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By Binyon E. O.

The tungsten properties of Lincoln Mines, Inc., and North Tem Piute Mining and Development Co. were first explored by the Bureau of Mines in 1942. Work on the project comprised trenching, sampling, a small amount of road and trail construction, and a small amount of core drilling. From April 13 to December 10, 1944, additional diamond drilling was done by the Bureau of Mines to test the lateral and downward extensions of the various tactite zones along the contact south of the Lincoln mine, including the property of the North Tem Piute Mining & Development Co. Claims leased by the Lincoln Mites, Inc., are in secs. 25 and 36, T. 3 S., R. 56 E.; secs. 30 and 31, T. 3 S., R. 57' E.; and sec. 1, T. 4 S., 56 E., M. D. B. & M., in the Tem Piute Mining District, near the north end of the Timpahute Range in west central Lincoln County, Nev. D. B. Fegles is president of Lincoln Mines, Inc., and general offices are in the Wesley Temple Building, Minneapolis, Minn.

Jan 1, 1950

By Jr. Sillers

This is the sixth report of investigations in cooperation with the steel industry to establish the technological acceptability of electrolytic manganese in steelmaking processes. The bulk of the .electrolytic manganese used in these tests was produced by the Bureau Of Mines from domestic ores at its Boulder City, Nev., pilot plant by the process developed by the Bureau. Electrolytic manganese for the first series of tests made in 1940 was supplied by the Electro manganese Corp., Knoxville, Tenn. The first report dealt with the application of electrolytic manganese to the manufacture of stainless.steel;9 the second with tests in acid electric and acid open-hearth low and medium carbon-steel castings; the third with its use in rimmed and? killed low-carbon steels; the fourth with its application to the manufacture of stainless steel as well as the Timken 16-25-6 alloy for gas turbines; and the fifth with tests in acid and basic electric steel foundry practice and basic steel ingot production.

Jan 1, 1948

By B. W. Gandrud, G. T. Bator

The recent introduction of small coal jigs in Alabama to meet the needs of truck - mine operators for cheap and economical cleaning equipment marks another step in Alabama's pioneering record in the mechanical cleaning and preparation of coal . During the past 4 or 5 years a number of these small jigs , with capacity of 5 to 10 tons per hour , have been installed at Alabama truck mines and at a few truck mines in Illinois , Tennessee , and Pennsylvania . Most of the installations have been at mines that specialize in the production of domestic , stoker coal . This report describes three models of small jigs and includes performance data obtained recently on one of the models by the Bureau of Mines, United States Department of the Interior , in cooperation with the University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa , Ala . , for the purpose of comparing it with fullsize jigs on a performance basis . With literally hundreds of truck mines now in operation throughout the country , it has been assumed in preparing this report that there is widespread interest in the availability of small - scale inexpensive preparation equipment for use at such mines in the production of steam and domestic coal and in some instances coal for manufacture of coke . Practically none of the coal from Alabama truck mines is scld to coke - oven plants ; but in some sections of the country truck mines supply a considerable amount of coking coal, and the use of small, inexpensive washers at some of them might be very advantageous during the present war emergency from the standpoint of increasing pig - iron production through improvements in coke quality .

Aug 1, 1943

By Mark Sheppard

This paper is the second of a series recording the results of tests made at various quarries throughout the United States to determine, (1) the relation between the size gradation of feed to, and product from, primary crushers; (2) the particle shape of crushed product; (3) the differences in gradation and particle shape produced by different tries of primary crushers; and ( 4) the differences in gradation and particle shape caused by crushing different kinds of stone. Primary crushing has received comparatively little attention in the technical literature in spite of tine fact that the design of the whole crushing plant should be correlated to the performance of the primary crusher.

Jan 1, 1938

By H. H. Schrenk, L. B. Berger, Robert L. Beatty

"INTRODUCTION Toxic oxides of nitrogen 5/ are formed or liberated in many industrial process and may constitute a definite hazard to the health of persons exposed to the atmospheres thus produced. Oxides of nitrogen occur in the gases involved in the use of explosives, in the gasoline products of welding operations in the exhaust of internal-combustion engines, in the vicinity of electrical discharges, in the combustion of nitrated materials, and in chemical process involving nitration or the use of nitric acid, Itis evident that oxides of nitrogen may constitute an occupational hazard in many industries, and therefore it is important that those concerned with the control of such hazards be equipped with a technique suitable for the determinations of oxides of nitrogen in the concentrations of,hygienic significance."

Feb 1, 1943

By Miles B. Royert

Crude Minnesota taconite was charged in the Bureau of Mines experimental blast furnace so that smelting characteristics of such highly siliceous raw materials could be studied and smelting costs compared with those of a standard Mesabi ore. The Bureau recognized that the highly siliceous nature of the crude ore and its relatively low metallic content would be serious economic deterrents to commercial use of the raw taconite, but compensating factors would be low capital investment in production facilities, large tonnage available on short notice, high recoveries of iron, and low delivered cost. Crude taconite smelted readily in the experimental blast furnace. Coke consumption per ton of metallic product was very high, compared with the average established requirements for smelting normal grades of metalliferous raw materials. Slag rates were also inordinately high. Metal quality was erratic as to silicon, and sulfur contents were objectionably high.

Jan 1, 1961

By J. T. McCartney

In an effort to correlate the size of pyrite particles in coal and coal-particle association with the removal of pyrite before burning, the Bureau of Mines conducted a study of 61 coals presently being used for electric power production. The results were obtained by visual microscopic studies of polished briquets of minus l4-mesh samples. Mean pyrite particle sizes ranged from 20 to 400 microns and proportions of pyrite contained in coal particles to an extent greater than 50 percent by volume (estimated) ranged from 20 to 95 percent. These parameters were correlated with reductions in pyrite accomplished by float-sink tests at 1.60 sp gr on 14-mesh, 3/8-inch, and 1-1/2-inch samples. The correlation coefficients between pyrite removal and mean pyrite particle size were 0.89, 0.84, and 0.79, respectively, for these samples. Correlation coefficients between pyrite removal and coal-pyrite association parameter were 0.92, 0090, and 0.85, respectively. It is apparent that extent of pyrite removal can be fairly well predicted from microscopic analysis.

Jan 1, 1969

By J. C. LaScola

Development of methanometers and anemometers for underground use in coal mines is reviewed. The first semicontinuous recording methanometer was developed in 1961 in West Germany. The Bureau of Mines developed an instrument using; pellesters that was a continuous recording methanometer. Expansion of freon gas created a vacuum which pulled the methane-air mixture through a tube to an electrically heated, catalyst-impregnated pellester where the mixture was burned. The National Coal Board of England developed a continuous recording methanometer based on the principle of the Davy flame safety lamp. A thermo-pile was used to sense the hurt output of the flame. Finally the Bureau of Mines improved its methanometer by eliminating the freon gas and using a diffuser head to a monitor methane-air mixtures. Development of recording anemometers proceeded from the use of a photo¬cell and light source to sense rotation of the Biram-type anemometer blades to the use of a Hall detector to sense, rotation by measurement of electromagnetic pulses.

Jan 1, 1969

By Mark Sheppard

This p aver is the second of a series recording the results of tests made at various quarries throughout the United States to determine, (1) the relation between the size gradation of feed to, and product from, primary crushers; (2) the particle shape of crushed product; (3) the differences in gradation and particle shape produced by different types of primary crushers; and (4) the differences in gradation and particle shape caused by crushing different kinds of stone. Primary crushing has received comparatively little attention in the technical literature in spite of the fact that the design of the whole crushing plant should be correlated to the performance of the primary crusher.

Jan 1, 1938

By L. K. Weaver

The objective of this Bureau of Mines publication Is to present a nomograph that provides a fast, convenient method for estimating hydrocarbon lease bonus bids for offshore acreage in the Gulf of Mexico. Discounted cash flow analyses were computed from a model derived to show the costs necessary to explore, acquire, develop, produce, and abandon a 5,000-acre block of offshore acreage, and the estimated income from the sale of the hydrocarbons produced from the block. The range of the variables in the financial analyses used to construct the nomograph are prices of oil, $2.50 to $5.00; recoverable hydrocarbon reserves, 44,651,476 to 127,575,645 barrels; and discounted cash flow (DCF) rates of return, 5.0 to 57.2 percent. A total of 1,234 sets of DCF data were used to construct the nomograph. The range of bonus bids shown on the nomograph is from 2 to 90 million dollars ($400 to $18,000 per acre).

Jan 1, 1973

By C. Ortuglio

The effect of cracking by increasing the free space above the charge on the composition and yields of the volatile products from carbonization of Pittsburgh-bed coal and one industrially used blend from Eastern United States and one from Western United States was investigated with the BM-AGA carbonization apparatus. Increasing the free space above the charge from 1 inch to 3 inches, to 6 inches, and to 9 inches resulted in lower tar yields and increased gas and light oil yields. Anthracene and naphthalene yields were increased; quinoline and benzene insoluble fractions of both the tar and pitch increased considerably with increased free space, although the carbon content of the tars and pitches increased only slightly. Increased cracking, occasioned by the increase in free space, resulted in a decrease in the yields of tar acids, tar bases, neutral oils, olefins, aromatics, and paraffins and naphthenes. Gas composition was relatively constant; hydrogen and methane tended to increase and ethane decrease. Results of the investigation are being used to design a unit to upgrade the volatile products of carbonization by cracking the hot products as they leave the carbonization chamber.

Jan 1, 1970

By John P. Capp

The feasibility of simultaneously burning several paths through a coalbed to develop a multiple path underground gasification system was investigated by the Bureau of Mines during two experiments, Boreholes were drilled through the overburden and into the coal and arranged in a circle approximately 50 feet from a central borehole. In the first experiment, in an area which had previously been hydraulically fractured,5 air was injected at the center borehole. The coal was ignited at the other boreholes and the fire fronts traveled toward the center, counter to the flow of air, to backward burn paths through the coalbed. Two paths were linked during the first 5 days of operation. The outlets of these two paths were throttled and air pressure was increased to maintain the flow of air, but no other linkages were made. Fourteen days after the two linkages these two paths were opened and gasification was carried on for 10 days, but with only moderate success. In an effort to overcome operating difficulties air was injected at the peripheral boreholes, and the gases were drawn off at the center borehole. Reversed flow operations continued for 12 days and two more paths linked. The heating value of the gas generally was higher than 100 British thermal units per standard cubic foot (B.t.u. per std. c.f.). Because only four of seven paths linked, however, the entire system could not be evaluated with respect to product-gas output and recovery of energy.

Jan 1, 1961

By M. E. Volin

The Ladd manganese deposits are in San Joaquin County, Calif., about 13 miles southwest of Tracy. The deposits are confined in two main areas of development, roughly about 1,700 feet apart horizontally, and known as the Ladd mine and Fabian mine, respectively. The deposits occur as interbedded lenses in the white cherts of the Franciscan formation. The ore minerals are bementite, rhodochrosite and psilomelane. As a part of the Bureau of Mines program of investigation and development of domestic mineral deposits, a development program was started. August 24, 1940, and completed on June 24, 1941. The Federal Geological Survey cooperated by mapping the geology and logging the drill cores. The program included road building, trenching, rehabilitating the mine workings, trenching underground excavation, sampling, and core drilling. The following pages mention the location, give a brief history, and note the physical features of +1-.1, district. Mine workings are sketched, the deposit is described and the plan of the project is noted. The work performed by the Bureau of Mines is explained in the concluding pages with a summary of the drill hole logs.

Jan 1, 1949

By G. W. Birge, D. E. Wolfson, J. H. Lynch

This report by the Federal Bureau of Mines describes the carbonizing properties of coals from the principal beds in Boone County , W. Va . Results are given for samples of coals from No. 5 Block , Stockton - Lewiston , Coalburg , Winifrede , Chilton , Hernshaw , Cedar Grove , Alma , and No. 2 Gas beds . Boone County coals rank as high -volatile A bituminous . Eighteen of the 21 samples tested contained from 3.3 to 7.9 percent ash and 16 of the samples contained from 0.6 to 0.9 percent sulfur . Two samples from the Alma and No. 2 Gas beds , the lowest stratigraphically of the seams tested in Boone County , contained from 1.4 to 2.7 percent sulfur . Most Boone County coals yield

Jul 1, 1960

By John B. Umhau

In 1930 , 65,448 long tons of virgin or primary tin were consumed by 1,292 establishments in the United States , representing about 91 per cent of the total consumption as computed from imports , exports , and stocks at the beginning and the end of the year . The reported consumption was equivalent to 38 per cent of the world's tin production in 1930 , estimated at 171,000 tons , and was 12 per cent less than the 74,369 tons consumed by 1,307 establishments in 1928 . Decreased consumption of new tin in 1930 ás compared to 1928 was a reflection of the general industrial depression . All of the tin- consuming industries showed substantial decreases except tin plate and terneplate , white metal , and tinning , which showed small tonnage increases aggregating only 1,200 tons . The largest tonnage decrease was in the use of new tin in babbitt which declined 33 per cent in 1930 as compared to 1928. This was largely attributable to the decreased production of automobiles and trucks , which was 24 per cent lower in 1930 than in 1928. Percentage decreases in other important tin- consuming industries were as follows : Solder 18 per cent , bronze 19 per cent , tin foil 40 per cent , chemicals 23 per cent , tin oxide 44 per cent , and type metal 46 per cent . The distribution of the amount consumed by various uses during 1927 , 1928 , and 1930 is shown in table 1 . Consumption studies indicate the fact that variation in tin consumption from year to year parallels the fluctuations in demand for the already wellestablished tin products . For example , the manufacture of motor cars and trucks3 required only 11,000 tons of tin in 1930 compared to 19,000 tons in 1928 ; the canning industry continues to require the greater portion of the tin plate and much of the solder . Recently developed industries , while affecting total consumption of bearing metals , solders , etc. , to some extent , have made little change in the relative importance of these commodities as consumers of tin .

Jan 1, 1932

By C. P. Bowie

[Frequent accidents in the transportation and. handling off petroleum and its more volatile products, serve as a reminder that this is indeed a hazardous undertaking and should always be conducted with due caution. On October 4, 1920, vapors in the held of the British tanks steamer G. R, Crowe became ignited and, caused an explosion which, it is reported, killed 5 men, injured. 40 others and endangered the lives of some 300 more. On November 10, 1920 the Morgan, Line freighter El Mundo was almost totally sot destroyed in New York harbor by fire caused by an explosion of gases in a fuel-oil tank. These two disastrous explosions emu emphasize the ever- present danger attending the use of petroleum products. This is also shown by the frequent occurrence of minor fires and explosions, caused by careless handling of baseline, which result in loss of life or serious injury to railroad employees, to oil-tank drivers, and to individuals in various walls of life. Statistics indicate that the lighter cuts of petroleum products, because of fire hazards, are dangerous, and are so considered by the railroad and other transportation companies. According o the Bureau of Explosives (Bar-eau of Explosives Report No. 13 p. 7) during 1919 transportation of gasoline in the United States resulted in 172 accidents, causing 2 deaths and 31 injuries, and a property loss to the extent of $687,966. Among the causes of ignition, an open light in the vicinity of the container stands out most prominently.]

Jan 1, 1920

By Warren E. Morrison

This study was prepared in response to the need for a series of data that reflect the basic flow pattern of energy resources in the United States. To effectively measure and analyze energy,2 it is necessary to prepare balances that reflect both production and consumption, and the various forms energy resources take at different stages of utilization. Before energy can be measured it must also be put into a common unit. In this study the common unit us d is the British Thermal Unit (Btu). The ideal point to survey energy is at the stage of final ultimate use, representing the useful work derived from the interaction of energy inputs and the prime mover. Unfortunately this concept of efficient or useful work from energy output cannot readily be measured in the aggregate. With the present available official data, energy measurement can be carried to the point of calculation of net inputs of energy3 into the economy at various stages of utilization. However, preparation of energy balances, on a net basis is hampered by the fact that this can only be done for years when the censuses of Mineral Industries and Manufactures are taken, usually at 5-year intervals.

Jan 1, 1964

By H. Tomlinson

This circular is one of a series of papers on coal mining methods and costs which being prepared by the United States Bureau of Mines for the purpose of making available to those interested in the industry a knowledge of the mining methods employed, the places here mechanical and hand loading are practiced, and coat data on the several operations pertaining to the removal of coal from the working faces and its transportation to the tipple for loading into railroad cars. Mining costs are governed by the relative efficiency of the mining method employed. The method is selected for Its adaptability to the local natural physical conditions such as the nature and thickness of the coal bed, its dip, the character of the coal, and the thickness of the overlying strata.

Jan 1, 1930

By Warren E. Morrison

This study was prepared in response to the need for a series of data that reflect the basic flow pattern of energy resources in the United States. To effectively measure and analyze energy,2 it is necessary to prepare balances that reflect both production and consumption, and the various forms energy resources take at different stages of utilization. Before energy can be measured it must also be put into a common unit. In this study the common unit used is the British Thermal Unit (Btu). The ideal point to survey energy is at the stage of final ultimate use, representing the useful work derived from the interaction of energy inputs and the prime mover. Unfortunately this concept of efficient or useful work from energy output cannot readily be measured in the aggregate. With the present available official data, energy measurement can be carried to the point of calculation of net inputs of energy3 into the economy at various stages of utilization. However, preparation of energy balances, on a net basis is hampered by the fact that this can only be done for years when the censuses of Mineral Industries and Manufactures are taken, usually at 5-year interval.

Jan 1, 1964

By A. W. Khair, M. Ahmad, Gehi. L. D.

"This paper presents an analysis of the effect of the dynamics of bit wear on dust generation. Two surveys have been conducted in order to assess the mechanism and type of bit wear and to evaluate the impact of bit wear on the productivity of the continuous miners. Used bits were collected from the underground coal mines and these used bits were utilized in laboratory coal cutting. The effect of bit wear on dust generation has been quantified and its impacted on dust generation and ventilation system has been exemplified.INTRODUCTION Research has reduced the prevalence of Coal Workers Pneumoconiosis from 15 to 5 percent according to NIOSH reports (Breslin 1982). However CWP still have not been eliminated as a hazard to mine workers. To prevent coal workers from having black lung MSHA has established a very strict standard for coal mine operations (2.0 mg/m3 with silica content equal to or less than 0.1 mg/m3,). There are numerous coal operations still experiencing great difficulty with meeting the 2mg/m3 dust standard. Among these are the longwall sections and continuous mining sections. In order to meet the rising demand of energy and coal, the number of longwall operations and continuous mining operations would have to be increased. Thus a long term research commitment is required to develop basic solutions that are more generic and greater benefit to the mining and mineral industry.In continuous-mining operations, the miners are exposed to the dust produced during the fragmentation of the coal from the face plus the dust produced during loading and transferring of the coal. The fragmentation process generates most of the respirable dust. The amount of dust generated during fragmentation depended on the coal properties, cutting parameters and cutting bit configuration. Bit wear changes bit configuration, therefore, it also affects dust generation. Bit wear can be defined as the removal of material from surface as a result of mechanical action. In soft coal mines bit wear may not be a serious problem but in hard coal seams bit wear is very significant. In addition, as the good coal seams are depleted, the operators are mining thin seams and the seams with rock partings. During cutting these seams operators are sometimes forced to cut roof and floor rock or rock partings which result in more rapid wear of bits."

Nov 1, 1995