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By G. E. Willey

F OR many years, only one grade of structural steel has been used in volume in Canada. Its characteristics have not been altered appreciably and its long use speaks well for its performance. This standard grade of structural steel may be bought and specified as C.S.A. G40.4 steel or the American equivalent, A.S.T.M. A7. The principal limitations and requirements of this specification are shown in Table I. Within the last five years there has been a growing awareness among the steel producers and steel fabricators that economic forces are at work which make desirable the availability of new and better grades of structural steel. Competition from other materials has increased. The use of concrete bridges and pre-stressed concrete beams is a prime example. New sources of steel from outside the country have become a threat to the Canadian industry and its high cost-price structure. The need for improved properties in the steel, to make possible technologic

Jan 1, 1962

By A. A. McDonald

Anode casting has been in operation for two years in Hudson Bay Mining and Smelting's Flin Flon smelter. The new plant allows all casting to be done on one shift and so achieves considerable labour savings. The equipment and operations are described. Some important features are as follows: very consistent anode weights by the use of the load-cell controlled casting ladle; excellent mould life ; very low reject rate; and trouble-free take -off tower. Some of the start-up problems are described and an outline is given of the main operator functions. Data on labour, propane and maintenance costs are presented.

Jan 1, 1977

By F. J. Reichhardt

Abstract -The Molopo Farms Complex is a major, layered ultramafic/mafic, early Proterozoic intrusion which is totally covered by sediments of the Karoo and Kalahari Formations and situated in southern Botswana and northeastern South Africa. The approximately 3000 m thick, generally fine- to medium-grained ultramafic and mafic cumulates are intrusive into equivalents of Transvaal Supergroup sediments and lavas. Multiphase deformation resulted in tilting and segmentation of the Complex into individual tectonic blocks. Sr isotopes document at least two chemically distinct parental liquids which interacted in a complex manner to form an approximately 1000 m thick rhythmically layered succession which straddles the ultramafic/mafic boundary. Repeated mixing resulted in a complex cryptic layering pattern and numerous sulfide-enriched layers which contain significant PGE +Au concentrations.

Jan 1, 1994

"The Cooperative Research Centre for Mining Technology and Equipment (CMTE) is funded by the Commonwealth Government, by its mining research members — the Universities of Queensland and Sydney and the CSIRO1, and by its industry members — BHP Coal, RioTinto R&TD, Hamersley Iron, Mining Technologies Australia, Pasminco, Shell Coal, WMC Resources, Advanced Mining Technologies, and Aberfoyle. The Centre conducts work aimed at improving the competitiveness of the Australian mining industry. The current work is focused in four areas: new mining and drilling systems, geological sensing, automation, and equipment maintenance and reliability. This paper describes much of the work in these program areas that relates to metalliferous mining. Mechanized Rock ExcavationThe disadvantages of the drill-and-blast excavation method are widely recognized and the last half of the 20th century has seen mining companies and mining research organizations aggressively pursue technology to excavate rock by other means. As discussed below, despite considerable effort and large amounts of funding, the quest for mining’s “Holy Grail” has been unsuccessful in all but the weakest rock types.COMRO (the Chamber of Mines Research Organisation) supported by the South African gold mining industry, spent three decades and (probably) tens of millions of dollars developing prototype drag bits and, later, impact breaking machines aimed at the mechanized stoping of narrow, tabular reefs. This work has not yet produced a commercially-attractive mining system. Work continues in South Africa to mechanize these stoping operations although now the emphasis is on the use of diamond-wire sawing techniques. This work remains in the experimental phase.Both British Coal and Germany’s Bergbau- Forschung spent many years developing techniques trying to extend the range of rock types which roadheaders could cut economically. Again, although new knowledge was produced, it is difficult to claim that any new commercial mining systems emerged from this work."

Jan 1, 2001

By James D. Bamburak

Total mineral production in Manitoba has averaged C$1 billion over the past ten years. Industrial mineral production has comprised almost 10% of the total, with more than half coming from the aggregate sector. In southeastern Manitoba, tantalum, spodumene and amblygonite concentrates, cesium and rubidium ores, cesium formate, dimension stone and sphagnum peat moss are produced. Gypsum, high-calcium limestone and lime are produced in the Interlake area. Early industrial mineral production consisted of tools and implements, salt and pottery. Historical production has included: salt, building stone, aggregate, lime and dolime, lignite coal, gypsum, natural and Portland cement, calcium bentonite, brick, light-weight aggregate, caustic soda and soda ash, and silica sand. Future industrial mineral production may come from reactivated quarries, pits and wells or from new producers of current commodities. Newproducts may include: stainless steel master alloy, silicon metal, titanium and magnetite, lithium carbonate, float-plate glass and ferrosilicon, "marble" dimension stone, magnesium metal, potash and kaolin.

Jan 1, 2001

By T. S. Smith

INTRODUCTION IN PREPARING this paper for the District 4 Meeting, three factors had to be considered. First, the paper must fit the time alloted; second, it must give a general picture of the geology for those unfamiliar with the property; and third, it must contain some new material in order to be of interest to local delegates. The most comprehensive extant discussion of the geology of the property of McKenzie Red Lake Gold Mines, Limited, is contained in Horwood's report on the general Red Lake area ( 1). This report is the 'bible' of the area, and a general paper on the geology of this particular mine would almost certainly appear to be a condensation of it. It was thought, therefore, that the most suitable procedure would be to base the general outline on Horwood' s report, to extend that outline where possible from information gained since its publication, and finally to leave dangling for the contemplative geologist some of the ideas and problems which ?are currently under consideration. LOCATION AND HISTORY The property of McKenzie Red Lake Gold Mines, Limited, is in Dome township, in the Red Lake mining division of northwestern Ontario. The mine is on McKenzie Island, about four miles north, by water, of the Hasaga mine and old Howey mine.

Jan 1, 1951

By Ho-Sung Yoon, Jyothi Rajesh Kumar, Chul-Joo Kim, Sung-Don Kim

A recovery process for rare earths (REs) such as dysprosium and neodymium from the leach liquor of permanent magnet scrap (PMS) was developed. The two hydrometallurgical routes namely liquid-liquid extraction (solvent extraction) and selective stripping were implemented. The present study deals with the separation and recovery process development by using organo-phosphorous based extractant di-(2-ethylhexyl phosphoric acid (D2EHPA) as reagent for REs processing. Initial studies considered the influence of time on the extraction process, as well as pH and extractant concentration effects. This suggested the aqueous mechanism and separation factors played a role in process during development. McCabe-Thiele diagrams for extraction isotherms were developed. Counter current extraction (CCE) using various phase ratios influenced metals separation. Maximum loading capacity of the D2EHPA was determined. The loaded organic generated by the CCE process was water washed followed by a scrubbing process to remove the other metal ion from targeted metal. Finally, a stripping process was tested using various mineral acids.

Jan 1, 2015

By Xiong Tong, Jiushuai Deng, Yingbo Mao, Lingyun Huang

Ammonium carbamate has been used as a reagent for the leaching of copper from the copper oxide ore found in the Honghe state, Yunnan province, China. In order to find the optimal conditions for the leaching of copper from this copper oxide ore,the effects of several processing parameters, including the concentration, time, temperature, particle size and stirring intensity have been investigated. The results of these optimization experiments showed that the leaching rate of copper reached up to 72.76% under the following conditions: liquid-to-solid ratio of 10:1, ammonium carbamate concentration of 2.5mol/L, leaching temperature of 45 °C, stirring speed of 300rpm, a reaction time of 1.5 h and 85% by weight thereof passes through a sieve having 0.074 mm.

Jan 1, 2015

By A. M. Bell

General Summary THIS paper attempts to describe in a preliminary and general manner the nature of certain copper discoveries now being developed by Gaspe Copper Mines, Limited, in Holland township, in the interior of the Gaspe peninsula. Some copper mineralization appears to have been known here at the time of the earliest French explorations, was rediscovered in 1921, and has been under intermittent development by Noranda Mines since 1938. In the last two years discoveries have enhanced the picture so that the deposit now promises to develop into one of the important Canadian copper producers. As ideas are constantly changing with continuing development, any picture given now is very partial and tentative and must be subject to future revision. The nature of these copper occurrences differs from others known in eastern America. In many respects they have unique features but they are most closely akin to some copper deposits found away from the intrusive rocks in the porphyry copper districts of the western United States. The most important orebodies are replacement deposits in a limestone horizon in which the ore gangue is converted to skarn. These lie at considerable distances from any known intrusive but seem to have been derived from a buried stock of granite that intrudes the sedimentary rocks of Lower Devonian age. This intrusive has produced alteration effects in the overlying rocks that may afford a key to locating other ore areas in the Peninsula.

Jan 1, 1951

By W. G. Mine

In September, 1953, seismographs were installed in the Crowsnest Pass area of Alberta and British Columbia to study the 'bumps' which were occurring in the coal mines at Fernie and Coleman, and to investigate the possibility that they might be related to minor earthquakes in the area. During the initial phase of the work, three seismographs were operated at widely separated stations, two in the region of coal mines at Coal Creek and Coleman and one at Turner Valley, distant from any mining operations. Some earthquakes were recorded at all three stations and, in addition, many small disturbances were recorded by the seismographs located near the mines, especially -by the instrument at Goal Greek. A closer network of radio-linked seismographs was then in-stalled near Fernie, the records of which definitely established that the small disturbances were occurring in the mine workings, both active and inactive. No relationship was established between bumps and local earth-quakes in the area. This work was initiated as a -co-operative effort with the Fuels Di-vision of the Mines Branch, Department of Mines and Technical Surveys, which has undertaken a study into the phenomena of ground stress relief in underground mine workings.

Jan 1, 1958

By Francis Wm. Gray

The preparation of a paper read before this Society in 1927 on Undersea Mining led to representations to the Deputy Minister of Mines at Ottawa, Dr. Chas. Camsell, and to the Director of the Geological Survey and the Director of the Mines Branch, which resulted in the undertaking by these bodies of a geological, physical, and chemical survey of the Sydney coalfield, combined with revision of the geological maps, on all of which much progress has been made. Preliminary studies revealed the necessity for a new base-map on a scale that would permit the representation of the whole coalfield from cape Dauphin to Mira bay on one sheet, and in the making of this map the Geodetic and Topographical Surveys have collaborated, with the assistance of airplane surveys for filling-in of detail. The new map will show all the data accumulated by 50 years of active mining and will show also the extent of mine workings, with level-contours under the sea. Dr. W. A. Bell, of the Geological Survey, has, over a number of seasons, studied in the field the historical geology with the purpose of elucidating the sequence of earth movements that have determined the structure of the coalfields, especially those that have governed the course and extent of the complementary folds that traverse the Sydney coalfield. Dr. B. R. MacKay, of the Survey, and the officers of the Fuel Testing Laboratories at Ottawa have made exhaustive studies of the Phalen seam, chemical and microscopic, intended to elucidate the conditions under which this seam was deposited, and some very interesting conclusions have been reached.

Jan 1, 1934

By D G. Boxall

As an alternative to heavy water cooling, reactors cooled by organic liquids are being actively developed in Canada under the sponsorship of Atomic Energy of Canada Limited. One of the areas in which development has been required is that of core materials. The factors affecting the selection of fuel canning and coolant tube materials are discussed. It is shown that S.A.P. is a potentially attractive material for these applications. The fabrication of fuel sheathing is discussed. Difficulties met due to large inclusions and blistering due to high hydrogen contents have been overcome by magnetic separation and vacuum sintering of the powders. High-quality tubes can now be produced by extrusion to finished size. A study has been made of the mechanical properties of fuel-sheathing tubes and bar stock. The stress rupture properties of the tubes subjected to uniaxial and biaxial stress have been determined. The biaxial stress tests were performed by internal pressurization. For times in excess of about 200 hours, the curve of stress against time to rupture is extremely flat. The secondary creep rates of

Jan 1, 1965

By F. Bourgeois, J. -S. Kroll-Rabotin

ABSTRACT: Falcon concentrators are enhanced gravity separators designed for concentrating fine particles. The Falcon UF model is unique in that it is dedicated to beneficiation of ultrafines, one key feature being that it does not make use of any fluidization water. We investigated the physics of particle transport inside Falcon concentrators, and concluded that separation efficiency is governed by differential settling velocity. We derived and published a predictive model of the partition function under dilute conditions. We intend to extend the initial model to concentrated ultrafine suspensions for application to industrial scenarios by adding hindered settling to account for solid concentration effects.

Jan 1, 2011

By Nicholas C. Williams

This paper presents the development of a demand reduction and responsive strategy capable of reducing the electrical power demand, particularly during peak conditions. The work presented includes a case study of a UK colliery. Areas explained are the equipment installation at the mine; the development of the demand reduction strategy including the load profile database and prediction optimisation model. Some live production data from the power meter installation at the mine is also presented.

Aug 1, 2013

By I. Dymov, W. Phillips

A process has been evaluated, on a continuous pilot plant scale, to treat refractory gold arsenopyrite/pyrite concentrates. The process consisted of biological leaching to partially oxidise sulphides, followed by pressure leaching for complete sulphide oxidation and arsenic precipitation, followed by liquor neutralisation and cyanidation of the autoclave residue for gold recovery. This paper provides a brief description of the treatment flowsheet and discusses some of the main parameters and results of the process. During integrated pilot plant campaigns, it was confirmed that acceptable sulphide oxidation and gold extraction of 96-98% could be achieved by a two-stage oxidation with BIOX® (4 days total retention time) followed by PDX (40 minutes retention time at 220°C). Only partial arsenic precipitation was achieved in the autoclave, followed by complete precipitation by neutralization under atmospheric conditions. The overall process could be significantly simplified, and capital and operating costs reduced, with a flowsheet modification allowing all of the BIOX® liquor to bypass the autoclave directly to the neutralization circuit.

Jan 1, 2004

By Jack Craft

Local Environment Atmospheric conditions (or lack thereof) Drilling fluids are impractical Cuttings removal is a major concern Heat dissipation is a major concern Some tried-and-true mechanisms need air to function properly Gravity Low gravity means low downforce Microgravity means even less downforce Regolith Local dust may be highly abrasive Packaging for Spaceflight System mass is highly constrained The drill must fit within the spacecraft?s launch envelope Power is constrained

May 1, 2013

By L. Ferland, D. LaRonde, J. C. Caron

"The free-world production of columbium ore concentrates has doubled in the last five years. St. Lawrence Columbium and Metals. Corporation has contributed largely to this expansion, its production rate increasing from 720 tons of concentrates per year in 1961 to 2 200 tons in 1965.To follow the normal market development, the Company initiated an engineering study aimed at establishing the most economical mining methods, thus permitting it to increase its milling rate from 1,000 tpd in 1964 to 2,000 tpd in 1967 and possibly to 3,000 tpd in 1968. The results of this study pointed out the advantages to be gained in converting from an open pit to an under-ground operation. This paper describes how the mining engineering department has successfully developed ""stopes"" from the walls of its No. 2 open pit, in order to assure continuity of its operation during the interval required to develop its underground mine."

Jan 1, 1967

By D. Milne, G. Snell

"A new method to predict stope hangingwall failure in underground excavations is proposed. This method compares movement rate for stope hangingwalls, determined from changes in strain or deformation, with changing opening geometry. This geometry is represented by the effective radius factor (ERF), a measure of relative distance to supporting abutments from an opening surface point. This strain-ERF (SERF) approach is applied to an instrumentation program for Brunswick mine near Bathurst, New Brunswick. The SERF method for this case study predicted failure at an ERF of 13.9 m and hangingwall failure actually occurred at an approximate ERF of 12.4 m.RÉSUMÉ Cet article propose une nouvelle méthode permettant de prévoir la rupture de l’éponte supérieure des chambres d’abattage dans les excavations souterraines. Cette méthode compare la vitesse de mouvement des épontes supérieures des chambres d’abattage, déterminée à partir des changements aux niveaux des contraintes ou de la déformation, à la géométrie variable de l’ouverture au jour. Cette géométrie est représentée par le facteur du rayon effectif (ERF, de l’anglais Effective Radius Factor), une mesure de la distance relative jusqu’aux appuis latéraux de soutènement à partir d’un point de la surface d’ouverture au jour. Cette approche contraintes-ERF (SERF, de l’anglais strain-ERF) est appliquée à un programme d’instrumentation pour la mine Brunswick située près de Bathurst, dans le Nouveau-Brunswick. Pour cette étude de cas, la méthode SERF prévoyait une rupture à un ERF de 13,9 mètres (m); la rupture de l’éponte supérieure s’est effectivement produite à un ERF d’environ 12,4 m.INTRODUCTIONUnderground stope design can be improved with the installation of field instrumentation. The most commonly used instrumentation for monitoring rock mass behaviour around open stopes is extensometers. The y-axis of Figure 1 represents how the changing rate of movement, measured using either displacement- or stress-type instruments, can be observed over time. The magnitude of movement measured by extensometers can give an approximation of the load on installed support (Milne, Pakalnis, & Lunder, 1996) and a changing rate of movement can indicate approaching instability."

Jan 1, 2018

By S. A. G. Poppen, J. Konopka

"Petro-Canada's project investigative and experimental underground work in the Galt coal seam at Kipp, Alberta included the construction of an emergency egress and ventilation raise from surface.The Galt coal seam is 206 m below the surface and covered by 8 m of shale, sandstone and clay beds of the Oldman Formation, 128 m of shale, bentonite beds and sandstone of the Bearpaw Formation, and 70 m of glacial till and basal gravel. Free water was encountered from sand lenses in the glacial till and the basal gravel.Excavation for the ventilation raise was a nominal 2 m diameter and it was lined with a welded, continuous, steel liner of 1.2 m 1.D.Excavation in the glacial till was carried out with a surface bucket drill rig combined with hand mining. Ground support in the glacial till consisted of liner plates and backfill grout. The Bearpaw and Oldman formations were excavated by employing standard raise boring techniques. The individual liner sections of the continuous steel liner were assembled on surface and the entire liner column was lowered into the raise by employing hydraulic lift climbers. The liner column was back-filled with concrete.IntroductionThe Lethbridge Coal Field comprises an area of approximately 1 165 square km in the vicinity of Lethbridge in southern Alberta. Pacific Petroleums Ltd. proposed in a Preliminary Disclosure in January 1979 ""to open an experimental mine prior to development of a producing underground mine with an initial rate of 540,000 tonnes per year"". A 2 900-hectare group of leases in the Kipp-Coalhurst area was selected as the primary target for the Kipp experimental mine. The scope of work for the experimental mine included the construction of an access shaft with production capabilities, the construction of a ventilation and emergency exit raise, drive-ages in coal to yield a bulk sample, gathering of geotechnical information and the testing of experimental mining methods."

Jan 1, 1983

By D. Haraguchi, S. Izawa, C. Tokoro, S. Owada

"Arsenic is widely known as a toxic element for humans, animals and plants. Because of more stringent wastewater standards not only in Japan but also around the world, research for appropriate and efficient treatment method for arsenic is becoming increasingly important. Coprecipitation or adsorption process using ferrihydrite is widely implemented for dilute As(V) removal from wastewater. In this study, the sorption mechanism of dilute As(V) with ferrihydrite in coprecipitation or adsorption process was investigated. To accomplish this, we conducted batch experiments of coprecipitation or adsorption and compared these results for sorption isotherm and zeta potential. These experimental results showed that sorption mechanism in coprecipitation process depends on the initial As/Fe molar ratio; simple twodimensional adsorption onto the surface of ferrihydrite when the initial As/Fe molar ratio was < 0.4, and some three-dimensional uptake with ferrihydrite when it was = 0.4. We also evaluated the sorption mechanim by analysis of X-ray diffraction (XRD) and X-ray Absorption Fine Structure (XAFS). XRD or XAFS spectra showed that surface precipitation of amorphous ferric arsenate was formed when the initial as/Fe molar ratio was = 0.4, beyond the thermodynamic bulk precipitation range for ferric arsenate.INTRODUCTIONArsenic is toxic to animals, including humans, and long-term exposure to arsenic via drinkingwater causes cancer of the skin, lungs, urinary bladder, and kidneys, as well as other effects on the skin such as changes in pigmentation and thickening (Ghosha et al., 2008). Elevated levels of arsenic are often present in the environment as a result of the weathering and dissolution of minerals as well as in response to numerous anthropogenic sources including the discharge of mine wastes, coal fly ash and the use of pesticides that contain arsenic (Nriagu, 1994; Singh et al., 2007). Indeed, the potential for arsenic exposure affects many people, as evidenced by several million people in Bangladesh and India being at risk of exposure via drinking water obtained from contaminated groundwater sources (Ahmed, 2001).Acid mine drainage (AMD) containing arsenic is a global environmental problem (Dold, 2008; Liang and Thomson, 2008) that also affects Japan, which has many abandoned or closed mines that have been generating AMD for the last few decades (Masuda et al., 2008). Several such facilities in Japan produce AMD containing dilute concentrations of arsenic that exceed Japanese effluent standards (0.1 mg/dm3) (METI, 2006). For example, AMD from the abandoned Horobetsu sulfur mine, the largest AMD source in Japan, contains approximately 10 mg/dm3 arsenic."

Jan 1, 2012