiga- tions of the technologic branch of the United States Geological Sur- vey, especially those bearing on the improvement of furnace condi- tions and on efficiency in the use of fuel. The Bureau of Mines, which has charge of such analyses and tests of fuels as were formerly made by the technologic branch of the Sur- vey, is using the same apparatus and methods in connection with similar investigations that are being carried on at the testing plant of the bureau at Pittsburg, Pa. The furnace conditions prevailing both in small plants and in large industrial establishments in this country are frequently far from satisfactory. If such conditions are to be improved, they must be more thoroughly understood, and means must be found to insure complete combustion of the fuel, and yet to permit operation with such an excess of air as will result in the greatest efficiency. In this work the services of the chemist are indispensable. A very important problem is the determination of the small percentage of unburned combustible matter that escapes from the furnace in the flue gases. Under ordinary circumstances so little as 0.1 per cent of unburned combustible matter in a furnace gas is equivalent to about 1 per cent of the fuel used; and for the determination of such small percentages of gas more accurate and refined methods are required than have ordinarily been available heretofore. It is the purpose of this paper to describe some apparatus and methods which have proved satisfactory to those engaged in the chemical work of the investigations mentioned. While these methods and apparatus have been designed more particularly with regard to analysis of furnace gases, their use is by no means limited to that purpose. The reader will readily see their applicability to other uses in which the sampling and analysis of gases are involved.

Jan 1, 1911

By M. J. Ankeny

Coal-mine haulage ranks second as a cause of coal-mine fatalities, and the prevention of such accidents will materially improve progress in safety in the coal-mining industry. Beginning March 1950, Federal coal-mine inspectors were made responsible for completely investigating all fatal accidents in and around coal mines. During these 10 months, Federal coal-mine inspectors investigated 447 fatal accidents. This is a study of 121 of the fatal haulage accidents investigated, which constituted 27 percent of fatalities from all causes. Haulage employees represent only 12 to 15 percent of mine personnel, but, on the basis of accident frequency, their work is the most hazardous in coal mines. Fatal haulage accidents occurred in 53 bituminous coal-producing counties representing 14 States and Alaska. The physical conditions represent a cross section of&apos; producing coal beds. Mining and transportation methods vary, from those of small hand-loading mines to those of modern mechanized mines.

Jan 1, 1951

By R. J. Heemstra

A continuous flowing paper electrophoresis cell was used to separate petroleum and petroleum extracts into characteristic patterns. The electrophoresis of Bachaquero, Lagunillas, Boscan, and Gibson petroleums in nitro-benzene and acetic acid-based electrolytes was investigated. The extent of separation in the patterns was studied by measuring the metal and porphyrin contents of the effluents. Qualitative separations were achieved in some systems, whereas either system demonstrated only a high degree of electrophoretic migration.

Jan 1, 1967

By W. L. Dare

This circular is the first of a series of publications describing uranium mining on the Colorado Plateau. Later circulars are planned in which exploration, development, and mining methods and costs will be described after a detailed study of various operations. Because of the introductory character of this paper, those well-publicized phases of the industry such as geography, history, prospecting, and exploration are described but briefly. Primarily, attention has been devoted to the general problems that are encountered in mining ore bodies and to the factors that affect the selection of development and mining methods. Those familiar with mining may class the information contained in this paper as elementary; however, its inclusion is considered necessary for the completeness of the series of papers. It will also serve as a source of information for people who are interested in uranium but are unfamiliar with mining.

Jan 1, 1955

By Paul L. Russell

Because of the increasing demand for fluorspar , investigation of the deposits of the Gila district in Grant County , New Mexico , was undertaken by the Bureau of Mines in 1943 with the cooperation of the Federal Geological Survey . It was the purpose of the investigation to assist owners and lessees to develop their properties and to attempt to estimate ore reserves that might be available to supply a 300- ton mill that was under construction at Gila . Field work was begun June 14 , 1943 , and ceased August 16 , 1943. Seven veins were trenched and sampled .

Feb 1, 1947

By J. L. Shultz

The investigation of organic compounds in respiratory coal dust by high-resolution mass spectrometry has shown that the organic components differ (1) with particle size, (2) with rank of coal, (3) in coals of same rank from different coal seams, and (4) in respirable mine dust and respirable coal dust (prepared) from the same mine. The eight respirable mine dusts studied are from coal seams in the Appalachian region where the incidence of coal workers&apos; pnumoconiosis is relatively high. The molecular weights of the major organic components vary greatly among these respirable mine dusts; three show strong concentrations of polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons.

Jan 1, 1972