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By AIME AIME

The 102d meeting of the Institute was held at the Institute headquarters in the Engineering Societies Building, New York, N. Y., on Feb. 19, 20 and 21, 1912. A Bureau of Information, in charge. of Mr. George Buckman, was maintained during the meeting. The proceedings opened with an informal social meeting on Monday evening, Feb. 19, in Assembly-Room No. 1, on the

Mar 1, 1912

By Ross Blake

THE St. Joseph Lead Co. became interested in the Tri-State district in 1921 through acquisition of prospecting and development rights on approximately 20,000 acres of land extending northeastward from the Picher mining field, mostly in Kansas. Prospecting with churn drills was begun the same year and the first commercial ore body was found on the Jarrett tract at the then northern limit of the main Picher field. Operations at this mine began in 1923. Kansas Explorations, Inc., was organized in 1923 by the St. Joseph Lead Co. as a wholly-owned subsidiary to carry on its operations in the Tri-State District from an office at Joplin, Mo. As prospecting of the original acreage proved largely negative, attention was subsequently turned to other sections of the district. Numerous additional leases were acquired and prospected. The Company was successful in developing into operating properties the Jarrett, Isherwood, Robinson, Sullivan and Lotson tracts and, in more recent years, the Ritz, Snapp, Buckingham, Gibson and Jasper mines.

Jan 1, 1947

By Edward Steidle

THAT veterans are crowding the colleges is no longer news; 78 per cent of the 1916-47 enrollment in mineral industries curricula in the United States were veterans, but the rapid comeback from an estimated 1262 total mineral industries students in 1944-45 to 11,422 in 1946-47 is almost astonishing. The figure, which includes 1008 graduate students, is a substantial increase over the previous top record of 9619 in 1938-39. A small part of the increase is caused by the larger number of women entering the field, of whom there were c 9 in 1916-47. Petroleum leads the curricula with 34.5 % of the enrollment, metallurgy is second with 28%, and mining is third with 18%. Table 1. shows all curricula offered and those accredited by ECPD. Using the Mississippi River as a dividing line, 31 colleges in the East and 27 in the West offer curricula in the mineral industries.

Jan 1, 1948

By E. C. Wright

The bessemer process is nearly one hundred years old. William Kelly, the American inventor, was able to demonstrate that he had accomplished the pneumatic purification of molten pig iron as early as 1847; Henry Bessemer's English patent was granted in 1855. The application of this steelmaking process since then and the present position of bessemer steel are concisely discussed on pages 355 and 356 of the fifth edition of "The Making, Shaping and Treating of Steel." The great expansion of the automotive, machine-tool, chemical and oil industries after I9I0 opened up a large market for special steels, whereas the output of steel before that time was mainly for structural purposes. The need for building more blastfurnace capacity complementary to bessemer operations, combined with the availability of the' necessary amounts of steel scrap, both contributed to the extension of open-hearth plants at the -exense of besskmer capacity. The ability of the open-hearth furnaces to consume virtually all types of raw materials as far as phosphorus content is concerned, and the need for selecting low-phosphorus ores of rapidly decreasing sources for the bessemer, also played a part in the reduction of bessemer steelmaking operations and the increase in basic open-hearth plants. As a consequence, the proportion of bessemer steel made, in this country decreased from 65.7 per cent of the total in 1900 to 37.1 per cent in 1910, and only 6.8 per cent of the total in 1937. The metallurgical concepts existent between 1910 and 1920 caused the writing of many specifications of very low phosphorus and sulphur content, which definitely barred bessemer steel from many commodities. Now sulphur is being added to many open-hearth and bessemer steels in amounts far exceeding the maximum sulphur content of good bessemer steel. Re-phosphorizing is also widely practiced for several specific applications. Even today, the chemical-analysis limits of many important steel specifications have an arbitrary and archaic tinge. The old standard "0.30 to 0.60 per cent manganese" might be mentioned in this connection as similar to the rigid requirements for maximum sulphur and phosphorus that were established at least 25 years ago. The literature is full of vague and complee discussions of the effects of nitrogen and oxygen where these elements existed in steel in amounts less than 0.02 per cent. Many failures have been attributed to these elements without reasonable proof on which to base the conclusion. Methods of determining oxygen in steel require such complicated equipment that only a few research laboratories have the required apparatus. Even so, the accuracy of oxygen determinations in steel has been only recently reproducible. Up to the present time, no one has succeeded in obtaining a sample of molten steel that accurately indicates the full oxygen content of the metal in the furnace or ladle because the molten sample

Jan 1, 1944

By E. C. Wright

The bessemer process is nearly one hundred years old. William Kelly, the American inventor, was able to demonstrate that he had accomplished the pneumatic purification of molten pig iron as early as 1847; Henry Bessemer's English patent was granted in 1855. The application of this steelmaking process since then and the present position of bessemer steel are concisely discussed on pages 355 and 356 of the fifth edition of "The Making, Shaping and Treating of Steel." The great expansion of the automotive, machine-tool, chemical and oil industries after I9I0 opened up a large market for special steels, whereas the output of steel before that time was mainly for structural purposes. The need for building more blastfurnace capacity complementary to bessemer operations, combined with the availability of the' necessary amounts of steel scrap, both contributed to the extension of open-hearth plants at the -exense of besskmer capacity. The ability of the open-hearth furnaces to consume virtually all types of raw materials as far as phosphorus content is concerned, and the need for selecting low-phosphorus ores of rapidly decreasing sources for the bessemer, also played a part in the reduction of bessemer steelmaking operations and the increase in basic open-hearth plants. As a consequence, the proportion of bessemer steel made, in this country decreased from 65.7 per cent of the total in 1900 to 37.1 per cent in 1910, and only 6.8 per cent of the total in 1937. The metallurgical concepts existent between 1910 and 1920 caused the writing of many specifications of very low phosphorus and sulphur content, which definitely barred bessemer steel from many commodities. Now sulphur is being added to many open-hearth and bessemer steels in amounts far exceeding the maximum sulphur content of good bessemer steel. Re-phosphorizing is also widely practiced for several specific applications. Even today, the chemical-analysis limits of many important steel specifications have an arbitrary and archaic tinge. The old standard "0.30 to 0.60 per cent manganese" might be mentioned in this connection as similar to the rigid requirements for maximum sulphur and phosphorus that were established at least 25 years ago. The literature is full of vague and complee discussions of the effects of nitrogen and oxygen where these elements existed in steel in amounts less than 0.02 per cent. Many failures have been attributed to these elements without reasonable proof on which to base the conclusion. Methods of determining oxygen in steel require such complicated equipment that only a few research laboratories have the required apparatus. Even so, the accuracy of oxygen determinations in steel has been only recently reproducible. Up to the present time, no one has succeeded in obtaining a sample of molten steel that accurately indicates the full oxygen content of the metal in the furnace or ladle because the molten sample

Jan 1, 1944

By F. A. Emmerton

I have used for about two years, in the laboratory of the Joliet Steel Company, a rapid method for the determination of phosphorus in iron, steel, and ores, which possesses one or two features sufficiently novel to warrant description. In general, it is the method described by Mr. Benjamin B. Wright (Transactions, vol. x., p. 197), involving the precipitation of the phosphorus by means of molybdate solution, and its estimation in the yellow precipitate by reduction of the molybdic acid, and titration of the resulting oxide with a standardized permanganate solution, according to the principles laid down by Werncke (Fres, Zeit., vol. xiv., p. 1). In the use of this method, I had difficulty at first in obtaining a yellow precipitate of reasonably uniform composition. It is a well-known fact that, to secure this result, the conditions of precipitation must not vary. The principal condition is temperature; and acidity, concentration, proportion of nitrates and chlorides, and time, are important elements. I am aware that uniformity in these conditions has been obtained to a reasonable extent by many chemists,. so that they are enabled to use with success, methods based on the

Jan 1, 1887

By Regis M. N. Pelloux, N. J. Grant

Five or six alloys each in the systems Ni-C.v, Ni-Mo, and NL-W, spaced to cover the single phase areas as well as a part of the adjacent two-phase field, were prepared as uacuum-melted alloys. Tensile tests at room temperature and stress rupture tests at 1200° and 1500°F we.ve run for time periods to give fracture in 0.1 to 500 hr. Observations mere made of solid-solution and second-phase strengthening or uleakening, coupled with studies of ductility and the role of structure on the noted behavior patterns. THE development of stable creep-resistant alloys while broad and systematic is also highly empirical. A number of simple rules have been suggestedL-" but these are based on scant data. Whereas rules for low-temperature alloy strengthening can be applied with some success in more simple systems, the extension to behavior at high temperatures (greater than about 0.4 of the absolute melting temperature) is very poorly understood and has encountered important exceptions and deviations in terms of atom size or valency effects. In particular, the occurrence of both solid-solution weakening4,5 and second-phase weakening2 at high temperatures is of interest. MATERIALS AND PROCEDURE Nickel was chosen as the base material because of its important role in current high-temperature alloy applications, because of its freedom from a phase transformation, and because of wide solubilities for many elements of interest. The selected alloys were single- and two-phase structures in the Ni-Cr,6 Ni-Mo,7 and Ni-w 8 systems. The alloys were vacuum melted and cast, utilizing high-purity raw materials, in the form of 15 lb ingots. They were readily forged into 1/2-in. bar stock (except the two highest chromium alloys). The alloy compositions are shown in Table I. Typical impurity values are: Carbon: Max 0.03 pct (except for 30 and 35 pct Cr alloys which had 0.07) Nitrogen: Max 0.005 pct (except for two of the Cr alloys which had 0.05) Sulfur: Max 0.004 pct Silicon: Max 0.05 pct Each alloy was solution treated (air quenched) to produce comparable grain size. The two-phase alloys were then overaged in an effort to produce a stable structure for testing at 1200° and 1500°F, The results are summarized in Table 11. Following the heat treatments outlined in Table 11, the bars were machined to a gage section of 1.25-in. long by 0.250-in. diam. In addition to room-temperature tensile tests, stress-rupture tests were run at 1200" and 1500°F for time periods from 0.1 to about 500 hr. RESULTS Room-Temperature Mechanical Properties—The ultimate tensile strength, total elongation, and reduction of area values for all the alloys are plotted vs atomic percent of the solute element in Fig. 1. It can be seen that for the same amount of solute element the ultimate tensile strength increases in the order chromium, molybdenum, tungsten. Elongation increases (reduction of area decreases) with increasing amounts of solute for all the solid solution alloys, the values ranging from 50 to 70 pct. The ultimate tensile strength values for the two-

Jan 1, 1961

The materials used for pump construction vary according to the nature of the solution handled. The pump materials in use are the result of extended experiment and are all giving satisfactory results. Research is still in progress, particularly with stainless steel and rubber lining, both of which show considerable promise. Following are the materials used: For tank-room acid, carrying about 100 grams per liter free sulphuric acid, hard lead is used. Stainless steel is under investigation. Duriron is satisfactory, but requires very careful handling to prevent mechanical breakage. For pulps containing low acid (10 grams per liter), abrasive solids, ferric iron, copper, etc. pumps are made of hard lead. Stainless steel is satisfactory. For pulps containing no acid but carrying abrasive materials and copper, bronze is used. Pulps containing acid (10 grams per liter), copper, iron and nonabra-sive solids require lead pumps. Rubber linings are under investigation. Clear neutral solutions containing copper are handled in bronze pumps; neutral solutions free of copper, acid, abrasive material, etc., in iron or bronze. The hard lead used contains 13 per cent antimony. The stainless steel has the following analysis: Cr, 20.0 per cent; Ni, 7.0; C, 0.25; W, 4.0; Cu, 2.0.

Jan 1, 1937

By J. F. Fidiam, T. F. Ford, A. G. Loomis

It is only within the past 10 years that serious attempt appears to have been made to improve rotary drilling fluids by the application of the principles of colloid chemistry, although the use of chemicals to control the rheological properties of clay slips has long been known in the ceramic industry. The main difficulty apparently lay in the lack of a complete analysis of all of the functions of a drilling fluid in the drilling of the well, together with the lack of adequate consideration of how colloid science could be applied to secure these ends, and particularly how apparent antithetical properties of the fluid could be compromised. Thus one analvsisl of the many requirements of a drilling fluid proved conclusively that the viscosity should be low, in order that cuttings and entrained gas might be eliminated effi-ciently in the settling ditch, while the loss in carrying capacity accompanying low viscosity could be regained by increasing either the density of the mud or the upward velocity of the mud stream in the annular space of the well, and the danger of sticking of the drill stem due to rapid settling in case of enforced suspension of drilling operations could be eliminated by enhancing the thixotropic properties of the fluid. The desired properties of the drilling fluid having thus been established, it was a natural step to treat the fluid with vis-cosity-reducing chemicals, such as salts of weak organic acidsl for example, sodium tannate or gallate—and to adjust the pH to the alkaline side to such a degree of thixo-tropy as would give low viscosity and low yield point under the conditions of flow prevailing in the settling ditch, but rapid gelation and high yield point when quiescent in the annular space during shutdowns. In fact, flow in the settling ditch should be just short of turbulent while flow in the well, together with the flow of mud past the cuttings, is practically always turbulent. The use of chemicals other than those mentioned, such as Calgon (sodium hexametaphosphate) and certain other phosphates together with sodium tannate, has now become standard practice and it is the consensus that this method of treatment has proved to be an important step in the development of the art of drilling oil wells. It is safe to assume that the application of colloid chemical principles can also help in solving other outstanding problems of drilling fluids, such as the development of cheaper and more efficient viscosity reducers ; the development of chemicals that do not lose their effectiveness in a short time during drilling operations; the finding of chemicals to preserve the plastering properties of muds when concentrated brines are encountered or in drilling through salt beds; improvement in the plastering properties of poor muds by further defloc-culation, and, conversely, the prevention of excessive deflocculation of certain marine shales sometimes encountered; the preparation of muds suitable for the successful drilling of heaving shale formations; the finding 0f chemicals to treat the mud to prevent or to diminish lost circulation; the development 0f muds that will not impair 6

Jan 1, 1941

By T. F. Ford, J. F. Fidiam, A. G. Loomis

It is only within the past 10 years that serious attempt appears to have been made to improve rotary drilling fluids by the application of the principles of colloid chemistry, although the use of chemicals to control the rheological properties of clay slips has long been known in the ceramic industry. The main difficulty apparently lay in the lack of a complete analysis of all of the functions of a drilling fluid in the drilling of the well, together with the lack of adequate consideration of how colloid science could be applied to secure these ends, and particularly how apparent antithetical properties of the fluid could be compromised. Thus one analvsisl of the many requirements of a drilling fluid proved conclusively that the viscosity should be low, in order that cuttings and entrained gas might be eliminated effi-ciently in the settling ditch, while the loss in carrying capacity accompanying low viscosity could be regained by increasing either the density of the mud or the upward velocity of the mud stream in the annular space of the well, and the danger of sticking of the drill stem due to rapid settling in case of enforced suspension of drilling operations could be eliminated by enhancing the thixotropic properties of the fluid. The desired properties of the drilling fluid having thus been established, it was a natural step to treat the fluid with vis-cosity-reducing chemicals, such as salts of weak organic acidsl for example, sodium tannate or gallate—and to adjust the pH to the alkaline side to such a degree of thixo-tropy as would give low viscosity and low yield point under the conditions of flow prevailing in the settling ditch, but rapid gelation and high yield point when quiescent in the annular space during shutdowns. In fact, flow in the settling ditch should be just short of turbulent while flow in the well, together with the flow of mud past the cuttings, is practically always turbulent. The use of chemicals other than those mentioned, such as Calgon (sodium hexametaphosphate) and certain other phosphates together with sodium tannate, has now become standard practice and it is the consensus that this method of treatment has proved to be an important step in the development of the art of drilling oil wells. It is safe to assume that the application of colloid chemical principles can also help in solving other outstanding problems of drilling fluids, such as the development of cheaper and more efficient viscosity reducers ; the development of chemicals that do not lose their effectiveness in a short time during drilling operations; the finding of chemicals to preserve the plastering properties of muds when concentrated brines are encountered or in drilling through salt beds; improvement in the plastering properties of poor muds by further defloc-culation, and, conversely, the prevention of excessive deflocculation of certain marine shales sometimes encountered; the preparation of muds suitable for the successful drilling of heaving shale formations; the finding 0f chemicals to treat the mud to prevent or to diminish lost circulation; the development 0f muds that will not impair 6

Jan 1, 1941

By W. P. Frey

THE briquet plant of the Lehigh Coal and Navigation Co., at Lansford, Pa., has previously been referred to.1 It has passed. the stage of experiment and now rests,, on a foundation practically and financially sound. The purpose of this paper is to explain how success has been attained, and to set standards for the development of hard-coal briquetting which may eliminate future failures. All the conclusions are based on actual results, avoiding speculation and theory. Up to three years ago, the L. C. & N. Co. used coal-tar pitch as a binder in making hard-coal briquets. The plant operated with a monthly output of 300 to 600 tons and was unable to meet its own expenses. Naturally, no one was satisfied, especially as the ideals of a smokeless briquet were still unrealized. Then came the Dutch oil process, introduced in this country by the General Briquetting Co. of New York. This process uses as binder a small percentage of heavy residue of petroleum, which, being liquid, permits great economy of handling; it also did away with the most objectionable fumes of the former briquets. This oil2 is not absolutely smokeless; heating the fresh fuel to red heat liberates some low-volatile hydrocarbons, yielding a white smoke which is not objectionable. On the other hand, this oil adds to the briquet about 7 per cent. of volatile matter, giving the product a heating capacity equal to that of the best free-burning anthracite coal. The average silt used in the manufacture of these boulets averages 16.5 per cent. chemical ash, corresponding to 12,000 B.t.u. per pound of coal. The Hydrolene used as binder runs about 17,500 B.t.u. per pound, and approximately 7 per cent. of it enters into the mixture, hence 12,000 X 0.93 11,160 B.t.u. 17,500 X 0.07 1,125 B.t.u. Total 12,355 B.t.u. per pound of briquets

Jan 1, 1918

By Ronald K. Linde

Metastable Ag-Cu solid solutions at two compositions beyond the maximum limits of solubility obtainable by quenching from the solid state were obtained by rapid quenching from the liquid state. The process of transformation of the metastable solid solutions into the equilibrium phases was studied by means of X-ray diffraction intensity measurements and electrical-resistance measurements; metallographic examination was also performed. Results are compared with those for an alloy quenched from the solid state at a composition which exists as a solid solution at elevated temperatures. Activation energies for the trans-formation were computed to be 33,600 * 2500 and 33,100 * 2000 cal per g mole for the 60.1 and 75.0 at. pct Ag;Cu compositions, respectively THE kinetics of precipitation in supersaturated solid solutions obtained by quenching from high temperature has been thoroughly studied in many alloys, and detailed investigations of the early stages of nucleation and subsequent growth of the equilibrium phases have been carried out. All of these studies have been made on alloys quenched from the solid state, however, and it is the purpose of this paper to present some of the results on the kinetics of transformation of metastable solid solutions in Ag-Cu binary alloys whose compositions lie outside of the solid-state limits of solubility. Limits of solubility in the solid state can be increased by rapid quenching from the liquid state. This was first demonstrated by Falkenhagen and Hofmann, who obtained appreciable increases in solubility limits of the elements of the first transition series in aluminum by rapid cooling of liquid alloys through contact with a copper mold maintained at liquid nitrogen temperature.' The same basic idea of cooling a liquid alloy by conduction onto a substrate rather than by convection of a gas or liquid (conventional quenching) has been recently revived and extended to very high rates of cooling by Duwez and his collaborators. The new technique was first applied to Ag-Cu alloys because the existence of a eutectic in this system is not predicted by the Hume-Rothery rules of alloy phase formation. Rapid quenching from the liquid state resulted in metastable solid solutions at all concentrations. The kinetics of decomposition of these metastable solid solutions containing 60.1 at. pct Ag;Cu (eutectic composition) and 75.0 at. pct Ag;Cu is the subject of the present paper. EXPERIMENTAL TECHNIQUES Alloys were made in 10- to 20-g heats using silver of purity 99.99 pet and copper of purity >99.999 pct. Components were weighed accurately to 0.1 mg and melted by induction heating in an alumina crucible under an atmosphere of hydrogen. Weight losses amounted to less than 0.02 ~ct in all cases. Rapid cooling from the liquid state was achieved in an apparatus of the type described by Pietrokowsky. 3 In this technique a freely falling drop of molten alloy is caught between a stationary anvil and a fast moving piston, both anvil and piston being lined with copper. The resulting foils were approximately circular (about 2 cm in diam) and from about 50 to 150 u in thickness, depending on the pressure driving the piston. Metallographic samples were prepared for polishing by edge-mounting foils in Quickmount. The mostef-fective etching procedure was found to be: 10 parts NH4OH (concentrated), 1 part H2O2 (30 pct), 5 parts H2O, swab for 5 to 10 sec. The transformation of the metastable alloys to equilibrium was followed by X-ray diffraction and electrical-resistivity measurements. The peak intensity and the integrated intensity of suitable Bragg reflections of the metastable and stable solid solutions were studied with a Norelco dif-fractometer, using nickel-filtered copper KO radiation. The peaks were step-scanned at intervals of 0.05 deg. Using either a Kelvin bridge or a null circuit with a Leeds and Northrup K-2 potentiometer, the changes in electrical resistance due to phase transformation were measured for specimens cut into strips about 20 mm long and 4 mm wide. All resistivity measurements were carried out at liquid-nitrogen temperature. The isothermal heat treatment was accomplished by sealing the samples in argon-filled aluminum containers with stainless-steel O-rings. Containers were then suspended in wax baths with temperatures in the

Jan 1, 1967

The John Fritz Medal is awarded from time to time for notable scientific or industrial achievement by a board composed of representatives from the four engineering Societies. The members of the Board of Award for 1917 are: A. S. C. E. A. S. M. E. George F. Swain Ambrose Swasey, Charles Warren hunt, John, A. Brashear, Charles D. Marx, Frederick R. Hutton, Clemens Herschel. John R. Freeman. A. I. M. E. A. I. E. E. Gybbon Spilsbury, C. 0. Mailloux, Charles F. Rand , Paul M. Lincoln, Christopher R. Corning, John J. Carty, Benjamin B. Thayer. Harold W. Buck. The John Fritz Medal was awarded in January, 1917, to Dr. Henry Marion Howe, for his "investigations in metallurgy, especially in the metallography of Iron and Steel." The presentation ceremonies were held in the Auditorium of the United Engineering Societies' Building, New York, on Thursday evening, May 10. Mr. Ambrose Swasey, Chairman of the John Fritz Medal Board of Award, presided, and addresses were delivered by Dr. Rossiter W. Raymond, Secretary Emeritus of the American Institute of Mining Engineers, and Dr. Ira N. Hollis, President of the American Society of Mechanical Engineers. Professor Albert Sauveur, Chairman of the Board at the time the award was made, presented the medal, and the ceremonies concluded with the response of Dr. Howe.

Jan 7, 1917

By Joseph E. Pogue

THERE are two methods employed in the development of oil pools. The older and dominant method is one in which the primary object is the protection of the underground deposit from drainage through competing wells, and considerations of efficiency of extraction and cost of production are subordinated thereto. The newer and less prevalent method is one in which maximum efficiency and minimum cost are the first objectives and developments to these ends may proceed undisturbed by the exigencies of competitive drainage. The second method has developed mainly in pools under single ownership and the term "unit operation" has come to be applied to this procedure. A single ownership, however, is not essential to the method, for unity of operation may be achieved by agreement under split ownership, or even by a concert of enlightened purpose. There are examples of unit operation where neither the ownership nor the management is a unit, but merely where unity of procedure has been attained, as is the case of the Yates pool. .Throughout this paper unit operation is used in its broad sense without implying sole ownership or single management, although unit operation is more conveniently attained where these conditions are present.

Jan 1, 1930

By H. B. Pulsifer

.ABOut 1.5 varieties, or tnodifications, of the best rnagnesiurn available were prepared and subjected to etching tests, then examined for micro-structure. Of the 30-udd etching reagents that were tried, nearly half, mostly ammonium salts, etched the metal satisfactorily. The surfacing and etching of magnesium is shown to be a very simple and quick operation. The density and hardness of magnesium were determined. The most interesting new observations relate to the finding of the hexagonal etch figures, the crystal laminations, and the fact that the metal is plastic, cold, when restrained or quickly deformed. Under slowly applied pressule cold metal deforms slightly, then shears to fracture without plastic flow. The chief structural features of magnesium arc presented in two reduced photographs and 30 photomicrographs. Materials Tested There are only two sources in the United States from which new metal can be procured: the American Magnesium Corpn. and the Dow Chemical Co. No pronounced structural or property differences in the metals from these two companies were disclosed by the work of this investigation. The following materials were obtained from the manufacturers: 1. Massive crystals of distilled metal (American Magnesium Corpn.). 2. Rods of hot-extruded metal, ½-in. squares and 5/8-in. rounds (American Magnesium Corpn.). 3. Sheet magnesium, 0.005-in. thick (American Magnesium Corpn.). 4. Cast stick metal, 13/8-in. dia. (Dow Chemical Co.). 5. Magnesium-aluminum alloy, hot-rolled plate, ½-in. thick (American Magnesium Corpn.). From these materials, were prepared: 6. Sections from a furnace-cooled ingot made from clistilled crystal. 7. Cold-strained pieces from (6), (4) and (2). 8. Pieces cold-squeezed to fracture from (6), (4) and (2). 9. Hammer-struck pieces from (6), (4) and (2). 10. Steam-hammer struck pieces from (6), (4) and (2). 11. Sections from furnace-cooled ingot of the magnesium-aluminum alloy.

By Frederick Prime

The first catalogue of Geological Reports of the United States was prepared by Prof. 0. C. Marsh, and published in the American Journal of Science and Ark for 1567, vol. xliii, second series. Since then the list has more than doubled, and it was thought that the publication of a new catalogue, brought clown to date, would be useful to many of the members of the Institute of Mining Engineers. The compiler will be most thankful to have any omissions or inaccuracies in the list sent to him, to be published as a supplement in the next volume of the Transactions. Especially to have the correct title, number of pages, plates, and maps of any volume on the list to which an * is prefixed, as he has been unable to personally consult such works. A preliminary list was issued last February, which has been almost doubled by the kindness of many friends. The writer desires more especially to express the obligations he is under to the following gentlemen : The Chief of Engineers, U. S. A.; Principal Dawson, Mr. G. M. Dawson, Drs. R. J. Harrington and T. Sterry Hunt, of Montreal; Mr. H. Engelmann, of La Salle, Ill.; Dr. F. V. Hayden and Prof. J. W. Powell, U. S. Department of the Interior; Prof. E. W. Hilgard, University of California; Prof. Henry Y. Hind, Windsor, N. S.; Prof. C. H. Hitchcock, of Dartmouth College; Mr. Henry A. Holmes, State Librarian, Albany; Maj. Jed. Hotchkiss, Staunton, Va.; Prof. W. C. Kerr, Raleigh, N. C.; Dr. J. S. Newberry, of Columbia College ; Prof. W. H. Pettee, of the University of Michigan ; Dr. Samuel H. Scudder, Prof. N. S. Shaler, and Prof. J. D. Whitney, of Harvard College; Mr. Sanderson Smith and Prof'. J. J. Stevenson, of New York; Mr. Addison Van Name, of Yale College, and Lieut. Geo. M. Wheeler, U. S. Engineers.

Jan 1, 1879

By D. Grosse

At the beginning of the 1960's, the Hannoversche Portland-Cementfabrik A. G. needed to open a new quarry. The land on which this quarry was to be developed was completely flat and separated from the existing quarry by a navigable canal. The area had been exploration-drilled previously, so that enough reliable data on the chemical properties of the deposit were available. From the geologic point of view, the deposit under a very moist surface belongs to the Turon (Upper Chalk) formation, soft on the surface and medium to very hard farther down. Between the 15% sloping banks of chalk (with a calcium carbonate content of 75 to 90% and running from west to east), there are numerous beds, up to 3 m deep, which are rich in alumina and iron oxide but contain only 50 to 60% CaCO3. In the old quarry-worked conventionally by deep-hole drilling, a 2-cu-m shovel, and 900-mm track with 6-cu-m dump cars-an adequate and modern crushing plant was available. The plant crushed the moist material (11 to 13% H2O content) down to 0 to 50 mm. INSTALLATION OF ORIGINAL MOBILE CRUSHER It was decided to employ a mobile crushing unit in the new quarry; the moist and soft ground did not permit the use of heavy trucks for transporting the material, and a road network would have entailed a large investment. The use of a rail system was eliminated from the beginning, since the ground would be very uneven after the quarry was developed. At that time only one prototype of a crawler-mounted mobile crushing unit existed. This unit was operating in a nearby works as a primary crusher. A similar, slightly improved machine (Fig. 1) was purchased

Jan 1, 1969

By T. D. Mueller, H. Dykstra

This paper describes a method for obtaining compositions of gas and oil phases in equilibrium with each other at a given reservoir temperature and pressure as lean or enriched gas is injected into a reservoir oil not in equilibrium with the gas. The method is based on calculation of equilibrium constants, K, from the equation log Kp = A + B F, where p is pressure and F is component characterization factor. A and B are constants that vary with a composition parameter. The paper explains how A and B could be determined with a minimum amount of data. The method consists of calculating equilibrium constants as a function of liquid composition and using the K's to calculate changes in compositiort of injection gas as it successively contacts original resetvoir oil at the gas-oil front and the change in composition of reservoir oil as it is successively contacted by the injection gas in the vicinity of an injection well. An iterative process is required. Two examples of the method are given which show how oil and gas compositions and properties are calculated with the aid of a computer. INTRODUCTION The calculation of recovery from lean-gas or enriched-gas injection into a saturated or under-saturated reservoir oil requires a knowledge of how phase properties change in a reservoir between injection well and producing well. To determine the phase compositions or properties experimentally would be difficult and time consuming, especially if one wanted to look at the effect of various injection gas compositions. For some fields an engineer would want to make preliminary calculations on the economics of gas injection before he makes the decision to spend a corrsiderable sum of money for laboratory work to obtain the necessary fluid properties. A method for calculatine compositions and properties based on a minimum of laboratory data is described. The minimum amount of data required is injection gas and reservoir oil composition and injection gas solubility as a function of pressure for an undersaturated oil, or the compositions of mixtures of reservoir fluid with two or more enriched gases, which mixtures have a bubble-point pressure that is the same as the expected average displacement pressure. On the other hand, if the economics appear to be attractive, more laboratory data can be obtained in the form of equilibrium constants for three or more mixtures of the reservoir fluid and injection gases. The method is based on the calculation of K's from the equation, log Kp = A + B F, where K is equilibrium constant, p is pressure and F is component characterization factor. This method of plotting K data by means of the above equation is described by Hoffman, Crump and Hocott.1 A and B are constants that vary with a composition parameter. It is shown how experimental data are used to determine how A and B vary with composition. BASIS OF METHOD EQUILIBRIUM CONSTANTS Equilibrium constant (K) data are required for this method. The K of each component is obtained from an equation that gives the product of K and pressure as a function of component characterization factor. The characterization factor F = b(l/Tb — l/T), where b is a constant characteristic of a given component, Tb is the boiling point in OR at atmospheric pressure of the given component, and T is the temperature of the system in OR. This method of plotting K data is described by Hoffman, Crump and Hocott.l The straight-line equation of the log Kp - F plot is log hp = log Kop +BFi, where Kop is at F =0, i designates the component, and B is the slope of the line. The factor F can be

Jan 1, 1966

By P. K. Foh, C. G. Dunn

IN an investigation of the rolling and recrystalliz-ing textures obtained from single crystals of Si-Fe, Koh and Dunn included specimens in the (111) [lie] orientation.1,2 This note reports some additional results obtained on samples of this orientation set aside for further study. After, primary recrystallization longer annealing treatments at 980°C produced only normal grain growth; after 16 hr at 980°C the largest grains were approximately 0.010 to 0.020 in. in diam. The orientations of 13 of the larger grains were found by the transmission Laue method. The unidentified (110) poles of these grains have been added to the (110) pole figure obtained after primary recrystallization2 to give the plot shown in Fig. 1. When grain identifications are also included, such a plot reveals the following. Two orientations agree almost exactly with the peak pole ,density positions of component B of the primary recrystallization texture, one with component A, and one with component C. All the remaining orientations except one have (110) poles near weaker and unidentified pole density peaks. In fact, the correlation is good enough for an identification of eight components. Previously only components A, B, and C were certain. The results are perhaps even more informative when combined with the (110) pole figure of the cold-rolled crystal to give the plot shown in Fig. 2. Each of the 13 orientations is identified and uniquely determined by selecting two (110) poles per crystal, which are 90" apart. The plot shows that every grain of the 13, except grain 6, has a (110) pole in common with a (110) pole concentration of the cold-rolled crystal. The orientation relationship with the cold-rolled orientation may be expressed as approximately 25" rotations about <110> axes, which is in agreement with the results found for coarse-grained primary recrystallization.2 If primary recrystallization had occurred according to the <110> rule without preference, there would have been 12 components. Actually our limited data reveals nine of the possible 12. The integrated pole figure also shows preferences among them, since three are considerably stronger than the rest. In addition to the above direct information, the following conclusions may be drawn. Primary recrystallization of the (111) [110] cold-rolled crystal produces a limited number of weak and strong components with the larger than average primary grains from these components related to the cold-rolled crystal by 25° <110> relationships. In arriving at this conclusion of limited orientations the (111) [110] orientation has to be ruled out as a source of large primaries for two reasons. First, growth in this orientation was not observed, despite an expected high grain boundary mobility (due to its 25" <110> relationship with every component of the texture). Secondly, primary recrystallization usually produces grains in new orientations, particularly in a single orientation matrix; but (111) [110] is not new. Other orientations besides those of the <110> type may be considered unlikely, of course, because the <110> relationship holds quite well for primary recrystallization2 and should produce the large primaries. There are exceptions to this rule, but probably not enough to provide large

Jan 1, 1958

By K. G. Wikle, J. G. Klein, W. W. Beaver

Consolidation of hydride process, electrolytic, calcium reduced, and comminuted thorium powder, as well as saw chips and lathe turnings, by vacuum hot pressing and by cold pressing-vacuum sintering was studied. The mechanical properties of the consolidated material in the extruded form are compared with those of wrought castings. AT present there little little industrial use for thorium metal, although it has some important though small scale applications in electronic equipment. Despite its high inelting point—about 1750°C —a low modulus of elasticity, 11.4xl0 si at 20°C;&apos; relatively low mechanical properties coupled with a high density, 11.7 g per cu cm; and an unusually high chemical activity with normal atmospheres limit any structural applications. The metal is utilized as an alloying element principally in magnesium. Pure thorium finds utility as electrodes in gaseous discharge lamps such as the high intensity mercury lamp&apos; because its low work function and high electron emissivity provide lower starting potentials and more uniform operating characteristics than other available materials. The metal is also found in photoelectric tubes used for the measurement of the ultraviolet spectrum." Thorium metal has been used in germicidal lamps of the cold cathode type as sputtered coatings on nickel in order to provide a low work function surface and a low starting voltage. Other applications have involved the radioactive properties of thorium for the production of ionized particles." The potential value of thorium is much greater than its present use pattern because of possible utility in the field of nuclear power. Th may be converted through nuclear reaction to a fissionable element U which should be capable of acting similarly to U in the g&apos;eneration of atomic power. Thorium has been reported to be about three times as plentiful as uranium in the earth&apos;s crust, placing it in the order of abundance of lead and molybdenum." Thus, it is of interest in augmenting the potential supply of fissionable material for nuclear power. Because of its high melting point, thorium is usually produced as a powder through the calcium reduction of its oxide or thermal reduction of halides by sodium, magnesium, and calcium. It may also be produced in flake form by electrolysis of fused alkali or alkaline earth chloricles and fluorides. Therefore, powder metallurgy assumes importance in the fab- rication of thorium metal shapes. Furthermore, it is rather difficult to obtain pure thorium by melting, as the molten metal reacts readily with graphite as well as oxide, carbide, and nitride refractories. These contaminate the melt with oxides, carbides, and metallic impurities." The current investigation was undertaken to examine the fabrication of thorium by powder metallurgy methods which have been used for the commercial production of beryllium and other metals.&apos; A sparcity of data concerning the comparative cold and hot compaction of thorium powders of different derivation existed. Therefore, all commercially available types were examined along with other experimentally produced thorium powders in order to round out the comparison of consolidated thorium powders with melted reguline metal. Review of the Literature By heating a mixture of ThC1, with potassium, Berzelius made the first thorium metal as an impure powder in 1828. Improvements in the basic process, increasing thorium assay to 99 pct, were made by several investigators including Arsem," Lely and Hamberger10 and Von Bolton." Calcium reduction of Tho, to make powders was investigated by Berger," Huppertz,&apos;" Kroll," and Kuzel and Wedekind.&apos;" A thorium powder produced by this method using a CaC1, fluxing agent assayed 99.7 pct, as reported by Marden and Rentschler.&apos;" Compacted and sintered, this product was found to be ductile, and could be fabricated into wire and sheet. Improvements of the calcium reduction process were made later" wherein CaCl, was eliminated from the reaction, producing metal assaying 99.8 pct Th. Further work by Lilliendah118 howed that a coarser metal could be obtained by the substitution of ThC1, or ThOC1, for oxide with consequent advantage of stability to atmospheric reaction. Reports on the technology of thorium developed in Germany during World War II have been made by Espe."&apos; Thorium powder of 99.5 pct Th was obtained by reduction of the oxide by calcium. Screening to —200 mesh, compacting with about 20 tsi, and sintering in vacuo at 1320" to 1360°C for 3 hr resulted in a porous sinter cake. The sinter cake was sufficiently ductile to be worked into bar, wire, and sheet which could be employed as electrode materials.

Jan 1, 1957