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As already said Pattin's map and the later one of Evans' showed coal in several places in Ohio as early as 1750, and possibly 1748; the reference on the latter map was' to an exposure near Bolivar, in Tuscarawas County, as well as along the Hocking River. So far. as now known, it 'was not mined in either place until 1810. George Croghan, in descending the Ohio with his party in 1765, mentions an "Alum Hill" which they saw near the present site of Pomeroy, probably an exposure of saline deposits, but does not mention coal. As settlement north of the Ohio River was prohibited until 1787, no coal was mined until long after that date. In 1785 a survey of seven ranges in the Ohio country was made, the line running west from a point on the north bank of 'the Ohio River, due north of the western termination of the southern boundary of Pennsylvania. The surveyors noted, "from hence to Stoney Brook between two very steep and high Ridges; it is eight yards wide, its bottom is of Slate and Sand Stone, and in many parts of it are large pieces of excellent Coal washed by, the Rains from the Neighboring Hills."' This was the present Yellow Creek, and the coal was from some of the lower measures. The Scioto Company published a pamphlet in French in 1787, to promote the sale of their lands and emigration to them, in which was said,

Jan 1, 1942

By I. Fatt

Study of a model which contains "dead-end" pore volume indicates that pressure transients are influenced by the amount of dead-end pore volume and by the resistance of the flow path between the dead-end pore volume and the main flow channels. A semi-empirical method is demonstrated that makes possible measurenment of the volume in the dead-end pores and the total pore volume. The difference between these two volumes is the volume of the flow channels. An indication of the flow resistance between the dead-end pore space and the lain flow channels is also obtained. INTRODUCTION In some engineering calculations the distribution of pore volume in a petroleum reservoir need not be known. For example, a material balance calculation treats a reservoir as an oil-filled tank. In other calculations the distribution of pore volume appears implicitly through use of the porosity and the relative permeability and capillary pressure characteristics. It is the purpose of this paper to point out that under certain conditions the exact distribution of pore volume must be known in order to interpret correctly transient flow behavior. Pressure transients during single-phase flow in porous media are usually said to obey differential equations of the form

By J. D. Dixon

Procedures are given for calculating stresses in underground tunnel supports which accounts both for the structural behavior of the support and that of the adjacent rock mass. Stresses in the support are caused by service loads and rock reactions. Service loads are due to rock pressures, hydrostatic and hydraulic pressures, selfweight of the support, or other utilitarian-type loads. Rock reactions, equal and opposite those in the support, are due to the deformational interaction that results as service loads deform the tunnel support against the adjacent rock mass. The procedures developed for solving this problem are an application of matrix structural analysis. The principles involved in this method allow for the consideration of the deformable characteristics of most tunnel support systems and an iterative solution procedure is applied to determine the areas of support-rock interaction. Numerical results of example problems are given.

Jan 1, 1972

By C. R. Simcoe, T. J. Koppenaal

The effect of direct and alternating currents on the quench aging behavior in an Al-4 pct Cu alloy has been investigated by use of resistivity measurements. The reaction rate increases with direct current density in the investigated range of 1000 to 3000 amps per sq cm. Alternating current of a specific frequency is observed to decrease the reaction rate by a factor of about two. ErDMANN-JESNITZER et al.,1,2 investigated the effect of direct and alternating current on the quench and strain aging behavior of low-carbon iron. In both cases they observed that direct current accelerates the aging reaction and that an alternating current can completely inhibit the aging process. The purpose of the present research was to investigate these phenomena in the quench aging behavior of an Al-4 pct Cu alloy and to determine the correlation, if any, between the increase in the observed reaction rate and possible heating effects accompanying the aging with direct current. EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE The aluminum-base alloy used in this investigation contained 3.98 wt pct Cu (1.72 at. pct) with impurities of 0.003 pct Si, 0.002 pct Fe, and 0.001 pct Mg. The alloy was rolled into a ribbon about 0.36 mm thick and 3.7 mm wide. The ribbon was split end from end with the ends being used as electrical contacts and the central unsplit section, about 5.3 cm in length, serving as the specimen. Solution treatment was accomplished by quenching from a salt bath at 520° ± 2°C into water at 25° ±0.5°C; the specimen was immediately transferred to a liquid nitrogen bath. All aging was done at 75° ± 0.2°C in a rapidly stirred ethylene glycol bath. Resistivity measurements were made by the double potentio-metric method employing a standard resistor; for purposes of convenience, the resistance measurements were made at 77°K. The transfer of the specimen from the aging bath to a liquid nitrogen dewar was accomplished in less than 1 sec. The aging kinteics were studied with the specimen being aged under the influence of direct current, alternating current, and without any type of current. The amount of heating caused by direct currents was investigated by soldering a thermocouple on the specimen surface and measuring the temperature change after applying various current densities. The temperature was observed to increase (from 75°C, the aging temperature) about 0.8°, 3.0°, and 8.5°C with direct currents of 1000, 2000, and 3000 amp per sq cm, respectively. When employing alternating current, the circuit was monitored with an oscilloscope and adjustments made to produce a normal sine-wave pattern. RESULTS Prior investigations3'4 in the aging characteristics of A1-4 wt pct Cu have shown that the resistivity initially increases, reaches a maximum, and then decreases to values significantly lower than the as-quenched resistivity. This type of behavior is seen in Fig. 1 which shows the resistivity at 77°K as a function of aging time at 75°C observed in this investigation. At this aging temperature, the resistivity maximum is seen to occur in about 1 to 1-1/2 min and it further decreases to the as-quenched value in about 24 min. The behavior observed with the application of direct currents of 1000, 2000, and 3000 amp per sq cm during aging is shown in Fig. 2. With increasing current densities, (+) ?pmax decreases and the rate of the aging process increases. The time necessary to reach the as-quenched resistivity value decreases from 24 min for aging without current to about 16, 10, and 7 min for aging with 1000, 2000, and 3000 amp per sq cm direct current, respectively. Fig. 3 shows the results obtained when two changes were made during the aging with 2000 amp per sq cm

Jan 1, 1963

(Members are urged to send in for this column any notes of interest concerning themselves or their fellow-members) The following is a partial list of members and guests who called at Institute headquarters during the period Mar. 10, 1917, to Apr. 10, 1917. Frederick R. Ahbe, Athens, Pa. Frank M. Leland, San Francisco, Cal. J. L. W. Birkinbine, Philadelphia, Pa. Edwin Ludlow, Lansford, Pa. Samuel D. Bridge, Monterrey, Mex. E. P. Mathewson, Toronto, Canada. J. R. Buchanan, Pasadena, Cal. E. V. Matlack, Webster Grove, Mo. G. M. Colvocoresses, Humboldt, Ariz. E. C. Potter, Clearwater, Mont. F. G. Cottrell, Washington, D. C. R. B. Stanford, Bluefields, Nicaragua. H. N. Eavenson, Gary, W. Va. R. S. Ransom, Jr., Newark, N. J. H. T. Fisher, Englewood, N. J.. M. L. Requa, San Francisco, Cal. E. P. Fleming, Salt Lake City, Utah. John A. Rice, El Paso, Tex. F. L. Garrison, Philadelphia, Pa. W. E. Rice, Ringwood, N. J. W. M. Grant, So. Bethlehem, Pa. Lewis A. Riley, Philadelphia, Pa. J. F. Hanst, Negaunee, Mich. Hallet R. Robbins, Vancouver, B. C. H. D. Hibbard, Plainfield, N. J. Allen H. Rogers, Boston, Mass. B. B. Hood, Chrome, N. J. A. A. Stevenson, Philadelphia, Pa. Henry M. Howe, Bedford Hills, N. Y. Wm. Huff Wagner, Johnstown, Pa. Hennen Jennings, Washington, D. C. E. E. Watts, Denver, Colo. Oscar Lachmund, Greenwood, B. C. Samuel S. Wyer, Columbus, Ohio. H. W. Aldrich, after ten years of service with the Anaconda Copper Mining Co., at Anaconda, has resigned and accepted a position as general superintendent for the Ladysmith Smelting Works, at Ladysmith, B. C. Charles E. Bunker, formerly superintendent of the Keystone mine, has been appointed superintendent of the Bunker Hill mine near Amador City, Cal.

Jan 5, 1917

By Norman Ketzlach

ANGANESE today overshadows all strategic materials in our planning for national se-curity," according to a report issued recently by the American Manganese Producers Association. By far the greater part of the manganese ore used in the United States is imported. "We have enough manganese ore in the United States to last from one hundred to three hundred years and longer, but most of the deposits are undeveloped. As in the case of copper, lead, and zinc, manganese ore, both foreign and domestic are low grade. Manganese ores have to be concentrated and processed. After being processed, domestic ores are higher grade than foreign." Most of the manganese ore found in this country, however, is not amenable to concentration by ore-dressing methods. Manganese Products, Inc. has developed a sulphurous-sulphuric acid leaching process for the recovery of manganese from low-grade, intermediate manganese ores. By the term "intermediate manganese ores" is meant those ores in which the manganese in the form of manganese oxides is found to have two different valences, usually two and four, as is probable in Mn,O, or the ore may be a mixture of manganous and manganic oxides. "Intermediate" manganese siliceous ores are ores in which the silica is a constituent of the ore and is loosely linked to the manganese by water of crystallization. This process has been carried out with the type of manganese ore found in the Olympic Peninsula of western Washington; Clough, N. C.; and Lava Hot Springs, Idaho, as well as just recently with manganese ore from Las Vegas, Nev. As far as the manganese leaching process is concerned, these ores differ primarily in the form in which the manganese oxides occur. The tetravalent manganese, the manganese existing in the dioxide form, is soluble in a sulphurous acid solution. To dissolve the divalent manganese, sulphuric acid is required. To dissolve the type of ore found in Washington and North Carolina, a mixture of both sulphurous and sulphuric acid is used. Whereas to dissolve the type of manganese ore found in Idaho and also in Montana, sulphurous acid alone is sufficient. The Nevada manganese ore is of the same type as that found in Idaho as far as the leaching process is concerned. It has long been known that manganese ores, with the exception of rhodonite, which is a true manganese silicate ore, can be dissolved readily in sulphurous and sulphuric acids.' The removal of the impurities such as silica, iron, and alumina from the resulting solution is the step that has been difficult. The process worked out by Manganese Products has been carried through pilot-plant equipment. This process has also been extended to the production of ammonium sulphate. Leaching of Ore: The manganese ore, ground to —-65 mesh is leached with sulphurous acid and sul-

Jan 1, 1951

By Norman Ketzlach

ANGANESE today overshadows all strategic materials in our planning for national se-curity," according to a report issued recently by the American Manganese Producers Association. By far the greater part of the manganese ore used in the United States is imported. "We have enough manganese ore in the United States to last from one hundred to three hundred years and longer, but most of the deposits are undeveloped. As in the case of copper, lead, and zinc, manganese ore, both foreign and domestic are low grade. Manganese ores have to be concentrated and processed. After being processed, domestic ores are higher grade than foreign." Most of the manganese ore found in this country, however, is not amenable to concentration by ore-dressing methods. Manganese Products, Inc. has developed a sulphurous-sulphuric acid leaching process for the recovery of manganese from low-grade, intermediate manganese ores. By the term "intermediate manganese ores" is meant those ores in which the manganese in the form of manganese oxides is found to have two different valences, usually two and four, as is probable in Mn,O, or the ore may be a mixture of manganous and manganic oxides. "Intermediate" manganese siliceous ores are ores in which the silica is a constituent of the ore and is loosely linked to the manganese by water of crystallization. This process has been carried out with the type of manganese ore found in the Olympic Peninsula of western Washington; Clough, N. C.; and Lava Hot Springs, Idaho, as well as just recently with manganese ore from Las Vegas, Nev. As far as the manganese leaching process is concerned, these ores differ primarily in the form in which the manganese oxides occur. The tetravalent manganese, the manganese existing in the dioxide form, is soluble in a sulphurous acid solution. To dissolve the divalent manganese, sulphuric acid is required. To dissolve the type of ore found in Washington and North Carolina, a mixture of both sulphurous and sulphuric acid is used. Whereas to dissolve the type of manganese ore found in Idaho and also in Montana, sulphurous acid alone is sufficient. The Nevada manganese ore is of the same type as that found in Idaho as far as the leaching process is concerned. It has long been known that manganese ores, with the exception of rhodonite, which is a true manganese silicate ore, can be dissolved readily in sulphurous and sulphuric acids.' The removal of the impurities such as silica, iron, and alumina from the resulting solution is the step that has been difficult. The process worked out by Manganese Products has been carried through pilot-plant equipment. This process has also been extended to the production of ammonium sulphate. Leaching of Ore: The manganese ore, ground to —-65 mesh is leached with sulphurous acid and sul-

Jan 1, 1951

By Ralph Sherman

THE remarkable increase in the distribution of the small underfeed stoker for use in furnaces and boilers in small industrial plants, apartment houses and homes has brought producers and distributors of bituminous coal to consider the problem of which coals and which sizes are best suited to this market. Many papers have also appeared, mostly in the trade journals, discussing the problem of the combustion of various coals and various sizes of coal in small stokers. Much difference of opinion has been apparent in these articles; due often, it would appear, to a mis-understanding of the fundamentals of the process of combustion in the stoker fuel bed. During the past year and a half, a program of research has been conducted at Battelle Memorial Institute: (1) On the process of combus-tion in the fuel bed of the small stoker, sponsored by Battelle Memorial Institute, and (2) on the relation of the characteristics of bituminous coals to their performance on small underfeed stokers, sponsored by Bituminous Coal Research, Inc. As a result of this program of research, two publica-tions have been made, one1 dealing with the problem of clinker formation, and the other2 with the relation of the size of the coal fed to the stoker hopper to that of the coal that reaches the retort to be burned. The experimental research on the relation of size to the performance of the coal is being actively continued. A publication of Bituminous Coal Research, Inc. presenting the data obtained on the performance of several sizes of four typical bituminous coals will appear shortly. Because of the early appearance of that publication, the present paper includes few numerical data. The purpose of this paper is to follow the coal from the hopper through the furnace with a discussion of the various actions that occur, in the hope that it will lead to a clearer understanding of the relation of the type of coal, the size of coal, and other characteristics, to the performance. The authors do not pretend to have obtained the answers to all the complex questions involved; many unanswered questions will be proposed on which future research work is planned.

Jan 1, 1936

By J. L. Thompson

There are two basic forms of the LPG-slug process: the gas driven and the water driven. The pressure required for miscibility between gas and LPG prohibits the use of the gas-driven LPG process in shallow reservoirs. The water-driven LPG slug process normally exhibits good sweep efficiency. However, displacement of the LPG by water is poor. An improvement in this process appears possible by injecting a slug of carbon dioxide between the LPG slug and the water drive. Laboratory experiments were conducted in homogeneous linear systems to determine the effect of pressure on the various displacement zones. In the carbon dioxide-LPG displacement zone, the effect of pressure on the displacement efficiency is negligible above the miscibility pressure. However, the displacement efficiency decreases linearly with decreasing pressure below the miscibility pressure. With water displacing carbon dioxide, it was found that the recovery of carbon dioxide after water breakthrough can be predicted from its solubility in water. A displacement test was conducted with LPG and carbon dioxide slugs large enough to avoid interference between the oil-LPG, LPG - carbon dioxide and carbon dioxide - water displacement zones. Under these conditions, essentially complete oil and LPG recovery was obtained. However, a substantial amount of carbon dioxide was left in the core at water breakthrough. INTRODUCTION It has been shown in homogeneous linear systems that essentially complete oil recovery can be obtained by displacement with a miscible fluid such as LPG. Economic considerations dictate that the valuable LPG also be recovered. Methods proposed for recovering the LPG include (1) displacement with natural gas at a pressure high enough to make the two fluids miscible1 (the disadvantage of this method is that the required pressure of about 1,500 psi is too high for shallow reservoirs) and (2) displacement of the LPG with water2 (principal disadvantage is that a large amount of LPG remains in the formation because of poor displacement efficiency). This paper treats an improvement in the water-driven LPG slug process3,4 where carbon dioxide is injected between the LPG and water. Carbon dioxide is completely or at least partially miscible with propane and soluble in water; thus, displacement efficiency is improved at both ends of the carbon dioxide slug. To minimize effects of other variables, all experiments were conducted in linear core systems. GENERAL PROCESS DESCRIPTION The displacements of propane by carbon dioxide and carbon dioxide by water are considered separately, assuming enough of each is injected to prevent mutual interference. Displacement descriptions are confined only to the part of the pore volume containing mobile fluids unless otherwise specified. The schematic representation is given in Fig. 1. Starting at the producing well, a zone containing only oil is followed by a zone containing a single-phase mixture of propane and oil. The concentration of propane increases in the direction of the injection well and ultimately grades to pure propane. Then follows a zone containing a mixture of propane and carbon dioxide in continuously varying proportions until 100 percent carbon dioxide is reached. In this zone, the concentration of carbon dioxide in the immobile water phase also varies from zero to full saturation. Whether the displacement of propane by carbon dioxide is of complete or partial miscibility depends on pressure and temperature (Fig. 2). If the horizontal line representing the prevailing pressure intercepts the boundary curves of the phase envelopes for the prevailing temperature (i.e., if the pressure is lower than the critical

By Everett Parker

THIS paper describes the methods used to determine the rates of payment for contract work and the plan of contract supervision in the Elm Orlu mine. A discussion of the theory of wages and the eternal question-what is a just wage-are beyond the scope of this article. In the fall of 1920 the Elm Orlu was the largest mine in Butte using the day's pay system of payment for stoping operations. High labor and supply costs and a falling market for the product of the mine made economic mining difficult. The mining method had been changed from the square set stoping to timbered rilling to eliminate most of the shoveling. There was no opportunity to reduce the cost of supplies other than more rigid economy in their use. It was recognized, however, that the labor efficiency was low and that the reduction in costs depended on increasing the output per man. While in general, the low man efficiency was a resultant of the high wages paid and the shortage of men during the war and subsequent period of inflation, it was felt that the contract and bonus system used in the other mines was the main factor in that the most capable and energetic men had been attracted to those mines where more than average skill and dili-gence were recognized by more than average pay.

Jan 1, 1927

A. 11. P. WYNNE, San Jose de Gracia, Sinaloa, Mex. (communication to the Secretary): In the comparative tests reported by Mr. Tays, the stamp-batteries were provided with various styles and mesh-sizes of screens, while the Bryan mill was run throughout with a slot-punched Russia iron, equivalent to a 30mesh wire screen. This is a somewhat onc-sided method of comparison. Should not the Bryan mill also have had the chance to show what it could do with other screens? I cannot wholly approve Mr. Tays's proposed improvements upon the Bryan mill. In my judgment, the inventor has given us a machine well-adapted to the work for which it was designed, namely, the crushing and amalgamation of soft ores. In my judgment, the principal cause of failure to amalgamate satisfactorily in the Bryan mill is not, as Mr. Tays thinks, the shallowness of the basin, or the lack of copper plate about the inside periphery of the mill, but rather the want of experience and practical knowledge on the part of most amalgamators. Having had experience, not with one Bryan mill only, but with several, and taking into consideration the experience of other capable mill-men, I am positive that the proper way to save gold ill this mill is: first, to use enough quicksilver to keep the amalgam liquid, thus allowing it to accumulate in the annular space between the dies and the rims of the basin; secondly, to replace the old dies, when a little more than half worn-out, with new ones; and, thirdly, to clean up the mill at least every two weeks—or oftener, if rich ore is being treated. It is evident that Mr. Tap endeavored to amalgamate quite " hard," as is done in a stamp-battery, in which case the swash of the pulp would scour off portions of the hard amalgam adhering to the inside plates and dash it through the screens— after which a considerable amount would be lost through floating on, or in, the pulp in its journey over the outside plates, and

Jan 1, 1900

By R. S. Archibald

THE Blueberry mine is about 10 miles west of Ishpeming, Marquette County, Michigan. The property consists of about 2000 acres in sets. 3, 4 and 5, T. 47, N.R. 28W. and sets. 32, 33 and 34, T. 48, N.R. 28W., and, excepting one intervening 80-acre tract, contains the iron formation for a length of about 2 1/4 miles. The property is traversed by State Highway M-28 and is served by three railways, the Chicago & Northwestern, the Duluth, South Shore & Atlantic, and the Lake Superior & Ishpeming. The Northwestern transports the ore to a dock at Escanaba; the other railways, to Mar¬quette. Ore for Chicago goes via Escanaba and that for Lower Lake ports, as Detroit, Cleveland, and Buffalo, via Marquette.

Jan 1, 1935

By Donald W. Jenkinson

Many types of gravity concentration equipment have been employed throughout the years since beneficiation of materials has been practiced. These include jigs, concentrating tables, vanners, sluice boxes, heavy media cyclones, and static heavy media separators or sink-float separators. In the beneficiation of coarse aggregate for concrete mixes, static heavy media separation employs the same principles of gravity concentration involved in separating lead-zinc ore, dolomite, limestone, diamonds, manganese, iron, and many other minerals. In aggregate beneficiation, as in most metallurgical operations, sink or heavy fraction is the product. The undesirable portion of coarse gravel is usually much lighter than the desirable particles, allowing most aggregates to be amenable to gravity concentration methods.

Jan 7, 1960

By L. W. McKeehan

IT is no longer necessary, if it ever was, for your annual lecturer to apologize for including in his remarks frequent references to the arrange-ment of metal atoms in crystals and for basing his arguments that metals behave as they do upon their crystal structure. Neither will any objec-tion be raised because the large metallic crystals of which we will speak are hard to prepare and of negligible commercial interest. The particular set of physical properties we propose to discuss-ferromagnetic proper-ties-may require more justification. Very few in this audience are primarily, or even remotely, interested in the ferromagnetic behavior of the metals they handle. By no means all of you ever deal, by choice or by necessity, with metals which display any ferromagnetism at all, and even those who study or control ferrous metallurgy must usually depend upon electrical engineers for assistance in ferromagnetic applications. My excuse for talking about such an obvious specialty is, like all Gaul, divided into three parts. In the first place, the members of the com-mittee who select the annual lecturer must wish the speaker to confine himself to matters he has at least thought about before he prepares his speech. In the second place, the study of ferromagnetism in crystals has, as you will soon realize, suffered in the not-too-distant past from inade-quate metallurgy. Further progress probably depends upon proper use being made of the skill and knowledge of some members of the Institute of Metals Division who have not, before today, been asked to think about the problems presented here. Finally, there is at least a sporting chance that the ferromagnetic properties of a few metal crystals will give some insight into the more generally interesting properties which they share with nonferromagnetic metal crystals.

Jan 1, 1934

By L. L. Wyman

THE resultant embrittlement caused by the exposure of oxygen-bearing copper when hot and exposed to reducing gases has been the subject of many studies.1 Little attention, however, has been given to the possible embrittling effects due to atmospheres or conditions that under some circumstances might be the source of a reducing gas. At rather infrequent intervals there occur reports of copper becoming embrittled during normal annealing cycles in commercial steam-atmos-hered furnaces such as customarily are used for this operation. As might be expected, several other factors exist-such as oil, dirt on the wire, or in the furnace, or metallic surface contacts that might produce reducing gases and be the source of the trouble. However, in consider-ation of the statement made by Ruder,2 it would seem that under some conditions steam itself might prove to be the source of trouble. A consideration of the amount of the dissociation of water vapor up to temperatures of the melting point of copper shows that' the amount of hydrogen that could come from this source is far too minute to account for any embrittlement. What such information does not tell is what will happen at the surface of copper when subjected to steam at elevated temperatures, for entirely different conditions may persist, which would account for Ruder's observation. Furthermore, there are no data as to what might happen at the surfaces of other materials present, the result-ant of which might affect the condition of the copper present. For this reason, it was decided to make a series of experiments com-parable to those previously conducted by the writer,1 which would clarify the effect of the steam on copper, and in copper in the presence of steel.

Jan 1, 1940

By E. P. Chartkoff, W. P. Sykes

In 1926 one of the authors published researches on the determination and description of the iron-tungsten and iron-molybdenum systems,' including the equilibrium diagrams. In 1929, further work was carried on, including the examination by X-rays, which is recorded here. Meas-urements were made of changes in lattice parameters in the solid solutions. Precipitation from the solid solution and the accompanying changes in hardness were studied as well as the formation of the intermetallic com-pound phases upon sintering a mixture of metal powders. Materials All the specimens were prepared from the same quality of metals and by the same methods as were described in the determination of the constitutional diagrams. The metal powders as mixed and pressed were sintered or fused in a hydrogen atmosphere and subsequently treated as indicated in the titles of the figures. The formation of the iron-rich solutlon in the solid was accomplished by sintering in hydrogen for a period of 20 to 30 hr. at a temperature 25' to 50' C. below the melting point of the eutectic. The tungsten-rich and molybdenum-rich solid solutions of iron were prepared by adding the iron as a solution of iron ammonium oxalate to the oxide of tungsten or molybdenum, followed by a hydrogen reduction. This method results in a homogeneous alloy after sintering the pressed metal powder for 20 to 30 hr. at a temperature slightly below that of the peritectic reaction in the system involved. For X-ray examination the specimens were variously prepared, depending on the nature of the sample and what it was desired to show. For example, the iron containing tungsten or molybdenum in solid solution was cut with a file, the chips were put through bolting cloth, and this powder of filings formed the specimens for comparative study. The

Jan 1, 1930

By Morris Muskat

THE method of R. W. Moore1 for determining subsurface interfacial depths by means of integrated curves of apparent resistivity has been analyzed theoretically. It is found that the only unique tangents that can be drawn to such curves are the asymptotes at infinite electrode spacing and the tangents through the origin at vanishing electrode spacing. Explicit expressions have been derived for the relationship between the electrode spacing at the points of intersection of these tangents and the thickness of the surface strata as a function of the conductivity parameters for the two-layer and three-layer earths. It is found that in all cases the electrode spacing at the points of intersection will exceed [3/2] of the thickness of the surface layer, and may even become indefinitely large as the resistivity of the deepest layers increases as compared with that of the surface layer. These results do not agree with the empirical findings of Moore that the intersection of the tangent lines fall at an electrode spacing very approximately equal to the thickness "of the surface layer.

Jan 1, 1944

By C. H. Wayman, D. W. Fuerstenau

THE gas phase is one of the indispensible ingredients in flotation operations. Flotation depends on the collision of an air bubble and a mineral particle in a pulp and their ability to remain in contact long enough for adherence to take place. Before it is possible to understand the mechanics of air bubble-mineral particle encounter, it is necessary to learn more about the nature of bubbles themselves before collision with a mineral particle has taken place. To date, little work has been done on air bubbles in flotation systems. In 1945 Fahrenwald1 presented a study of the role of frothers on air bubbles and on aeration in flotation, and recently Wark and Sutherland2 discussed the work of Rosenberg3 in relation to flotation. The research reported in this present article was undertaken to investigate systematically the effect of bubble size and the concentration of certain reagents on the terminal velocity, shape, path, and drag coefficient of single bubbles in distilled water. Most of the work is concerned with the effect of a-terpineol on bubble motion in water, but studies were made with potassium chloride, potassium hydroxide, potassium ethyl xanthate, and potassium amyl xanthate.

Jan 6, 1958

By Dorsey Hager

DORSEY HAGER, Tulsa, Okla.-I have been asked why the Dexter region is dry. I would like to know myself. I drilled two dry wells on that same anticline which has production to, the east and west and south and north. That same anticline has seven domes that have been drilled and only three have proven productive out of the seven. In other words, you have one well-defined anticline with seven domes along its length, all mappable, all checked carefully, and only three of those seven have produced. Now why the others did not produce, I do not know. L. L. HUTCHISON, Tulsa, Okla.-There is no appreciable difference in the character or structure of the sands? DORSEY HAGER.-NO, I have never .been able to see any appreciable difference in the sands where we got production and Where we did not get it. I will say that the deepest wells we drilled, in the vicinity of Dexter, had no sands at the point where they got the production farther north. I. N. -KNAPP, Ardmore, Pa.-I first went to the Kansas-Oklahoma field in 1895 and occasionally thereafter until 1899, when I began drilling; for oil. I started close to wells that were producing gas and which, when drilling, lead made good oil showings in a sand above the gas. I thought these showings were good enough evidence of an oil pool for me without looking for any anticline and I made a paying development in what' I was afterward told by geologists was probably a synclinal trough. If I remember correctly Dr. Orton's report on the lola gas pool (about 1898) he distinctly said that he found no evidence of anticlinal structure and concluded from the records of a large number of wells that there, was a terraced structure of the productive gas sands, of which there were no surface indications.

Jan 4, 1917

By W. D. Kruger

Methods for analyzing flooding or cycling projects by means of two-dimensional flow calculations are presented in the literature. The use of these methods allows the determination of optimum operating conditions for such projects and provides information on pattern efficiencies, relative flow rates, pressure distributions and floodout histories. The accuracy of such analyses depends on the basic reservoir data employed, especially the absolute permeability distribution in the reservoir; however, absolute permeability data normally are determined from well flow tests and/or core measurements and are so limited in quantity and quality that they do not adequately describe the reservoir flow properties. A calculation procedure is presented for determining the areal permeability distribution in the reservoir. Use of the procedure allows verification of the basic reservoir data through the matching of past reservoir conditions, thereby providing proper data for reliable predictions of future operations. The calculation procedure is a numerical technique based on a mathematical model of the reservoir and is designed for solution by means of an electronic digital computer. Results from field application of this procedure are presented. Permeability distributions from measured data are compared to those calculated to indicate the need for the analysis. Comparisons of field-measured and calculated pressure distributions are given to establish the validity of the calculation procedure. The conclusions of this paper are (I) use of the calculation provides data that allow a match of past reservoir conditions and thus reliable prediction of future operations; and (2) the procedure should, where applicable, be used to provide adequate reservoir data for use in two-dimensional flow calculations and related reservoir analyses. INTRODUCTION One means of providing more precise engineering control over reservoir operations during all stages of depletion is to develop some type of model to simulate the reservoir, using information developed from the behavior of the prototype to predict the performance of the actual reservoir. The use of mathematical rather than physical models for this purpose has been gaining in importance recently because of the application and availability of electronic computers. Mathematical models avoid instrumentation difficulties and allow easier handling of large-scale problems. At present, analyses employing two-dimensional models are common, and thought is being given to the use of models in three dimensions. The use of multi-dimensional models is necessary to show not only what is occurring in the reservoir, but also where in the reservoir the phenomena of interest are taking place. Methods for analyzing flooding or cycling projects by means of two-dimensional numerical models are presented in the literature. The use of these methods allows the determination of optimum operating conditions for such projects and provides information on pattern efficiencies, relative flow rates, pressure distributions and floodout histories. The applicability of numerical models and the results of using such analyses have been presented through field examples. The references indicated here discuss fully the data necessary to build the mathematical reservoir model and the way the model is used to study or predict the future performance of the reservoir. The accuracy of the analysis of such projects depends on the basic reservoir data employed in the construction of. the model. In order to be sure the model represents the reservoir, it must be used to match some known set of reservoir conditions, i.e., to match past reservoir performance. The accuracy of the model is directly dependent upon the absolute permeability distribution in the reservoir; however, absolute permeability data are normally determined from well flow tests and/or core measurements, and are so limited in quantity and quality that they do not adequately describe the reservoir flow properties. There is always the need for better data and for verification of existing data. The purpose of this paper is to show the use of the mathematical model to match past performance in flooding or cycling projects, the use of numerical techniques to adjust the basic absolute permeability data if necessary so that a match is obtained, and in this way to generate the effective areal permeability distribution of the reservoir. A review of the basic concepts of the numerical model will be given, followed by a discussion of the data-adjusting technique for matching past performance. TWO field examples will be cited to show