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By J. B. Clemmer

This report summarizes the results of u laboratory study of the beneficiation of Arkansas bauxite by flotation. Although the investigation is not yet completed, a preliminary retort of the results on several typical bauxites is presented to show the merits rind limitations of flotation for the production of concentrates acceptable to the aluminum industry. It is

Jan 1, 1941

By E Lounejeva, J A Halpin, A Chappaz, D D. Gregory, S Wu, T Lyons, P J. Sack, R R. Large, S W. Bull

"An EXTENDED ABSTRACT is available for download. A full-length paper was not prepared for this presentation. Newly published models suggest that some orogenic and Carlin-style gold deposits formed by the remobilisation of trace elements during interaction with hydrothermal or metamorphic fluids from early sedimentary pyrite that was enriched in Au, As and Te. The released trace elements are transported by the fluids to favourable trap sites where they are deposited. Therefore, early enrichment of Au, As and Te in source rocks (particularly in pyritic black shale) can be crucial to the formation of orogenic and Carlin-style gold deposits.The most important cause of the enrichment of gold and other trace elements in the sedimentary basins has been examined in this study to determine which basins are the most prospective for the development of orogenic gold deposits. An important influence for Au and other associated trace element accumulation in sedimentary pyrite is the temporal variation of trace element content in the oceans, as revealed by a database of over 1400 analyses of pyrite from black shale through geologic time. It is inferred that sediments coeval with those where sedimentary pyrite is enriched in Au and associated trace elements are more likely to be source rocks of orogenic and Carlin-style gold deposits.Factor analysis of the trace element content of pyrite through geologic time was conducted to investigate the multivariate relationships amongst trace elements and how these chemical factors explain the uptake of trace elements. One important factor includes Te, Au, Pb and Bi content. The incorporation of these large cations into pyrite is enhanced by As3+ substituting for Fe in pyrite lattice. The As3+ ion occurs in relatively oxidised environments and, thus, it is expected that shales deposited in non-euxinic waters are better source rocks for orogenic gold deposits.The examination of both the time in which the sediments were deposited and the redox conditions of the basin, and the ocean more broadly, can be used as a guide to approximate the extent of a basin’s fertility. To illustrate the use of this exploration tool, examples from the unmineralised Jet Rock Formation (UK) and the mineralised Castlemaine Group (Bendigo, Australia) are presented in this paper.CITATION:Gregory, D D, Large, R R, Halpin, J A, Lounejeva, E, Wu, S, Bull, S W, Sack, P J, Lyons, T and Chappaz, A, 2015. Accumulation of trace elements into black shale – how to identify a viable source rock for orogenic and Carlin-style gold deposits , in Proceedings PACRIM 2015 Congress, pp 59–64 (The Australasian Institute of Mining and Metallurgy: Melbourne)."

Mar 18, 2015

By W. R. Leeder

"The Quintette coal property lies in the Rocky Mountain foothills of northeastern British Columbia (see Figure 1). Quintette and the adjacent Bullmoose property of Teck Corporation are soon to become the first commercial coal mines in the Peace River Coal Field, which is estir1ated to contain 10 billion tonnes of metallurgical coal reserves.Denison Mines Limited acquired the original Quintette coal licenses in 1969 and 1970. Exploration began soon after and the first feasibility study was conducted in 1975. Denison devoted the following six years to extensive planning and feasibility studies of the project. During this period, the provincial and federal governments also undertook studies to assess infrastructure requirements and economic viability of development in this part of the province. Many of the proposed mine sites such as Bullmoose and Quintette were at least 100 to 150 kilometres from the towns of Chetwynd and Dawson Creek, the nearest centres serviced by good highways and a railroad, and a complete network of services would have to be provided if such mines were to be developed. The overall project became known as the North East Coal Development.Concurrently with the feasibility studies, numerous technical and sales missions to Japan were made by representatives of Canadian industry and government, culminating in January 1981 with agreements for Quintette Coal Limited and Teck Corporation to supply a total of 115 million tonnes 8 million tonnes per year for 15 years of primarily metallurgical coal to the Japanese Steel Industry."

Jan 1, 1983

Minerals are vital to any industrialized civilization. Annually, the United States uses more than 4 billion tons of new mineral materials, or about 40,000 pounds per person-about half being mineral fuels and the other half being metals and nonmetallics. Stable and economic domestic mining, mineral, metal, and mineral reclamation industries are essential to the economy. The value of United States energy and processed materials of mineral origin exceeds $200 billion annually. Although a number of minerals are imported, especially some designated as "strategic and critical," most U.S. mineral supplies are derived from the domestic mines and processing facilities that you will be seeing, reading about, and visiting as you use this visitor guide. We hope you enjoy your experiences. This pamphlet, a guide to mining and mineral operations that may be observed or visited and some other points of interest relating to minerals, is intended to aid tourists and students who are interested in mining. Some may wish to study our Nation's romantic past; others may plan to enter the minerals industry as a career; still others may have a primary interest in conservation practices. The pamphlet is also intended to aid State and local officials, Chambers of Commerce, and mining firms in answering some of the many questions of tourists and students.

Jan 1, 1976

By Tom Shumka

"All mineral processing facilities that use girth gear driven mills need to inspect the gear teeth on a routine basis, whether it be every six months to every three years. The inspection frequency depends on gear tooth condition, and the objective is to ensure the operational integrity of the gear teeth. Conventional methods such as magnetic particle testing, visual inspection or dye penetrant examinations rely heavily on operator interpretation. At best, these techniques can determine whether a defect exists, but are unable to provide information on defect severity. This paper describes the use of combining combined eddy current array (eca) and alternating current field measurement (acfm) to provide a complete survey of all surface breaking indications on the whole gear tooth depth. This method accurately determines the size, length and depth of any cracks found on the surface.INTRODUCTION In order to gain a fundamental understanding of the evolving operational and production behavior of a piece of machinery over a specified time period as part of an effective condition monitoring program, a robust data collection process must be firmly established and adhered to. To be effectively implemented within an organization, a condition monitoring program must have support of not only the maintenance, production and engineering staffs, but also executive management support to ensure successful roll out to realize the maximum productivity of the machinery and subsequent cost-savings. One of the key elements of a mineral processing facility that use gear driven SAG Mills as a primary stage for grinding solution, is the integrity of the critical gear unit that drive the mill. For the maintenance team, condition monitoring on the gear unit is crucial for preventative maintenance. A catastrophic failure in the critical gear unit would require a minimum of ten days to replace the gear set, depending on the damage occurred. This, of course, would only be applicable if the client had a spare critical gear set in inventory. If a gear set had to be ordered, it could take from four months to two years to receive a new gear set. For example, in 2007, there was a global backlog of these types of gears sets resulting in a two year delivery. The maintenance costs associated with a catastrophic failure of this type would easily cost in the millions."

Jan 1, 2012

This paper describes a simple finite element (FE) modelling approach which leads to the computation of seismic energy release rate (ERR) and strain energy storage rate (ESR) which result from mining. The concept of critical strain energy is introduced as a means to help evaluate the strainburst potential in mine structures. A new, energy-based, burst potential index (BPI) is proposed. The use of ERR, ESR and BPI is demonstrated by a cut-and-fill stope case study. The merits of using such energy parameters in the interpretation and analysis of strainburst phenomena are discussed. While the study gives promising results, site-specific back analyses would be required to first calibrate the model and fit it with the local mine conditions, before it can be adopted as a routine design tool.

Jan 1, 1999

By S. Prasad

The effectiveness of ultrasonic velocity measurements and attenuation of the propagating pulse was evaluated as a means of Non-Destructive characterization of cold worked and annealed copper. Commercial copper is subjected to mechanical working such as forging, rolling and thermal treatment to induce re-crystallization. The microstructural changes that occur in copper and a variation in its mechanical properties are subjected to analysis using the ultrasonic technique. The signal processing is carried out using the wavelet analysis technique. The features of wavelet analysis namely, localization in space and the presence of an infinite set of basis functions allows removing noise from the time series and components of a non-stationary signal to be analyzed. This is seen to improve the accuracy of the results obtained from the ultrasonic technique in the case of copper, which has distinct coarse grains that are difficult to inspect due to backscattering from the grain boundaries.

Jan 1, 2010

By Arthur M. Langer

Since the promulgation of the first Federal Asbestos Standard by the Occupational Safety and Health Administration in 1972, other federal agencies have modified the standard to better carry on their own unique missions. The instruments used to identify and measure asbestos, the sampling protocol, and the criteria used to define asbestos, have been modified to some degree. The Mine Safety and Health Administration regulates and controls asbestos dust in the mining and mineral commodity industries. However, crushed stone and processed ores contain mineral fragments that are frequently difficult to distinguish from asbestos. Mineral nomenclature, instruments for particle analysis, and sampling strategy must be accommodated to some degree to make asbestos control workable and meaningful. Precedent in other agencies has made consideration of these changes possible. Newly identified amphibole asbestos minerals have further complicated the agency?s regulatory charge. Changes in its Asbestos Standard are now being considered. Crushed taconite ore in the Eastern Mesabi highlights many of these issues. ©2008 Published by Elsevier Inc. Keywords: Amosite; Grunerite asbestos; Crocidolite; Riebeckite asbestos; Tremolite asbestos; Actinolite asbestos; Winchite asbestos; Richterite asbestos; Arfvedsonite asbestos; Fluor-edenite asbestos; Asbestos defects; Cleavage fragment; Mineral habit; Mesabi amphiboles

Jan 1, 2008

By N. B. Devi

The extraction of copper(II) from sulphate solution was investigated using LIX®984N in kerosene. The parameters that could affect the extraction, such as equilibrium pH, extractant concentration, salt concentration, various diluents, and temperature, were separately investigated. On the basis of slope analysis, the complex formed in the organic phase is proposed to be CuR2, where R is the anionic part of LIX®984N. The extraction equilibrium constant and Gibbs free energy ( G) of the extraction process were determined. The positive value of H obtained from temperature variation studies showed that the extraction process is endothermic. The extraction of copper was lowest when chloroform was used as the diluent. Separation and recovery of copper from a synthetic copper-nickel solution containing 6.35 g/L Cu(II) and 0.58 g/L Ni(II) was carried out using 20%(v/v) LIX® 984N. The separation factor ( = DCu/DNi) was found to be pH-dependent. A two-stage batch countercurrent extraction was carried out at an O:A ratio of 3:4 at equilibrium pH 1.05 for extraction of copper from copper-nickel solution, followed by copper stripping from the loaded organic phase with 15% H2SO4 at an O:A ratio of 3:1.

Jan 1, 2014

Filtration systems with disposable filter elements (DFEs) are used in the underground coal mining industry to control particulate matter emissions from diesel-powered permissible and nonpermissible coal mining equipment. This study was conducted in underground mine conditions to evaluate three types of high-temperature DFEs used in those filtration systems. The DFEs were evaluated for their effects on the concentrations and size distributions of diesel aerosols and concentrations of nitric oxide (NO) and nitrogen dioxide (NO2). Those effects were compared with the effects of a standard muffler. The experimental work was conducted directly in an underground environment using a unique diesel laboratory developed in an underground experimental mine. After an initial DFE degreening period, the filtration system with all three DFEs was found to be very effective at reducing total mass concentrations of aerosols in the mine air. The effectiveness of DFEs in filtering aerosol mass was found to be a function of the engine operating conditions. The efficiency of the new DFEs significantly increased with accumulation of operating time and buildup of diesel particulate matter in the porous structure of the filter elements. A single laundering process did not exhibit substantial effects on performance of the DFE elements. The effectiveness of DFEs in removing aerosols by number was strongly influenced by engine operating mode. The concentrations of nucleation mode aerosols in the mine air were found to be substantially higher for both DPFs and DFEs when the engine was operated at high-load modes than at low-load modes. Initial heating of certain DFEs resulted in visible white smoke and substantially elevated aerosol number concentrations. The effects of the DFEs on total nitrogen oxides (NOX) concentrations were found to be minor. The NO2 fraction was found to be generally lower for the DFEs than for the muffler. The engine-out NO2 fraction of the total NOX was found to be substantially higher for low-load modes than for high-load modes.

Jan 1, 2011

By D. Mkhwanazi

The purpose of the project was to optimize load haul dump (LHD) machinery use as they were spending too much time doing what they should not be doing. During the investigation, the author found that the machine's actual availability was 86% and the utilization ranged between 30% and 42%. This shows that the availability of the machine has met its target. Therefore the main problem was with the LHD utilization and that is what the project focuses on. To satisfy the objectives, the author firstly studied the existing mining data like the key performance indicators (KPIs) in order to analyse the machine's availability and utilization; this is what gave direction to the problem. Secondly the author did a literature review on mines with similar problems. This gave the author ideas on what to look at in approaching such a situation. Thirdly, the author gathered information on what the LHDs are doing on a daily basis by doing a time study. This gave the author an idea of how long it took the LHDs to complete a specific task. The author also interviewed operators and their supervisors in order to find the best practice work. This helped in identifying the problem areas when comparing the best practice work with what the LHDs are actually doing. According to the project results, it was found that the LHDs are underutilized due to shortage of drivers and the long distances the LHDs have to travel for material loading and refuelling. The author recommended that the machine utilization should be improved by training more operators in order to eliminate the 'no operator' downtime; the cost arrangement of this recommendation is included in the report. The author also recommended that the travelling time should be reduced by using tractors instead of LHDs when long distances need to be travelled for material loading. Another recommendation for reducing travelling time was to bring the mobile fuel tank closer to a section; the cost arrangement for this recommendation is also included in the report. Keywords Optimizing, LHD utilization, LHD availability, key performance indicators (KPI), shortage of drivers, long distances, mobile fuel tanks.

Jan 1, 2011

By M. K. Larson

The U.S. Bureau of Mines conducted a study to evaluate support interaction between conventional bolts and the rib at two Western coal mines. The principal goal was to develop guidelines for designing rib support under various conditions. At mine A, seven rib bolts were installed with load cells and monitored over a 4-month period. Fifty-seven pull tests were conducted with two types of anchors at various depths. At mine B, 163 pull tests were conducted. Results showed that during the 4 months of monitoring bolt load, tension in the bolts decreased over time in some situations and that anchorage capacity was reduced in a yielded zone. Load-versus-deformation plots from pull tests in the rib showed fundamental differences in anchorage behavior at the two mines, particularly when comparing results of tests in old pillars at mine A and tests in new ribs at mine B. Numerical modeling experiments indicate that coal bonding strength was the most significant factor in determining postyield anchorage capacity. Correlation of anchor yield point with anchor depth were more pronounced at mine A than at mine B; measuring torque may be a reasonable method of monitoring deteriorating anchorage capacity in a rib undergoing fracturing and yield.

Jan 1, 1996

By James S. Graham

Foundation pile driving hammers used in New York City in the past 100 years have been drop, steam, compressed air, diesel, and hydraulic. In 1992, the first hydraulic hammer in the New York City area was purchased by Norwalk Marine Contractors, Inc. from Junttan in Finland. It was bought because of its variable energy and ease of mobilization, not because of its higher transferred energy. Heller and Johnsen engineers instrumented hydraulic hammers on nine jobs. The measured transferred energy for the nine jobs was found to average approximately 80 percent. There is no clear consensus regarding the reasons for the hydraulic hammer being more efficient in delivering energy to the pile as compared to single-acting steam/air impact hammers. To minimize pile damage during installation, and to minimize footage overruns, an up-to-date version of the wave equation software that includes an efficiency value of 0.95 for hydraulic hammers is now used.

Jan 1, 2000

By M. K. Larson

The U.S. Bureau of Mines and Cyprus Shoshone Coal Corp. conducted a study of deformation mechanisms in strata around a longwall gate road system at two sites in an underground coal mine near Ham, WY. Of particular interest was timedependent (on the order of several months) roof deformation. Strata above and below the coal seam are very weak, carbonaceous mudstones that have cohesionless planes of weakness oriented along bedding, which dips approximately 8° to 16° at N 49° E. An extensive array of instrumented roof bolts, roof extensometers, and biaxial stressmeters were installed during development mining at these two sites under variable depth of cover [I83 to 335 m (600 to 1,100 ft)], seam dip (10° to 16°), and top coal thickness [estimated to be 0.30 to 0.61 m (1 to 2 ft) on the downdip side of the entry]. Bolt load and roof deformation histories during the entry development periods were compared. Bolt loads at site 2 were less than those at site 1, which is consistent with the amount of overburden. Deformation magnitudes at site 2 were similar to those at site 1, but deformation rates were approximately 44% greater and nearly constant over time, whereas the deformation rates at site 1 decreased exponentially over time. Also, most deformation occurred above the bolt horizon at site two, but extensometer measurements at site 1 showed that a significant amount of deformation occurred within the bolt horizon. The most significant factor that influenced bolt tension and timedependent strata deformation was strength and Young's modulus of the strata. Finite-difference models support this conclusion.

Jan 1, 1996

The physical setting and background to mining operations on Misima Island and the overall plant lay-out are outlined. Developments and changes made to each section of the plant are described as they were encountered during commissioning and initial operation.

Jan 1, 1991

By T. Frömmer, H. Wagner

An inter-disciplinary geotechnical study has been carried out in an Austrian magnesite mine. The paper describes the how geological data, in situ and laboratory tests as well as subjective, empirical, geophysical and numerical methods have been used to identify critical areas in the mine. In einem österreichischen Magnesit Bergbau wurde in den letzten Jahren eine interdisziplinäre geotechnische Studie durchgeführt. Der Vortrag beschreibt den Einsatz subjektiver, empirischer, geophysikalischer und numerischer Methoden zur Identifikation geotechnischer Problembereiche Ces dernières années des études géotechniques interdisciplinaires sont effectuées dans une mine souterraine de magnésite en Autriche. Ce rapport trace l’application des méthodes subjectives, empiriques, géophysiques et numériques pour identifier les zones problématiques dans la mine

Jan 1, 2003

Lonmin, earlier than any other primary platinum producer, had to deal with the concentrating and smelting of UG2-rich ores and concentrates respectively. Smelting was performed at a fairly modest scale compared to the company's industry peers in the platinum group metals (PGMs) industry, and was focused on smelting concentrates obtained through low mass pulls while still maintaining high recoveries at its concentrators. Lonmin gradually smelted larger quantities of UG2 concentrates. Initially two 2.3 MW Infurnco furnaces were commissioned in 1982, followed by three 5 MW circular 3-electrode Pyromet furnaces in 1991. Deep electrode immersions and moderately high hearth power densities were used in all the designs. Lonmin decided to continue with circular furnace technology when it planned its new high-intensity No. 1 Furnace. Neither Lonmin nor the technology supplier and EPCM company foresaw the challenges that scale-up would bring when applied to the smelting of UG2-rich concentrate blends. Superimposed on the high chromite content, was the low base-metal loading, mineralogical difficulties, and fine particle size that resulted from milling of all concentrates (especially UG2 and recycle materials within the smelter). Through a process of fundamental diagnoses of furnace run-outs and wear patterns observed during repairs, the main challenges operating this high-intensity furnace were identified as sulphur vapour corrosion of the copper coolers, uneven and unpredicted movements of refractory bricks with associated copper cooler lift and matte tapblock movement, the formation of three-phase 'mushy' zones, high refractory and taphole wear rates, uncertainty in matte level and associated insufficient matte buffer height, and high furnace operating temperatures. These factors seldom worked in isolation and will be explored in more detail in the paper. The variability in furnace feed characteristics led Lonmin to redesign Furnace No. 1, to invest in backup furnace capacity, and to invest in improved monitoring and control. These improvements consisted of online and high-frequency off-line monitoring of feed chemistry and mineralogy, online pressure monitoring of water-cooled circuits, an alternative matte liquid level measurement in the furnace, and electrode immersion estimation. Improvements were also made at the converters by installing and utilizing optical spectral analysis of the converter flame to characterize converter behaviour and achieve the desired iron end-point for white matte. This paper also briefly discusses the current and future expansion plans, as well as ancillary operations at the smelter such as flue-gas handling and materials handling.

Jan 1, 2011

With increasing demand for real-time monitoring of mine parameters, the requirement for appropriate data management in many mining applications is also increasing. This includes atmospheric monitoring in underground coal and metal mines. Although a number of different (real-time) monitoring systems have been installed in underground mines, they all typically share the same systems or sub-systems, where each sub-system may include both custom hardware and / or software components. In addition, monitoring components installed in underground coal mines in the USA should also be intrinsically safe and approved by the US Mine Safety and Health Administration. Real-time analysis adds complexity to the system since data validation and storage should be completed independently of filtering, data reduction operations, or visualization. Real-time processing may include statistical evaluation, trending, cross-correlation, and real-time alarm or warning generation. This paper presents the concept and design of an integrated system under development for atmospheric monitoring in US coal mines.

Jan 1, 2014

THE choice of a pumping plant for the drainage of a mine is a matter of such importance that it is obvious that in a short paper it is impossible to go fully into the reasons governing the adoption of any particular type. The author, therefore, proposes to briefly discuss the methods.in vogue, and, as far as possible, to point out the advantages and disadvantages of the numerous systems. The probiem is of extreme importance to the mining engineer, and it appears that in the past sufficient thought has not been given to this branch, as shown by the numerous failures which are encountered.When water is met with in large quantities, the development of the mine depends upon the pumping plant to such a great extent that the most careful consideration should be given before deciding on any particular scheme for drainage. The pumpingplant in a mine should be looked. upon in the light of an insurance policy, and should be treated as such, care being taken that the premium is as low as possibl~, and to ensure this it is necessary that the most efficient plant be secured. Local conditions play such an important part ill the design of a plant that no hard and fast rules can be laid down. When the amount of water to be handled is small, and there is no possibility of any increase...

Jan 1, 1912

By Carl Havemann

[PAPER PRESENTED AT THE 8thINTERNATIONAL CORROSION CONFERENCE HELD AT THE SA NATIONAL MUSEUM OF MILITARY HISTORY, SAXONWOLD JOHANNESBURG DURING 14-15 NOVEMBER, 2006.]

Jan 1, 2006