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By M. H. Kline

The Scarlet mine, in Randolph County, N. C., was operated on a small scale at intervals from 1899 to 1915, but no records of the quantity of ore produced are available. J. I. Moore unwatered the mine in March 1948, and Bureau of Mines' engineers examined the underground workings. Several assays checked previous sampling of the mine and indicated a small but comparatively high-grade copper-zinc deposit. The high metal content of the veins and the possibility of developing additional reserves prompted the Bureau of-Mines to drill three holes, totaling 530 feet, at the deposit during March and April 1948. Drilling disclosed that the mineralized vein did not extend over 300 feet along the strike and is probably limited in depth to the contact with the granite mylonite.

Jan 1, 1949

By R. W. Huber

Three arc-melted ingots, two of a titanium-7 percent manganese alloy and the third of unalloyed titanium, were forged and rolled into 3/4-inch plate; comparative data were obtained on these processes. The finished plate, part of which was used by the Naval Bureau of Ordnance, was tested for mechanical and other properties. These properties were correlated with sponge purity, forging technique, rolling temperature, and cooling rate from the rolling temperature. For the alloy material, transformation data were obtained, and their age-hardening characteristics were studied. The temperature-impact relationship was established for rolled sections from all three ingots. INTRODUCTION Arc-melted ingots of unalloyed titanium and a titanium-manganese alloy were fabricated into plate under closely controlled conditions by personnel of the Metals and Alloys Section, Physical Metallurgy Branch, Bureau of Mines, College Park, Md. This program was cosponsored by the Naval Bureau of Ordnance. Bureau of Mines interest lay in correlating the processing procedures with the mechanical properties of the finished plate.

Jan 1, 1955

By John C. Machisak

INJURY data and experience, with related employment statistics, at coal mines in the United States for 1958 are presented in this publication under the following general sections: (A) General injury experience: Tables 1 to 6: Current data on number of injuries, degree of injury, frequency and severity rates, average severity, and related employment and production data by work location. (B) Selected injury experience: Tables 7 to 38: Current data on principal agencies of injuries, distribution of injuries by part of body injured, days of disability, extent of hand and machine loading, experience by employment and production groups, and various other operating factors and physical conditions related to the occurrence of injuries at the Nation's coal mines. (C) Injury experience by States: Tables 39 to 43: Current data on injuries, their causes, rates of occurrence and severity; employment and production data by work location, by States. (D) Major disasters: Table 44: Data on major disasters from 1949 to 1958. A major disaster is defined as a single accident in which, or as a result of which, five persons or more are killed instantly or die at any time thereafter. (E) Historical coal-mine-fatality experience: Tables 45 to 49: Data on fatalities and their causes at bituminous coal, lignite, and anthracite mines from the earliest records through 1958.

Jan 1, 1961

By J. E. Zeilinger

This Bureau of Mines report describes the preparation characteristics of the significant coalbeds of Clarion County, Pa. Of the 15 samples collected, 1 was of metallurgical quality as received, 4 could be sufficiently upgraded to provide acceptable products, and the remaining 10 samples could not be upgraded to metallurgical quality because their sulfur contents could not be lowered to meet the standard. For steam or power generation, 1 sample was of low sulfur content as received, 1 sample could be upgraded to low sulfur content, and 10 samples could be upgraded to medium sulfur content. The original sulfur content of the remaining three samples can be appreciably reduced by removal of the sink 1.58 specific gravity material; however, these coals would be classified as medium sulfur coals both before and after removal of the sink material.

Jan 1, 1968

By R. S. Dean

In the early days, most smelters were erected in nonarable land and at some distance from settled communities. The movement of population, which resulted in many instances from employment at the smelters, has brought to most smelterman in the United States the problem of preventing damage to plant and animal life in the territory adjacent to the smelters by sulphur dioxide gas (S02). This problem has been met, broadly, in two ways: (1) By diluting and removing the S02 by means of air currents and (2) by converting the S02 to a liquid or solid compound of sulphur and disposing of the compound.

Jan 1, 1937

By R. S. Dean

In the early days, most smelters were erected in nonarable land and at some distance from settled communities. The movement of population, which resulted in many instances from employment at the smelters, has brought to most smelterman in the United States the problem of preventing damage to plant and animal life in the territory adjacent to the smelters by sulphur dioxide gas (S02). This problem has been met, broadly, in two ways: (1) By diluting and removing the S02 by means of air currents and (2) by converting the S02 to a liquid or solid compound of sulphur and disposing of the compound.

Jan 1, 1937

By R. J. Leary

Significant improvements in surface conditions or mechanical properties of steels have been attributed by several investigators to ladle additions of small quantities of rare-earth metals or their oxides. To investigate systematically these effects in wrought and in cast plain carbon and alloy mechanical steels containing approximately 0.35 percent carbon, heats of four representative compositions were melted by the Bureau of Mines in a 4-ton open-hearth furnace. Each heat was cast into three sets of ingots to exemplify respectively, treatments with (1) rare-earth metals, (2) rare-earth metal oxides, and (3) an untreated set as a control. The development of melting, casting and rolling practices is described and discussed. Lance injection of oxygen shortly after melt raised the temperature of the metal immediately as much as 500° F., principally because mechanical agitation exposed the high-carbon metal to the flame and furnace root. An exceptional degree of superheat in the metal at the termination of the refining period was attributed to oxygen injection during the refining period. Bath temperatures higher than industrial practice were permitted by the all-basic furnace lining. Rates of carbon elimination as high as 0.036 percent carbon per minute were achieved by oxygen injections.

Jan 1, 1961

By Robert H. Ridgway

Scrap iron and steel attracted attention during 1937 because of the unprecedented exports and the concomitant agitation in some quarters to prohibit the exportation of this essential raw material except on license by the President. This report does not attempt to analyze the statistics given in the light of the controversy over the limitation of scrap exports, but it is believed that students of this problem will find many essential basic data in the various tables presented herein. This paper presents the results of the third in the series of annual canvasses on the consumption of ferrous scrap and pig iron in the United States. The study was inaugurated in 1935 by the Bureau of Mines in response to requests from trade organizations and others for detailed

Jan 1, 1938

By Robert H. Ridgway

Scrap iron and steel attracted attention during 1937 because of the unprecedented exports and the concomitant agitation in some quarters to prohibit the exportation of this essential raw material except on license by the President. This report does not attempt to analyze the statistics given in the light of the controversy over the limitation of scrap exports, but it is believed that students of this problem will find many essential basic data in the various tables presented herein. This paper presents the results of the third in the series of annual canvasses on the consumption of ferrous scrap and pig iron in the United States. The study was inaugurated in 1935 by the Bureau of Mines in response to requests from trade organizations and others for detailed

Jan 1, 1938

By E. M. Frost

"Helium has great value to the oil and as industry as a tracer gas, according to tests just completed in the Elk Hills Field, Naval Petroleum Reserve No. 1, Kearn County, California. When used as .a tracer gas, small percentages of helium are mixed with natural gas pumped into a reservoir for conservation, repressuring, or cycling purposes. Because minute quantities of helium added to natural gases can be detected by analytical methods and accurately determined, the variations of the helium content of gas withdrawn from various parts of a field when helium has been added to the injected gas give interesting and long-sought data on the movement of injected gas through reservoirs.The Bureau of Mines engineers began their studies of the use of helium as a tracer material in gas-injection operations in the Elk Hills, California, oil field, Naval Petroleum Reserve No. 1, in response to a request by the Navy Department for assistance in connection with an expanded oil-production program instituted in that field. This report discusses the Bureau's work on the problem of determining the direction and extent of migration of injected gas in the Elk Hills reservoir by the use of helium as a tracer gas,The Bureau appreciates the cooperation and assistance of Commodore W. G. Greenman, U.S.N., director, and Commander R. Walling, U.S.N.R., Assistant director, Naval Petroleum .and Oil Shale Reserves, Washington, D. C., Captain H. P. Stolz, U.S.N.R., commanding officer, and Commander F. G. Taves, U.S.N.R.., of the Navy's Elk Hills staff. The Bureau also appreciates the cooperation and assistance given by V. O. Wankowski, F. C. Tratt, Marray Putnam, Dana Champion, and other personnel of the Standard Oil Co., of California, operators of the Elk Hills field.R. A, Cattell, chief, and C. C. Anderson, assistant chief, Petroleum and Natural Gas Division; C. W. Seibel, supervising engineer, Bureau of Mines Helium Plants; and H. H. Hinson, petroleum engineer - all of the Bureau's staff - furnished valuable advice and assistance during the course of the work. H. C. Miller and G. B. Shea of the Bureau's San Francisco Office contributed valuable liaison work. The writer wishes to express appreciation to all these people for their cooperation and assistance."

Jun 1, 1946

By Thomas V. Falkie

The new international fact of life that has emerged in the 70's is that foreign energy sources can no longer be considered either reliable or low in price. As a result, the United States is turning its full attention to its domestic energy resources. The figures about proved domestic reserves are often used to reassure us about the Nation's energy future: assuming a 50 percent recovery factor, there are at least 219 billion tons of recoverable bituminous coal and lignite, of which 31 percent is available by surface methods; proved reserves of crude petroleum and natural gas liquids total 34.3 billion barrels and 6.4 billion barrels, respectively. There is also about 4 billion tons of recoverable anthracite coal, a premium low-sulfur fuel of high heating value, which is all but priced out of the market because of the high costs of producing it. Total fossil fuel resources are even larger, although there are no guarantees concerning how much might become usable, and when, and at what cost. The figures, however, are impressive. They include the equivalent of about 200 billion barrels of oil potentially recoverable from high grade oil shale; 100 billion barrels in "heavy oil" deposits; and the equivalent of 25 to 35 billion barrels of oil in domestic deposits of "tar sands," and substantial quantities of conventional oil and gas resources. There is also the prospect of a significant increase in electric power generation

Jan 1, 1975

"Contained in this chapter is a listing of the publications and reference books which have come about as a result of respirable dust research performed by faculty, staff and graduate students in the Generic Mineral Technology Center for Respirable Dust at The Pennsylvania State University, West Virginia University, University of Minnesota, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, and Michigan Technological University. These publications have appeared in scientific journals, proceedings of the national and international symposiums, and professional meetings. Complete citations of the publications can be found in Volumes 3 through 6 and Volume 8 of this series. The agenda of the last annual GMTC seminar, held at West Virginia University on February 1 - 2, 1988, follows. The project presentations are organized under the five research areas. All projects currently active were presented to the Advisory Committee. New project submissions were not. The authors were allotted thirteen (13) minutes for their presentations; the remainder of the twenty (20) minutes allotted for each project was used for introductions, transitions, and questioning by the Advisory Committee. Each author used a standard format for presentation of his/her materials for review; handout materials were distributed to the Advisory Committee for reference. Opening remarks were made by Dr. Richard Bajura of West Virginia University and Dean Robert L. Frantz and Dr. Raja V. Ramani of The Pennsylvania State University.The Generic Mineral Technology Center for Respirable Dust is funded by the U.S. Bureau of Mines through the Mining and Mineral Resources Research Institute Program. The opinions and conclusions expressed in these papers are those of the authors alone and do not represent the opinions of the Generic Mineral Technology"

Aug 31, 1989

By J. F. McIlwain

As part of its goal to minimize the requirements for critical materials, the Federal Bureau of Mines has investigated the consolidation of an iron-base superalloy (20 pct Cr, 5 pct each Ni and Mn, 1 pct each C, W, Mo, and Cb, and the balance Fe) and its modifications by powder metallurgy (P/M) techniques. Vacuum-atomized, prealloyed powder was used. Consolidation was by sintering of cold-pressed alloy powder, or by forging plus rolling or extrusion of canned powder. Several commercial lubricants were evaluated in the pressing operation. At 50-tsi compacting pressure with up to 3 wt-pct lubricant, green strengths did not exceed 1,000 psi. Powder sintered just below the solidus temperature attained a tensile strength of 69,000 psi and 4 pct elongation. Liquid-phase sintering produced higher densities, lower tensile strengths, and nil ductility. Canned powder was forged and rolled at 1,200° C, yielding a 100-hr rup¬ture strength of 9,800 psi at 815° C and a room-temperature tensile strength of >130,000 psi at 6 pct elongation. Heat treatment of modified P/M iron-base alloy containing 0.63 pct C resulted in a 100-hr rupture strength of 17,000 psi. Oxidation resistance at 805° to 815° C of the forged and rolled P/M iron-base alloy was similar to that of the cast iron-base alloy and supe¬rior to conventional stainless steels.

Jan 1, 1981

By G. R. Strimbeck

This is a report on experimental work on development of a gasification process operating at near atmospheric pressures and using finely pulverized coal entrained in oxygen and steam. The gasifier was designed by The Babcock and Wilcox Co. in cooperation with engineers of the Bureau of Mines Morgantown station. The test work discussed in this report covers the first 34 tests made in the pilot plant in which a strongly coking Sewickley-bed coal, ground to either 70 or 90 percent through a 200-mesh screen, was used.

Jan 1, 1954

By John C. Machisak

Injury data and experience, with related employment statistics, at coal mines in the United States for 1959 are presented in this publication under the following general sections: (A) General injury experience: Tables 1 to 6: Current data on number of injuries degree of injury, frequency and severity rates, average severity, and related employment and production data by work location. (B) Selected injury experience: Tables 7 to 38: Current data on principal agencies of injuries, distribution of injuries by part of body injured, days of disability, extent of hand and machine loading, experience by employment and production groups, and various other operating factors and physical conditions related to the occurrence of injuries at the Nation's coal mines.

Jan 1, 1961

By R. E. Morgan

[IN COMPILING the table of analyses of this bulletin every available source of information was studied. These sources, as listed at the end of the table, were many and varied, and it believed that the tabulation gives the best general information obtainable. However, its known accuracy and completeness of coverage necessarily fall far short of published data on coals of the United States. A table of world production of coal and lignite, as and published by the Bureau of Mine, of world resources of coals, brown coal, and lignite, as published in the Yearbook of the World Power Conference, 1948, are included for convenience of the reader. The six continental maps at the end of the bulletin show the general location of the principal coal fields.]

Jan 1, 1952

By T. E. Gray

This report describes the preparation characteristics of the most significant coal beds in Wise County, Va. It is one in a series of reports planned to determine coals suitable for the production of metallurgical coke, either as mined or after beneficiation. Wise County produced approximately 6,600,000 tons of coal in 1955, of which about 2,110,000 tons was cleaned mechanically. The Federal Geological Survey has estimated that 1,341 million tons of measured and indicated coal reserves remained in the county as of January 1, 1951.

Jan 1, 1958

By Frederick C. Trutt

A guide to the utilization and development of extensions and modifications to the APL Mine-electrical-system Load-flow Program is presented. These modifications include the development of algorithms to minimize computational operations within the iterative-solution techniques, as well as minimization of the number of required iterations. Extensions to the load-flow program include the development of algorithms for the calculation of balanced faults, simplified specification of fault parameters, optional inclusion of pre-fault currents, and an alternate-solution technique.

Jan 1, 1978

By E. A. Barrett, K. M. Kowalski

The U.S. Bureau of Mines (USBM) conducted experiments to determine if training using a latent- image, three-dimensional (3-D) slide simulation exercise improved miners' ability to recognize roof and rib hazards. The effectiveness of this innovative type of classroom training was investigated by measuring workers' performance on a hazard recognition task. The study was unique in that hazard recognition skills were assessed in the workplace using actual coal mine roof and rib hazards. Results showed that training with a latent-image, 3- D slide simulation exercise significantly improved each subject's performance on the in-mine hazard recognition task. Further, the USBM researchers concluded that transfer of learning from the classroom to the workplace occurred.

Jan 1, 1995

By S. J. Aresco

The Bureau of Mines has been active in promoting the purchase of coal for Government use under specifications that define the requirements in terms of heating value of the coal, expressed in British thermal units, and the composition as shown by proximate analyses. To these, when required, are added the ash-softening temperature, the free-swelling index, and the Hardgrove grindability index. Under most of these specification contracts the bidders guarantee the quality of the coal, and that guaranteed by the successful bidder becomes the standard of his contract. The deliveries are sampled in accordance with instructions4 issued by the Bureau of Mines; the samples are analyzed in the Bureau laboratory to determine whether the coal is of the quality guaranteed by the contractor; if it is not, a price adjustment is made. Analyses of the delivered coal and tipple samples (samples collected at mine tipples as coal is being loaded into railroad cars or trucks) provide valuable data for use in evaluating future bids. In addition, the continuous sampling of coal as delivered is a check on the practical results obtained in burning the coal.

Jan 1, 1966