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By Frank Firmstone

The piece of spiegeleisen, the analysis of which is given below, was collected by my father, together with various other specimens, while he was manager of the Glendon Iron Works. It bears a label stating that it was taken from a building in the town of Newton, New Jersey, erected in 1765 and torn down in 1863. The building belonged, in 1863, to T. N. McCarter, Esq. The label is in the hand-writing of Mr. McCarter, now deceased, well known as a member of the bar of northern New Jersey. The specimen was, no doubt, given by him to illy father, with whom he had business in 1863 and 1864. It is now in the metallurgical collection of Lehigh University. I know nothing further as to the history of the specimen, but there is no reasonable doubt that it was made from ore from the Andover mine, at the old charcoal-furnace which once stood at the village of Andover, about 5 miles south of Newton, on the Sussex railroad. It was probably broken from one end of a bearer over an open fire-place, is about 6 in. wide by 2.5 in. thick, has been cast in open sand and shows the charcteristic fracture of spiegeleisen rather low in manganese, as shown in Table I. One edge has been white-washed. Table I.—Analyses of Spiegeleisen Made from Andover Ore. 1. 11. Per Cent. Per Cent Graphite,.0.101 0.005 Combined carbon,... 4.529 4.212 Silicon,..0.037 0.294 Manganese,..... 5.760 3.750 Sulphur,.0.003 0.031 Phosphorus,.0.060 0.072 Iron,........ 89.440 91.570 99.920 99.934 I. Spiegeleisen made at Andorer (charcoal) furnace not later than 1765. IT. Spiegeleisen made from Andover ore at Phillipsburg, N. J., anthracire-furnwe, 185-. Both analyses were made by Dr. P. W. Shimer.

Jan 1, 1907

By Michael H. Kuryla, Galen H. Clevenger

Some years after Nobel made his epoch-making contribution to the knowledge of high explosives, Sprengell described a new class of detonating explosives consisting of mixtures, made immediately before use, of an oxidizing agent and a combustible substance.2 The novel feature of the Sprengel explosives is that the constituents alone are non-explosive during manufacture, storage and transport. Despite this advantage, and although some of these have been used in important work, they are now little used, possibly on account of the greater inconvenience to the user, compared with explosives supplied by the manufacturer in final form. Liquid-oxygen explosives are a type of Sprengel explosive in that the oxidizing agent (liquid oxygen) and the combustible substance or substances (solid carbonaceous matter alone or in combination with liquid hydrocarbons or even metallic powders and, at times inert absorbents) are brought together immediately before use. The components separately are non-explosive. The possibility of using liquid oxygen as one of the components of an explosive was perhaps first suggested by Sprengel, who stated that the beau ideal of a detonating explosive was a mixture of eight parts of liquid oxygen with one part of liquid hydrogen. Although the liquefaction of air3 had been accomplished in the laboratory as early

Jan 1, 1923

By Michael H. Kuryla, Galen H. Clevenger

Some years after Nobel made his epoch-making contribution to the knowledge of high explosives, Sprengell described a new class of detonating explosives consisting of mixtures, made immediately before use, of an oxidizing agent and a combustible substance.2 The novel feature of the Sprengel explosives is that the constituents alone are non-explosive during manufacture, storage and transport. Despite this advantage, and although some of these have been used in important work, they are now little used, possibly on account of the greater inconvenience to the user, compared with explosives supplied by the manufacturer in final form. Liquid-oxygen explosives are a type of Sprengel explosive in that the oxidizing agent (liquid oxygen) and the combustible substance or substances (solid carbonaceous matter alone or in combination with liquid hydrocarbons or even metallic powders and, at times inert absorbents) are brought together immediately before use. The components separately are non-explosive. The possibility of using liquid oxygen as one of the components of an explosive was perhaps first suggested by Sprengel, who stated that the beau ideal of a detonating explosive was a mixture of eight parts of liquid oxygen with one part of liquid hydrogen. Although the liquefaction of air3 had been accomplished in the laboratory as early

Jan 1, 1923

By Arthur Zentner

THE essentials of the electrolytic zinc process, as now used in commercial plants, date back to work done by Letrange in 1881. He used sulfuric acid to leach roasted sulfide and ,oxide ores, purified his solution very much as we do now, and electrolyzed the purified zinc sulfate solution. Ten years later Hoepfner developed a process using chloride solutions, and built three plants. One in England operated until 1924 in one of the works now merged in the Imperial Chemical , Industries, Ltd. Ashcroft built a plant in 1898 in the Broken Hill district of Australia. He used both chloride and sulfate solutions.. While his work failed, the aid his published results have been to later workers has made him an outstanding contributor to the de- velopment of the electrolytic zinc process. A good deal of work was done in the following years, aiming to electrolyze zinc chloride solutions and fused zinc chloride. Quite a bit of work on sulfate solutions was also done in the last years before the war. With the outbreak of the war, metal demand and rise in metal prices provided the stimulus which resulted in the remarkably rapid commercial development of electrolytic zinc. In this last period of development, all the work brought to commercial fruition has been with sulfate solutions. The high-density process, or the Tainton process, is used, as you know, in the Sullivan electrolytic zinc plant at Kellogg, Idaho, and will be used in the Evans- Wallower plant now being built at East St. Louis. The low-density process is used by the other plants now operating in the United States and other countries. There are now in operation and under construction four electrolytic zinc plants in the United States, two in Canada, two in Italy and one each in Australia, Rhodesia, Poland, Norway and Germany.

Jan 1, 1929

By W. G. Matteson

I. Introduction...................................................... 436 (a) Extent of the Gulf Coastal Plain. (b) History of Important Gulf Coast Oil Pools. 1. Corsicans, Tex. 2. Spindletop, Tex. 3. Sour Lake, Tex. 4. Jennings, La. 5. Saratoga, Tex. 6. Batson, Tex. 7. Humble, Tex. 8. Caddo, La. 9. Vinton, La. 10. Naborton, La. 11. Red River, La. 12. Edgerly, La. 13. Goose Creek, Tex. 14. Damon Mound, Tex. 15. New Iberia, La. (c) Favorable Features of the Gulf Coast Pools. 11. General Topography and Physiography of the Gulf Coastal Plain.....440 111. General Stratigraphy of the Gulf Coastal Plain West of the 90th Meridian......................................................441 IV. Structural Types and their Characteristics.........................446 (a) hnticlinal Structure. (b) Structure of Salt Domes. 1. Domes of the Coast Prairie. 2. Domes of the Wold Region. 3. Recapitulation of Dome Structural Characteristics. V. Methods of Surveying and Prospecting............................. 454 VI. The Development of Salt Domes................- .................458 VII. Origin of Salt Domes...............4.............................461 (a) The Volcanic-plug Theory of Hager. (b) The Contemporaneous Sedimentation Theory of Norton. (c) The Theory of Upward Pressure Exerted by the Force of Growing Crystals, as Developed by Harris. VIII. Source of the Oil in the Gulf Coastal Pools.........................465 IX. Petrolific Value of the Salt Domes of the Wold Region..............467 X. Future Outlook.................................................. 467

Jan 1, 1918

IN speaking, on the subject, "Engineer-Citizens," at the Lehigh Valley Mineral Industries Conference dinner, on April 26, at Easton, Pa., George Otis Smith, Director of the United States Geological Survey and President of the American Institute of Mining and Metallurgical Engineers, said in part: "It would be carrying coke to Connellsville to bring to the Lehigh Valley the idea that mineral resources are the foundation of national prosperity. Unfortu-nately, however, this obvious, fact is not everywhere recognized. Too many of our economists, journalists, statesmen and other dopesters of present business con-ditions stress the human factor so strongly that they overlook the material with which men work out their destiny. To them the financial psychology of Wall Street and the political logic of Capitol Hill and the business commonplaces of Main Street all loom far larger than the geology of the Lehigh Valley or the engineering triumphs of Bethlehem, or, the creative thinking at Lehigh and Lafayette. "The present situation in the industrial and .business world is a complex of interacting causes and reacting effects not easily itemized and entered on our trial balance sheet. But, chief among the liabilities of today is the excess of production capacity in most branches of industry. The farmer has no. monopoly in his desire for relief. Whether your professional connections are with steel or cement, coal or oil, copper, or zinc, you; know too well that for, the moment America is over-engined, and you keenly realize the ever-present hazard of industry speeding up regardless of the curves or grades just around the corner.

Jan 5, 1928

By Shiou-Chuan Sun

THE fact that coals of different ranks and even of the same rank differ greatly in their amenability to iroth flotation is well known. In recognition of the need for an explanation of this phenomenon, two hypotheses have been suggested. Wilkinsl reported that the floatability of coals increased with an increase of the carbon content or rank. This postulate is handicapped by the fact that bituminous coals that possess moderate carbon contents are actually more floatable than anthracite coals that have high carbon contents, as shown in columns 6 and 9 of Table I. Taggart and his associates' implied that the difference of floatability between bituminous and anthracite coal was caused by the variation of carbon-hydrogen ratio. This is not applicable to the relative floatability of other coals and carbons. For example, column 11 of Table I shows that the carbon-hydrogen ratios of low-floating lignitic coal and non-floating animal charcoal are not only smaller than the moderate-floating anthracite coal, but are also similar to the high-floating bituminous coal. Furthermore, according to this hypothesis, high temperature coke-A (464), Ceylon graphite (1238), and lamp-black (357), all possessing extremely high carbon-hydrogen ratios, should be less floatable than other substances having much lower carbon-hydrogen ratios such as high volatile-B bituminous coal (11.9 to 22), anthracite coal (35.7 to 60.5), lignitic coal (15.6 to 33.6), and charcoal (13 to 26.2). However the former group is actually more floatable than the latter group. In this paper, a surface components hypothesis is Proposed to explain the different floatabilities of coals, carbons, and hydrocarbon minerals. The validity of the hypothesis is experimentally supported by the actual floatability, natural floatability, wettability, and adsorbability for neutral oils of coals, carbons, and hydrocarbon minerals tested. The combustible recovery of the flotation results, as used in this paper. was calculated from Eq. 1: P (100-Ep) 100 RWCP Rc= [1] F (100-E,) C, where R, is the percent combustible recovery; F and P are, respectively, the weight of feed and the weight of concentrate or product; E, and Ep are, respectively, the total percent of ash plus moisture in feed and in concentrate; Ru. is the percent weight recovery: and C, and C, are, respectively, the percent of combustible in feed and in concentrate. Except for ash and moisture content, all chemical components of a coal are assumed combustible. The experimental work included studies on flotation, ultimate and proximate analyses, contact angle tests, extractions of bitumen-A with benzene, adsorptions for liquid hydrocarbons, and wetting tests. Most of the flotation experiments were performed in a laboratory Fagergren machine; others were tested in a small Denver machine. The solid feed for the former was 300 g and for the latter was 30 g. The solid materials used for flotation were crushed to —48 mesh. After the mineral pulp in the flotation cell was agitated for 6 min and the pH was adjusted to 7.5 & 0.2 with sodium hydroxide or hydrochloric acid, a petroleum light oil having a viscosity of 5.73 centipoises at 77 °F was added and conditioned for 2 min. Finally, pine oil was introduced and the froth was collected for exactly 3 min. The weight ratio of petroleum light oil to pine oil was kept constant at 1.5 to 1. Tap water was used for all flotation tests. Contact angles were measured with a captive bubble machine. For each coal sample, three specimens were mounted in transoptic mounts and polished with levigated alumina, first on a sheet glass, then on a cloth-covered metal polishing wheel. The polished specimen was first washed with distilled water and wiped thoroughly on a cleaned linen pad, then transferred into the pyrex cell of the captive bubble machine and conditioned for 6 min., and finally measured for contact angles at three or more points. Except where otherwise stated, the induction time for each measurement was 1 min. The contact angle representing each material was obtained by averaging the measurements of three specimens. The linen pad was first washed with warm distilled water, then boiled 30 min in a 2N sodium hydroxide solution, and finally washed with distilled water until no trace of sodium hydroxide could be detected in the decanted solution. The cleaned linen pad was stored under distilled water. Immediately before using, the pad was rewashed and transferred into a clean pyrex petri dish partly filled with distilled water. The glassware and rubber gloves used were cleaned by soaking in sulphuric acid-potassium dichromate cleaning solution, followed by rinsing with distilled water. The polished specimens were handled only by glass forceps. The ultimate and proximate analyses were made in accordance with the ASTM standard procedures for coal and coke. The extractable bitumen-A was determined by weighing 1 g of —100 mesh sample and placing it in a desiccated and weighed ASTM aluminum-extraction thimble. The thimble was placed in condenser hooks and inserted into an extraction flask containing 100 cu cm of benzene. The flask was heated and the benzene vapor was condensed by water coils. At the end of 24 hr of percolation, the thimble was removed, desiccated, and weighed. Loss in weight of sample was taken as bitumen-A and calculated to dry and ash-free basis.

Jan 1, 1955

By J. E. Brantly

In October 1939, a drilling program was commenced on the Atlantic seaboard of Brazil, with three steam rotary rigs of medium capacity. One of these was assigned to the State of Alagbas and the other two to the State of Bahia. During the remaining few months of 1939 and during the year 1940, some eight wells were drilled, two in Alagbas and six in Bahia. Two small producers were found in the latter state. In early 1941 three medium-weight Diesel rigs were added to the equipment, thus permitting the drilling of some 15 wells during the year 1941. The two small producers found in 1940 in the State of Rahia were near the city of Silo Salvador. In 1941 three additional small wells were brought in, in the same area, and a further producer on an isolated structure some 75 km. to the northwest of this production. No commercial production has been found in the State of Alagbas. Approximately 26 wells have been drilled or are drilling, six of which are producers— five in one area and one in another. The program for 1942 calls for the development of the two areas in which wells have been found and also the drilling of several wildcat structures located either by geophysics or surface geology. All production in the area of the several producing wells is somewhat less than 2000 ft. and in the other area about 3800 ft. The area of the several wells is known as the Lobato field, and is practically within the city limits of Sao Salvador. The area 75 km. northwest of the city will be known as the Candeias field.

Jan 1, 1942

By J. E. Brantly

In October 1939, a drilling program was commenced on the Atlantic seaboard of Brazil, with three steam rotary rigs of medium capacity. One of these was assigned to the State of Alagbas and the other two to the State of Bahia. During the remaining few months of 1939 and during the year 1940, some eight wells were drilled, two in Alagbas and six in Bahia. Two small producers were found in the latter state. In early 1941 three medium-weight Diesel rigs were added to the equipment, thus permitting the drilling of some 15 wells during the year 1941. The two small producers found in 1940 in the State of Rahia were near the city of Silo Salvador. In 1941 three additional small wells were brought in, in the same area, and a further producer on an isolated structure some 75 km. to the northwest of this production. No commercial production has been found in the State of Alagbas. Approximately 26 wells have been drilled or are drilling, six of which are producers— five in one area and one in another. The program for 1942 calls for the development of the two areas in which wells have been found and also the drilling of several wildcat structures located either by geophysics or surface geology. All production in the area of the several producing wells is somewhat less than 2000 ft. and in the other area about 3800 ft. The area of the several wells is known as the Lobato field, and is practically within the city limits of Sao Salvador. The area 75 km. northwest of the city will be known as the Candeias field.

Jan 1, 1942

By LESTER W. STRAUSS

OUR early knowledge of history and geography attracted most of us to the mineral resources of South America. The romantic tales of the Spanish activities, which were curiously alluring, and Prescott's exceptional bi-Conquest histories-Mexico and Peru-no doubt fired our minds with the .then metallic wealth of the Spanish colonies. Later developments, intensified within the past eighty years, have, however, changed its fame which now rests on such metallics as copper and tin, and among the non-metallics on nitrate of soda and petroleum. South America proper, excluding Panama, is made up of thirteen countries, a coincident parity with our original thirteen States. Its area is given as 7,231,300 square miles, or slightly less than North America (8,037,000 square miles), is made up as follows:

Jan 1, 1930

By H. W. McQuaid, E. W. Ehn

It is usually assumed that chemical specifications are sufficient for steel to be used for case carburizing, and if the steel analyzes within the ordinary limits specified for steel for this purpose, no difficulty traceable to the steel used should be encountered in obtaining satisfactory results in the case carburizing and hardening. Much work has been done to determine the effect of various alloying elements on the rate of carbon penetration, etc. but, to our knowledge, little if anything has been published in regard to the effeet of the quality of the steel on the final results in the hardening of case-carburized steel parts. The writers believe that the structure of the case both before and after quenching is greatly affected by the actual condition of the steel itself as made, and that for good results in the case-carburizing and hardening departments, the steel should be of the best possible quality as regards non-metallic impurities. It is the purpose of this paper to prove that the presence of excess dissolved oxides in the steel, as made in the melting furnace, affects permanently the results obtained in carburizing and hardening and that it is possible that the presence of dissolved oxide call result in total unfit-ness of low-carbon steel for case hardening purposes. When races and rolls for roller bearings are made from a low-carbon steel, case carburized and hardened, it is of primary importance that the results of this treatment be of the highest quality. It is necessary, therefore, that in the case-carburizing work each detail be rigorously checked to avoid any defects which would cause the loss of much time and material. The case carburizing with which this paper deals was done in under-fired oil furnaces. The temperature of each furnace is controlled by means of a platinum platinum-rhodium thermocouple, in connection with a potentiometer indicator and potentiometer recorder. The temperature of each furnace is registered every 15 min. by an operator, who is continually checked by the automatic recorders.

Jan 1, 1922

By H. W. McQuaid, E. W. Ehn

It is usually assumed that chemical specifications are sufficient for steel to be used for case carburizing, and if the steel analyzes within the ordinary limits specified for steel for this purpose, no difficulty traceable to the steel used should be encountered in obtaining satisfactory results in the case carburizing and hardening. Much work has been done to determine the effect of various alloying elements on the rate of carbon penetration, etc. but, to our knowledge, little if anything has been published in regard to the effeet of the quality of the steel on the final results in the hardening of case-carburized steel parts. The writers believe that the structure of the case both before and after quenching is greatly affected by the actual condition of the steel itself as made, and that for good results in the case-carburizing and hardening departments, the steel should be of the best possible quality as regards non-metallic impurities. It is the purpose of this paper to prove that the presence of excess dissolved oxides in the steel, as made in the melting furnace, affects permanently the results obtained in carburizing and hardening and that it is possible that the presence of dissolved oxide call result in total unfit-ness of low-carbon steel for case hardening purposes. When races and rolls for roller bearings are made from a low-carbon steel, case carburized and hardened, it is of primary importance that the results of this treatment be of the highest quality. It is necessary, therefore, that in the case-carburizing work each detail be rigorously checked to avoid any defects which would cause the loss of much time and material. The case carburizing with which this paper deals was done in under-fired oil furnaces. The temperature of each furnace is controlled by means of a platinum platinum-rhodium thermocouple, in connection with a potentiometer indicator and potentiometer recorder. The temperature of each furnace is registered every 15 min. by an operator, who is continually checked by the automatic recorders.

Jan 1, 1922

By C. C. Wright, R. J. Day

Although data on the exact tonnage of recoverable coal silt are not known, the quantity produced in 1943 was estimated to be over five million tons for the anthracite region of Pennsylvania alone. Since that time the recovery of the No. 5 buckwheat size previously included in silt estimates has increased greatly thus reducing the total silt tonnage. As a compensating factor, however, the methods of recovering silt previously escaping into the rivers and streams have been markedly improved so that the net figure may not have changed materially. Comparable estimates for bituminous coal are lacking, but undoubtedly the silt represents a significant tonnage. With the trend toward increased wet cleaning of the smaller sizes of bituminous coal, it is to be expected that even greater quantities of silt will be available in the future. The raw silt from anthracite collieries usually contains a high mineral matter content, but technological developments in fine coal cleaning have been making rapid advances and it appears probable that more extensive use of these methods will be employed in the near future. Bituminous coal silt in many instances contains a similar high mineral matter content. As with anthracite silt, however, the cleaning of this material, where necessary, appears both technologically and economically feasible. With a view to upgrading the size and value of silt, considerable laboratory and pilot plant work has been conducted by a number of organizations on what is commonly known as pelletization. Actually the process is one of extrusion in which the moist silt is extruded from a die in the form of rods, which usually break into relatively short lengths—a few inches long—as they fall from the die. Fig I is a photograph of some extruded 3/8-in. diam pellets and of the anthracite silt from which they were produced This technique of producing larger sized material from fines is by no means new, having been used extensively by the industrial carbon and clay industries for years.' The application of the process to coal silt appears, however, to be relatively new. The first major program of investigation dates back only to July 1945, when a group of engineers representing the Anthracite Institute, The Pennsylvania State College and the J. F. Pritchard and Co. conducted preliminary tests on the extrusion of anthracite silt at the Floridin Co. plant at Warren, Pa. Since that time these three organiza-tions—individually, together, and in cooperation with other interested groups— have actively pursued work on various phases of the problem. Much of the early history and details of the laboratory and pilot plant work by the Anthracite Institute, has been reported by Mulcey and Eckerd.2 It is the purpose of this paper to report additional information on the process, especially with respect to the factors influencing the quality and use properties of the product, and the current develop-

Jan 1, 1949

Escalating energy costs and tough environmental standards were two major factors affecting the minerals processing area in 1978 For the most part, new startups and research and development initiatives were directed toward improving process dynamics, investigating alternative processing strategy, and lowering unit costs. In the flotation area, the trend to larger machines continued. Scientific investigation of the modeling and process control of flotation was apparent, as was the research and development of new flotation reagents.

Jan 5, 1979

By Ian Wark

IN an earlier paper1 measurements of contact angles due to the effect of xanthates on mineral surfaces were reported. The solutions in which these measurements were made differed widely from those of modern flotation circuits. It is intended, however, by introducing, one at a time, the other principal reagents of flotation, to approach gradually the solu-tion composition of flotation liquors. The work now described is an attempt to determine the effect of one of the most important of these reagents-namely, sodium cyanide-on the establishment of air-mineral contact. The work has been carried out for the following companies: Broken Hill South, North Broken Hill, Zinc Corporation, Electro-lytic Zinc of Australasia, Mount Lyell Mining and Railway, and Burma Corporation. Since the effect of cyanide is inseparably connected with the alkalinity, the results cited below deal with the mutual effects of alkalis and cyanide. Alkalis alone exert a significant effect on the air-mineral contact but comparatively large amounts are required. Since the addition of a small amount of cyanide greatly decreases the degree of alkalinity necessary for the suppression of contact at surfaces of any of the minerals experimented with (except galena) and since alkalis are rarely used alone in practice, little attention has been paid to cyanide-free solutions. It was shown in the previous paper that, excluding the dixanthogen effect, whenever contact was practicable at all in an ethyl xanthate solution the angle of contact was 60°. There is, therefore, less necessity to measure equilibrium contact angles; in fact, the experiments herein described have generally been conducted with a view to determining whether contact is possible and not to measuring the actual value of the contact angle. The separations which have generally to be effected in dealing with complex sulfide ores are: (1) galena from sphalerite, pyrite, etc.; (2) sphalerite from pyrite and/or gangue minerals; (3) copper minerals from pyrite and gangue minerals; (4) pyrite from gangue minerals; (5) chal-

Jan 1, 1933

THOSE NOT MARKED ARE MEMBERS; MARKED THUS ? ARE ASSOCIATES. HEAVY-FACED TYPE SIGNIFIES HONORARY MEMBERSHIP. JUNIOR ASSOCIATES ARE MARKED II. THE FIGURES AT THE END OF THE ADDRESS INDICATE THE YEAR OF ELECTION. ?AARONSON, ALFRED E Pres., Tuloma Oil Co., Unity Bldg., Tulsa, Okla. '18 ABADIE, EMILE R., Min. Engr Box 291, Porterville, Tulare Co., Cal. '76 ABBOTT, CLARENCE E., Gen'l Supt., Iron Mines Div., Tenn. Coal, Iron & R. R. Co. 1405 Minnesota Ave., Bessemer, Ala. '04 ABBOTT, LOUIS BENJAMIN, Chief Engr., Consolidation Coal Co., Elkhorn Div. Jenkins, Ky. 115 ABBOTT, ROBERT R. Met. Engr., Peerless Motor Car Co., Cleveland, Ohio. '12 ABE, ASAKA Fujitagumi Taiwan Office, Taipeh Formosa, Japan. '14 ABEEL, GEORGE H., JR., Cons. Min. Engr., 4111 Lafayette Ave., St. Louis, Mo. '18 ABEY, HIROSHI, Min. & Met. Engr., Arakawa Mine, Mitsubishi Co., Senpoku-gun, Akitaken, Japan. '17 ||ABOUCHAR, S. S., Cia. de Minerales y Metales, S. A. Santa Eulalia Unit, Apt. 70, Chihuahua, Chih., Mexico. '17 ABRAHAMS, A. I 1391 Madison Ave., New York N. Y. '14 ?ACKER, E. O'C., Met., 128 East Washington Lane, Germatown Philadelphia, Pa. '86 ACKER, WILLIAM L., Diamond Drill Contractor... Mears Bldg., Scranton, Pa. '18 ?ACKERMAN, ERNEST R., Pres., Lawrence Portland Cement Co. Plainfield, anion Co.. N. J. '15

Jan 1, 1923

By R. J. Woody

DESIGN of the most economic continuous counter-current decantation (CCD) circuit is based on selection of the number of stages and the wash volume that will give the minimum summation of the following items: 1) Capital and operating costs of the CCD circuit. 2) Capital and operating costs of the precipitation circuit. 3) Value of the dissolved product lost.

Jan 7, 1958

This brief resume of events, transpiring in Mexico, culled from the daily New York newspapers, since the last Bulletin went to press, does not indicate any degree of improvements in the situation. GENERAL ALVAREZ COURTMARTIALED AND SHOT General Francisco Alvarez of the anti-Government forces was captured in the battle in which General Aureliano Blanquet, Minister of War in the Huerta Cabinet, was killed, and was sentenced by a courtmartial and shot in spite of a specific order of the Supreme Court in Mexico City that the execution should not take place. General Alvarez was a member of the staff of Felix Diaz, and was a veteran of the old regular army of Mexico. MEXICO WILL NOT RECOGNIZE MONROE DOCTRINE Failure of the Allied Powers to invite Mexico to participate in the conference of neutrals at Paris aroused President Carranza to bitter resentment, which was enhanced by the incorporation of recognition of the Monroe Doctrine in the covenant of the League of Nations without consultation with Mexico. Statements were issued by the Mexican Foreign Office disavowing adherence to the Monroe Doctrine and announcing the withdrawal of the Mexican representative in France. Carranza had been awaiting an opportunity to get his agent away from Paris for the real reason that he had been unable to secure recognition from either the French or the British Government. Mexico announces, says the New York Times editorially, that "she has not recognized and will not recognize the Monroe Doctrine." "Nobody has asked her to recognize the Monroe Doctrine," continues the editorial. "The enforcement of the principles enunciated by President Monroe does not depend upon Mexico, upon anybody's recognition or non-recognition. The countries concerned in the Monroe Doctrine are the United States on the one hand, and countries not of this hemisphere on the other."

Jan 6, 1919

This brief resume of events, transpiring in Mexico, culled from the daily New York newspapers, since the last Bulletin went to press, does not indicate any degree of improvement in the situation. MEXICAN MINISTER TO FRANCE RECOGNIZED A dispatch from Paris quotes Alberto J. Pani, Mexican Minister to France, as saying lie lead received notification that lie might present his credentials at the French Foreign Office on May 13. This notice came at the moment the Mexican press was announcing his departure for Spain because of inability to present his credentials. MORE REVOLUTIONARY TROUBLES SOUTH AND NORTH Revolutionary outbreaks hulked large in advices from Mexico City at the end of May, says the New York Tribune. General Eznesto Danny, a major, four other officers and forty men, composing a train guard on the Isthmus of Tehuantepec Railroad, were killed recently in an attack by rebels under Felix Diaz's command. The troubles in the south, coupled with the fact that Villa's activities in the north have necessitated sending troops to campaign against him, have reacted in the capital seriously, it is reported. Military guards hi Mexico City have been doubled and machine guns have been placed on the roofs of the National Palace and the Cathedral. STRIKE AND MARTIAL LAW IN MEXICO CITY Advices from Mexico City, according to the Evening Sun, said that virtually every school teacher in the city was out on strike and that recurrent rioting was being put clown by armed trucks manned by Federal soldiers. The strike of the school teachers was clue to the fact that they had not been paid for months, but the direct incitement is said to have been the contrast between their impoverished position and that of Carranza's generals, who are described as rolling in wealth, and who flaunted their opulence on the streets of Mexico, riding about in high powered automobiles with women bedecked with diamonds and other jewelry. The city is said to be virtually under martial law with no immediate prospect. of a subsidence of the bitter feeling against the military caste.

Jan 7, 1919

By G. E. Frantti

UNDER the auspices of the Geophysical Committee of Michigan College of Mining and Technology, an investigation was made in Michigan's Upper Peninsula to obtain geophysical data" related to the regional subsurface geology in the area covered by Paleozoic sediments. The area surveyed includes that portion of the Upper Peninsula which lies between R18W to R26W and T41N and T49N, covering approximately 1300 square miles. On the index map, Fig. 1, it is represented by the cross-hatched zone west of Munising. Four of the five sites of detailed investigation are indicated by the letters A, B, C, and D. A detailed gravity and magnetic survey had previously been conducted by J. G. Wilsonz near Perkins, 8 miles north of Rapid River, on a local anomalous area. Results of his work, which showed a large positive magnetic anomaly associated with a gravity anomaly, aroused interest in the possible economic significance of the formations underlying the Paleozoic sediments in this part of the Upper Peninsula. Early in the 1900's the Michigan Geological Survey, as well as many private companies, had done a considerable amount of dip needle work near the southwest corner of the area discussed in this paper. Most of the information available to the writer was obtained from indicated magnetic anomalies on the geological map of the northern peninsula of Michigan. Results of the geophysical activities of mining companies in the vicinity of the Marquette range and Gwinn district were unavailable to the author. Physiography and Geography: The region under consideration has low to moderate relief. About half the area is comprised of swampy lowlands, and because of the swamps and forests much of the land is almost inaccessible. The major drainage system is dendritic, with streams flowing into Lake Michigan on the south and Lake Superior on the north. The general geology, shown in Fig. 2, indicates an overlay of Paleozoic sediments on pre-Cambrian formations along a line running approximately south from Marquette (not shown on the geological map). Actual contact between pre-Cambrian and Paleozoic sediments is not known because most of the area is covered with glacial till, and outcrops are very scarce. Exposures of the Paleozoic sediments show that these beds in the northern areas dip gently under Lake Superior and that in the southern areas they 'dip gently to the southeast. Outcroppings of the pre-Cambrian formations occur primarily to the west of the surveyed area except in the northwest corner where the Laurentian series outcrop as far east as the Gwinn district and also in T46N, R24W. Instrumentation: Gravity measurements were made with the Worden portable gravity meter. Since this was chiefly a reconnaissance regional survey, both the large and small dials were used. The instrument used had a constant of 0.0035 milligals per scale division, a working range of about 25 milligals.

Jan 1, 1957