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By N. A. Eilertsen

Mining operations were in progress at the Shawangunk mine near Summitville, Sullivan County, N. Y. as early as 1843 and again as late as 1918. Difficulty in effecting mechanical separation of sphalerite and galena was the primary reason for abandonment by various operators. The Bureau of Mines investigated this mine by diamond drilling, sampling, and performing beneficiation tests. The investigation included the construction of 1.25 miles of access road and the completion of 6,526 feet of core drilling in 24 holes. In addition, 151 samples were taken in the mine. The investigation proved an extension of ore contiguous to the old mine workings and resulted in the discovery of another ore shoot at depth. The ore occurs as fissure filling in a fault zone and contains concentrations of zinc and lead sulfides with minor dissemination of chalcopyrite in a quartz gangue. Metallurgical tests indicate that the ore can be concentrated by selective flotation.

Jan 1, 1950

By P. Rambalee

A multiple coal fired boiler house provides steam for utility usage in various production plants. Maintaining stable header pressure and boiler availability is of critical importance for downstream consumers. Advanced Process Control comprising of a G2 based expert system and Model Predictive Control was implemented to improve the boiler house performance. The results yielded improvements in the main header pressure stability, reduction in boiler saturation and significant saving in coal consumption. All information used for this document is from a published whitepaper written and led by Prevlen Rambalee (Anglo Platinum) and Gustaf Gous (BluESP) titled, ?Control and Stabilization of a Multiple Boiler Plant: An APC Approach?.

Jan 1, 2012

By S. C. Borah

Graphite, a mineral form of pure carbon, is one of the most versatile minerals in industry, because of its varying physical properties and characteristics. The mineral occurs naturally in the form of tubular crystals or microcrystalline earthy lumps, or it is disseminated in rocks, which have undergone intense metamorphism. India has a large deposition of graphite minerals out of which about 43% are found in Arunachal Pradesh. However, compared to the rest of the country, the North-East Region and particularly Arunachal Pradesh has not attracted attention till date for detail investigation for characterization, beneficiation, prospecting and/or exploitation of the mineral resources including graphite. Bulk graphite sample were collected from upper Subanshiri district of Arunachal Pradesh. Chemical analysis of the representative samples were carried out and found that 7.29%, 19.60% and 6.07% of fixed carbon (FC) is present in graphite sample collected from La-Lamdak, Bopi and Taliha, Arunachal Pradesh, respectively. Chemical analysis of the ash of the graphite sample shows presence of impurities such as silica, Al2O3, Fe2O3, Ca, Mg etc in the graphite sample which are also supported by XRD and SEM-EDX investigation. The graphite samples of Arunachal Pradesh are low grade and do not fulfill the market requirement for the industrial applications. Therefore, low-grade graphite is subjected to beneficiation for the upgradation of the graphite for industrial applications. We have adopted the dispersion?cum-settling technique for the beneficiation of the graphite sample collected from Arunachal Pradesh. The FC of 40.21% with 41.17% raw graphite recovery which is equivalent to 71.02% carbon recovery have been obtained by gravity separation technique using only distilled water without any chemical reagent in case of graphite sample collected from Bopi, Arunachal Pradesh. The graphite sample is upgraded up to 47.75% FC with 41.91% raw graphite recovery, which is equivalent to 85.85% carbon recovery with the pH adjustment at 9 with NaOH. Keywords: graphite, beneficiation, gravity separation, arunachal Pradesh

Sep 1, 2012

By AIME AIME

WTHIN the next month all members of the Institute will be given an opportunity to vote for a new President, two Vice-Presidents, and five Directors. All of the candidates nominated by the official committee are well known to certain groups of the Institute membership but a brief record of their professional lives will be given here for the information of those that will vote. Not since 1927, when Everette DeGolyer guided the destinies of the Institute, has a member of the Petroleum Division been a candidate for President. John Meston Lovejoy has been a Director since 1930, and a Vice-President as well for the last year: In the three years 1932-4 lie was also chairman of the Admissions Committee. Dir. Lovejoy graduated from the Columbia School of Mines in 1911, just before lie was 22 years old, and began his professional career as a copper miner at Chuquicamata. Chile. Silver and gold mining later claimed his % attention, and it was not until 1914 that lie gut into the oil business, as geologist for the Standard Oil Co. of N. Y. This took hint to China and he later worked for the company in Wyoming. In 1917 lie joined the Army where lie rose to be captain of Field Artillery. Upon his return to the United States he went to work for the Amerada Petroleum Co., of which he later became vice-president and general manager, with headquarters in Tulsa. Since coining to New York he has been president of the Petroleum Bond & Share Cu.. and is currently president of the Seaboard Oil Co.

Jan 1, 1935

By FREDERICW K. BRADLE

I HAVE been puzzled by two lines of thought'; one emanating from Washington, D. C., to the effect that we must all cheer up, that in a very short time, measured in terms of months, prices would begin to recover, business would become normal, and prosperity would continue on its way just as before the interruption of a year ago; and a second, coming from certain industrialists and economists, expressing fears that all commodity prices were in for a long downward trend, which would cause much unemployment, eventually drag down wages and so restrict purchasing power as to further aggravate the situation. One basis for the fear of a downward trend in commodity prices' is that ifter great wars a depression could last for something like 40 years-the downward trend to such a depression after our recent World War having been postponed for some reason or other; and the basis for another fear was that the production of gold was becoming less. I had 'also been trying for some time past to refresh my recollection as to how my ow11 particular lead interest climbed out of the depression of 1893; and as all the metals have had, and still have. relative values and prices, I can best express what I have in mind by talking principally about lead.

Jan 1, 1930

This report summarizes the results of a research project entitled "Fatal Accident Data Base Development." This project is the last project under Contract No. S0110601. Volumes I and 1I, "Industrial Engineering Study of Hazards Associated with Underground Coat Mine Production," summarize the original industrial engineering project and the Fatal Accident Report Analysis project. These projects were completed and accepted by the U.S. Bureau of Mines on December 10, 1971. Both volumes of the report have been made available by the Bureau to the public through the U. S. Department of Commerce technical information service. Another project under the same con tract, entitled "Equipment Operations Safety Study, ' was completed in January 1972 and the report was accepted by the U. S. B. M. at that time. The analysis in this Natal Accident. Data Lose Development report is closely related to analysis in both of the earlier reports. The original project involved an industrial engineering and safety of production operations for a representative sample of underground bituminous coal mines. The contactor was required to make recommendations 'in work practices, mining methods, equipment, and safety practices which can effectively reduce the fatality rate from rib and roof falls.' (Longwall mining methods were excluded from the study.) Time study and work element analyses were performed in over 50 mines as part of the field data gathering effort. Another requirement of the study was to develop sets of multiflow. Process charts, which are diagrammatic illustrations of the time-related interaction of mining, cycle job elements.

Jan 1, 1972

By William P. Stroud

Chemical alteration of the compressive strength of sandstone has been investigated by the U.S. Bureau of Mines (USBM). Successful development of this technology would offer an attractive alternative to the methods now used for stress control in mines. Sandstone cores were stressed to failure under uniaxial compression at two different strain rates. Specimens saturated with either distilled or tap water showed an average 14% reduction in stress at failure compared with those dried in vacuum. Samples saturated with dilute solutions of aluminum chloride, hydrochloric acid, and polyethylene oxide showed no statistically significant difference in failure stress compared with those saturated with water. By contrast, compressive strength of the cores was increased some 7% by saturation with the nonpolar solvent carbon tetrachloride. No correlation was found between zeta potential and compressive strength.

Jan 1, 2010

By P. B. Leavenworth

Development in the Upper Texas Gulf Coast during 1945 resulted in the discovery of 23 new fields; one Miocene, eight Frio, three Cockfield-Yegua and eleven along the Wilcox trend. The Wilcox trend appears to he the most active at this time. Producing depths of the new Wilcox discoveries range from 2050 to 10,050 ft. Drilling along the Frio trend has been, for the greater part, projected to the deeper downdip sands. Eighteen of the new discoveries are classified as oil or condensate and five are gas discoveries.

Jan 1, 1946

By H. C. Meister

THE zinc-smelting industry of the United States has grown very rapidly in recent years and bids fair to outrival that of all other countries in the future. On account of the geographical situation of the chief ore-supplies, the industry may be divided into two main groups, the eastern and the western. The eastern and older group includes the works of Pennsylvania, New Jersey and Virginia, which practically control their own ore-supply. The western group includes the works of Illinois, Missouri, Kansas, Wisconsin and Indiana, which do not control their own ore-supply, but are compelled to buy the ore in the open market. It is for this reason that the western zinc-smelting industry has been undergoing continual changes since its inception 40 years ago. During the early discoveries of lead- and zinc-ore in the lead- and zinc-districts of Wisconsin and northern Illinois, the zinc-ore (sinithsonite or " bone " as the miner calls it) had no value and was considered waste; but later, when this ore was found in large quantities, it attracted the attention of metallurgists, which finally resulted, during the early sixties, in the building of the Matthiessen & Hegeler Zinc Works at LaSalle, Ill., the pioneer zinc-works of the West. A few years later, zinc-ore was discovered associated with the lead-ore in Jefferson county, southeastern Missouri, which started the industry at Carondelet or South St. Louis. Still later, the discoveries of zinc-ore in the lead-ore region, first' at Granby and then around Joplin, lead to the introduction of the industry in the southwest Missouri and Kansas districts. At first the development of the industry was slow, but it progressed steadily and it is now one of the leading metallurgical industries of the middle West.

Jan 1, 1905

By George P. Demopoulos, Nima Parsi Benehkohal, Marianna Uceda

Lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) find wide range of applications from portable electronics to electric cars and stationary storage or renewable energy. LIB electrode fabrication is done through mixing the active material (Li-ion host) with carbon (conductive component) and polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF), which acts as a binder. These components are dissolved in N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone (NMP) to form a paste which is then doctor bladed onto the aluminum current collector. NMP is a toxic chemical and the overall fabrication process remains costly. Efforts are made of eliminating NMP by (1) replacing the binder and (2) using a new fabrication method. Of particular interest among these new methods is electrophoretic deposition (EPD). Via the application of DC potential, particles in suspension can be electrophoretically deposited on different conductive substrates in a relatively fast rate rendering EPD feasible for industrial application. A key aspect for successful application of EPD is the formulation of a stable suspension. Within the McGill HydroMET group, we explore the potential of EPD in fabricating LIB electrodes having demonstrated its effectiveness in the case of P25 nanotitania/carbon anodes. The performance of EPD fabricated TiO2/C electrodes is compared to standard PVDF-based electrodes and shown to have comparable charge capacity. This method is now being extended to other electrode materials. In this paper an introduction to the EPD method will be made and subsequently its use in fabricating LIB electrodes will be described. The performance of the fabricated batteries is evaluated via galvanostatic charging/discharging and cycling tests.

Jan 1, 2016

By D. A. Singer, J. C. Griffiths

"One of the most useful approaches to a complex problem is to model the system which gives rise to the problem and to perform simulations through the model to find appropriate solutions. The Engel Model may be used as such a simulator to investigate the problem of the exploration for natural resources.The Engel Model is based on a two-stage search procedure in which a known area (A) which contains m prizes is subjected to search by n coverings. During the first-stage search the sensor system records signals which may be a response from prizes (that is, true signals) or may be false. Signals tend to cluster around a prize and a cluster size consists of s signals. If a circle of radius R is drawn around each signal some will overlap and the overlap from s signals contains a prize. The cost of a single covering in which each point of the area comes under observation once, is designated E1. Second-stage detailed search is expensive and is confined to areas of overlap of s circles; it leads to the location of prizes. Second-stage search of the whole area costs Ea units. The expected value, V, of a prize is known and its development cost is E3 units.The sensor system characteristics are defined by the circle of radius R around a signal, which should be small compared with the total area A and enters the model as a parameter a x R2/A. The probability of a false signal during a single covering of a circle of radius I is a known constant, A.This model was applied to the search for uranium ore bodies using two different types of occurrence. In the first, the Wyoming Basin type, the area is relatively large (A = 1 496 square miles) and a few (m = 4) large prizes occur (expected value V = $30 million). In the second area, which represents the Ambrosia Lake region of New Mexico, the area is smaller (A = 212 square miles) and contains many (m = 200) smaller prizes (expectedvalue of a prize V,$2 million). The three costs, E1, E2, E3, are adjusted to the different circumstances in the two areas.Simulations were performed using n = 1 to 40 coverings with cluster sizes s = 0 to 19; the radius R was varied from 0.52 to 3 miles (and, therefore, a = 0.002 to 0.133 0, respectively, dependent on the area of interest). The value of A was varied from 0.01 to 0.10.Profitable programs were found over a wide range of the parameters; the two areas required different strategies to achieve maximum profit. In the Ambrosia Lake region a few passes (n = 4 to 6) with small cluster sizes (s = 2 to 6) are more profitable, whereas in the Wyoming Basin region a large number of passes (n = 35 to 40) and cluster sizes of s = 5 to 10 are most profitable.As pointed out by Allais (1957) the larger prizes are the most important in deciding the successful outcomes of exploration programs, and the profit margin in the search for a few large prizes is sufficient to yield success over a wide range of programs. Such programs require very large investments if they are to be successful.To refine the Engel Simulator as a decision-maker in selecting the most profitable exploration programs it is necessary to obtain firm estimates of the sensor system characteristics, that is, of R, a and ? (lambda)."

Jan 1, 2014

By David Meadows, John Starkey

"As part of the ongoing project development for the Tenke Fungurume Copper-Cobalt Project in the Democratic Republic of Congo, Phelps Dodge Corporation has examined methodologies for determining the size of grinding mills to support a 7000 mtpd operation. Six samples were tested by Hazen Research, Inc. (HRI) to obtain the JK parameters using the JK Drop Weight Test, standard Bond crushing, and rod mill work indices, abrasion indices and by Dawson for Bond Ball Mill Work Index tests using crushed feed, and Standard Autogenous Grinding Design (SAGDesign) Tests, patented by Outokumpu. (See reference 8 below).The comparison of these results gives context to how the various measurements relate to each other and how they can be used to obtain an accurate design for the grinding mills required for the Tenke Project. This is the first published direct comparison between JK Drop Weight, standard bond work indices, and SAGDesign test results. The SAGDesign test includes a SAG test followed by a Bond BM Wi test done on SAG ground material.INTRODUCTIONAfter the presentation of the paper “SAGDesign Testing – What It Is and Why It Works” at the recently concluded SAG 2006 Conference in Vancouver, a question was asked about how SAGDesign ore hardness measurements compared with other comminution tests, specifically the JK Drop Weight Test and the parameters that are derived from such testing. At that time it was noted that a paper was being prepared for the CMP Conference in January to show how various ore hardness measurements compare with each other when done on the same samples.This paper will therefore present the first such comparison using test results from the Phelps Dodge Tenke Fungurume Project where six composite samples were examined by the tests noted below. A seventh sample was tested at Dawson but not at other labs. The tests were done at four different laboratories listed below and included the tests shown."

Jan 1, 2007

By Orlando Martino

This regional report covers the mineral industries of Canada and 40 countries and areas in Latin America and the Caribbean Basin. Also included is a brief description of the mineral potential of Antarctica. The Latin American region encompasses an area twice that of the United States. Latin America and Canada have a rich and diversified endowment of mineral fuels, metals, and industrial minerals. Tables 2 and 3 provide a summary view of the importance of Latin America and Canada's output of its major mineral commodities in world mineral supply in 1989 and 1990.

Jan 1, 1993

Nearly as impressive as the machines that will be on display at MINExpo are the massive engines and tires that keep the machines moving. As you can imagine, it takes a special tire and special engine to run these machines. The following is a look at some of the exhibitors that will be at MINExpo displaying engines and tires. Cummins Inc. Cummins Inc. will display a lineup engines from 37kW to 2,983 kW (49 hp to 4000 hp) at MINExpo, representing the most extensive ?smallest to largest? range the company has ever put on display.

Jan 1, 2012

This Workshop was held at the Doubletree Inn, Seattle, Washington from September 26 to 28, 1997. Run under the auspices of the Deep Foundations Institute (DFI), it was co-funded by the newly formed Japanese Association of Micropiles (JAMP), and the Federal Highway Administration (FHWA). The Workshop was jointly organized and facilitated by Fujita Research Corporation and ECO Geosystems, Inc., with close support by Donald B. Murphy Contractors, Inc. DFI kindly consented to publish these Proceedings. As is clear from the list of attendees, 42 specially invited engineers from all aspects of micropile technology were present, representing Japanese, European and American practice. This proved to be a most friendly and interactive group of people, who freely exchanged ideas, views and close comradeship, not only during the technical sessions, but (and especially!) during the numerous social events. Perhaps the best illustration of this came in Day 2 when the attendees were divided into five competing teams, each comprising representatives from the different geographic groupings. These teams had to quickly devise solutions to two technical problems (using standard data previously provided. A team of "referees" (who also acted as "coaches") later determined the most apposite response, based on constructability design concept, cost, schedule and so on. Not only were the winning team very liberal in distributing the prize (vintage California champagne) among themselves, but the whole Workshop soon benefited from their generous division of the spoils of victory.

Jan 1, 1997

This paper is an outline of the developmental practices now in use at North Broken Hill Limited, N.S.W. The description will be given under the following headings.I. General.......opening up of a new level.II. Driving.III. Winzing.IV. Rising.V. Auxiliary Ventilation.VI. Notes on the Introduction of Mechanical Appliances.VII. Office Records and Routine.I. GENERALThe lode, for purposes of description, may be said to be divided into two portions which are usually referred to as the Southern and Northern Orebodies.The southern ore-body is the larger and in places attains a width of 200 feet. The northern ore-body is, generally speaking, comparatively narrow. These ore-bodies have a northerly pitch of approximately 45' and a westerly dip of 60. In the southern ore-body a grid of ore chutes is provided at 31 ft. 8 in. (5 square set) intervals and this necessitates an elaborate arrangement of cross-cuts, portion of which have to be driven through the foot-wall. Crushed country rock adjacent to the foot-wall makes it necessary for drives to be placed at least 60 feet from the lode.In the northern ore-body the ore chutes are arranged along a longitudinal drive, thus making a much simpler layout. These layouts were described in detail by A. R. West (Proceedings A.I.M.M. No. 117). In opening up a new level from the shaft plat, a heading is extended in a westerly direction until a point approximately 60 feet from the footwall of the lode is reached.At this point the direction of the cross-cut is altered to a bearing approximately 90 to the general strike of the ore-body, and the cross-cut continued until the hanging-wall is intersected. From the information obtained together with that from diamond drilling, the outline of the ore-body is plotted as closely as possible, and this serves as a basis for the layout of the level. Drives south and north from the main cross-cut are made in order to determine the southern and northern extremity of the southern ore-body. The former is usually driven in the centre of the ore-body and serves as a permanent gangway and ventilation drive for the new level.From the northern extremity of the southern ore-body, the drive north is...

Jan 1, 1944

An evaluation of blasting procedures in surface mining operations was undertaken to determine means for improving safety. The objectives of the study were to: 1. Develop guidelines for safer blasting practices 2. Specify changes or additions in regulations concerning the use of explosives 3. Identify areas in which additional knowledge needs to be developed. As a basis for the evaluation, an idealized blasting cycle was prepared. Developed in the form of a scenario of surface mining operations, this synthesis of good mining practices served as the standard against which observed activities were compared. Blasting hazards were divided into two categories: those known to exist and those which are potential. Known hazards were identified in terms of situations which have actually resulted in explosives-related accidents. The evidence for known hazards was obtained primarily from MESA records of mine accidents. Potential hazards were identified by observation of mining activities and consultations with mining, explosive industry and government regulatory agency personnel.

Jan 1, 1977

By Louis J. Sousa

In November 1989, the U.S. Bureau of Mines sponsored a 2-day conference to stimulate thinking and discussion about changing materials technologies and implications for the Government's materials information programs. On the first day of the conference, speakers provided overviews of developments occurring in each of the major materials groups. Emerging technological developments, applications, economic and national defense significance, intermaterial competition, and potential market growth in advanced plastics, polymer composites, ceramics, metals, and electronic materials were described. In general, the speakers forecast advanced materials market growth rates in excess of overall gross national product (GNP) though high costs will tend to limit growth outside of aerospace, defense, electronics, medical equipment, and other typically high value-added businesses. On the second day, a wide range of speakers representing several facets of the materials community described how advances in materials technology are creating a need for new types of data, statistics, information, and analysis. Reflecting the speakers' broad range of organizational, professional, and personal perspectives, an array of information needs was identified. Most requirements, however, seemed to fall into one of five major categories: Federal materials research activities, material standards, market and economic information, health and safety, and public policy.

Jan 1, 1990

By W. W. Adams

Every man-hour of work performed in and about the coal mines of the United States had a 2-percent heavier death load from accidents in 1938 than in 1937. This is an unorthodox way of stating that the death rate per million man-hours of exposure or employment was 2 percent higher in 1938 than in 1937, increasing from 1.74 to 1.78. Thus the average miner had a 2-percent greater chance of being killed in 1938 than he had in 1937. The average quantity of coal resulting from 1 man-hour of work increased 3.6 percent -from 0.615 ton in 1937 to 0.637 ton in 1938. The production of the average ton of coal was accompanied by a slightly smaller loss of life in 1938 than in 1937, the accident rate being 2.793 per million tons in 1938 compared with 2.833 in 1937.

Jan 1, 1941

This: symposium was sponsored by the Bureau of Mines, U.S. Department of the lnterior, in order to critically examine the state-of-the-art of sulfide flotation chemistry and to define current and emerging problems that should be emphasized in future fundamental research. The topics covered through invited papers include both reviews and recent research results in the areas of thermodynamics of reagent-mineral interactions; collector adsorption processes; the effects of solid-state point defects on flotation; activation and deactivation phenomena; the electrochemical role of oxygen in sulfide flotation; environmental problems in flotation; and selective flocculation of fines. Papers riving perspectives on flotation research in relationship to our national mineral requirements and the relationships between industrial flotation research and academics are also presented. An edited summary of the symposium follows the papers.

Jan 1, 1980