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By B Roache, J O’Brien, M Gray

Admixture use in cement products is commonplace in the construction and mining industries. Many Australian mines have an operational concrete batch plant and stock hydration control and water reducing admixtures. The benefits of admixture use, especially in shotcrete is understood and well documented. Cemented rock fill (CRF) is used to fill stope voids and create stable vertical and undercut surfaces at some Australian mines. These mines generally mix rock fill with a slurry of cement and water without the use of admixtures. Recently published work on optimisation of CRF mixes has mainly focused on the strength increases associated with changes to the mix grading proportions by the addition of fines, but not focusing on the potential benefits of admixture use. Admixture use in CRF may be the simplest CRF optimisation method, as the admixtures will often be added by the push of a button at the batch plant. A CRF testing program was undertaken to test the benefits of admixture use in terms of strength gain, using hydration control additives (HCA) and high range water reducer (HRWR) admixtures. Rock fill gradings were strictly controlled in the test process to allow clear definition of the difference admixtures provide in compression at 28 days. The testing results define admixture associated strength gains in a 6 per cent general purpose (GP) cement by dry weight CRF mix (131 kg of cement/m3). Costings have been developed to allow a mine operator to understand the cost benefits of admixture use in CRF due to reduced operating costs. Operational efficiency advances and a suggested admixture implementation plan for CRF optimisation is offered.

Nov 29, 2022

By M Rauer

With a worldwide growing population the demand for higher living standards, food and the development of new technology is rapidly rising. To allow for a continuous growth, larger quantities of minerals and raw materials are needed at a faster pace. Different methods have been developed to access or tap ore more quickly, such as improved drill and blast operations, mechanical mining methods using equipment such as roadheaders (RH), longwall miners and other technical equipment. Another possibility to access and develop mines faster is the use of a tunnel boring machine (TBM).The historical usage of TBMs is surprisingly long, but the opportunity for technology adoption by the majority of worldwide mining companies remains largely untapped. Dozens of full face TBMs have been used by mines around the world, including two that will begin operation soon in Australia. TBMs have been used to safely and rapidly gain access to the orebody, or to expand access to the orebody to increase output by running a TBM along the edge of the orebody for several kilometres. These machines have also been used for ventilation and for conveyor tunnels for ore removal. They have been used to quickly excavate long and winding declines giving access to an orebody at several levels in a short period of time.Tunnel boring technology can be used for mine declines, mine access tunnels and all sorts of different mine designs and set-ups. TBM technology simply needs to be adapted to the mine conditions and, if manufacturers are involved early on in the planning process for mine development, the operation can be very successful. In some cases, historically typical mine designs may need to be re-thought.One mine, the Stillwater Platinum mine in Nye, Montana, is currently employing its fourth TBM in 25 years. Two were used to create tunnels running alongside the orebody, rapidly expanding access to the orebody in many locations for increased output. Two were used to create parallel access tunnels to a mine expansion at the East Boulder orebody; one tunnel is for conveyor haulage and the other for vehicular access. TBMs have been employed successfully many times to rapidly drive vehicular decline tunnels to multiple mine levels, such as at the San Manuel – Magma Copper mine in the USA. While TBM technology may not seem to be optimal for every mine, these success stories show that the method can provide vast benefits for the right projects.Early use of TBMs in extremely hard rock metal mines, in the 1960s and 1970s, had limited success since performance was low. However there have been great improvements made over the years in the strength of rock which can be excavated by TBMs with high performance. Other important improvements involve the provision of a safe work environment, safely and rapidly supporting the rock and predicting geology ahead of the TBM.This paper will briefly note the more than 20 TBM mining projects and highlight some notable successes. It will then go on to give a status report on the two active TBM mining projects in Australia and the difference between a TBM operation versus other excavation methods such as drill and blast (D&B) or RH excavation.CITATION:Rauer, M, 2014. Tunnel boring machines in mines – a?brief review of past use with a status report on use today in Australia, in Proceedings 15th Australasian Tunnelling Conference 2014 , pp 663–670 (The Australasian Institute of Mining and Metallurgy: Melbourne).

Sep 17, 2014

By S Coward, C Xu, P A. Dowd

"This paper provides an assessment of the current challenges in strategic mine planning and design and suggested approaches for addressing them. The specific challenges covered are: realistic quantification of downstream processes applied to orebody models to provide an integrated approach to mine design and optimisation modelling, estimation and simulation of geometallurgical variables and their integration into resource and reserve estimation and mine planning modelling, estimation and simulation of new variables for new forms of mining – deep mining, particularly block caving, and solution mining flexibility in planning and design to manage risk and minimise its impact information technology (IT) infrastructure and platforms for rapid online data collection, storage, access and processing.Most of these challenges require new types of data, variables, modelling and estimation methods. Foremost among the new types of variables and data are geometallurgical and dynamic rock mass characterisation variables. New types of data and data collection include rapid generation of very large amounts of online sensor data and the consequent need for rapid processing and modelling of these data.This paper outlines the challenges and strategies in each of these areas and uses examples of models and outputs to illustrate approaches and potential solutions.CITATION:Dowd, P A, Xu, C and Coward, S, 2014. Strategies for mine planning and design, in Proceedings Orebody Modelling and Strategic Mine Planning Symposium 2014, pp 41–50 (The Australasian Institute of Mining and Metallurgy: Melbourne)."

Nov 24, 2014

By C Swamydas

VV Mineral (VVM) group of companies is the largest and the first private producer and exporter of beach sand mineral products in India. During 2010, the company produced and marketed around 750 000 tons of saleable products. Their operations are mainly in the state of Tamil Nadu and Andhra Pradesh, India. Almost all the wet pre-concentration plants use sea water as the concentration medium, since there is no fresh water source available near the deposits. The mines are located along the south-east coast of India in the states of Tamilnadu and Andhra Pradesh. The orebody varies in terms of mineral assemblage, slime content, grain size, and surface coating resulting in different behaviour of the minerals. Three different deposits containing ilmenite of different TiO2 content were studied. The study shows that there is no significant impact of using sea water for wet concentration prior to high tension separation of ilmenite. There is no significant variation in recovery and purity of ilmenite produced from these deposits when wet concentration of the deposits were carried out with sea water as the concentration medium and whether the concentrates were washed with fresh water or not before dry separation using High Tension Roll Separators (HTRS).

Oct 5, 2011

By M D. Uttarwar, R R. Yerpude

India is the world’s third-largest producer of coal and is endowed with the fifth-largest coal reserves in the world. Surface mining straddles the entire domain of the Indian coal mining industry, yielding over 88 per cent of production. With continually rising domestic demands, it has to shoulder the responsibility of sustaining the requisite increase in coal production and chasing commensurate stripping targets. Such an ambitious task calls for the deployment of smart technologies. In such a demanding situation, cast blasting of overburden has emerged as a promising alternative for enhancing production and productivity of dragline pits.The cast blasting technique reduces stripping costs significantly as it utilises the chemical energy of explosives in place of mechanical energy to move large volumes of overburden quickly. Proper application of cast blasting not only reduces overall mining costs but also increases coal production. This paper investigates and evaluates the potential of the cast blasting technique, with special reference to dragline pits employing the rehandle method of extended bench. The economic feasibility of the technique is also ensured under different scenarios so that considerable benefits would accrue to the individual surface coalmines. To underline the efficacy of the technique, different cast blasting models have been formulated under a range of operational and economic scenarios that resemble present day practices in India. In order to test for economic variability in the application of the technique, a risk analysis of all the formulated cast blasting models is performed using net present value.CITATION:Uttarwar, M D and Yerpude, R R, 2015. Potential of the overburden cast blasting technique in Indian surface coalmines – a modular approach and its financial implications, in Proceedings 11th International Symposium on Rock Fragmentation by Blasting, pp 655–664 (The Australasian Institute of Mining and Metallurgy: Melbourne).

Aug 24, 2015

By A Marton

Concerns with crest losses have seen changes to a number of design and operating parameters to retain the integrity of the wall and the berms of the Kidston Gold MinesÆ Eldridge Pit. Until trials began in 1999 most final wall designs utilised large diameter blastholes up to the presplit row to achieve the wall angle. The berm crests were being lost, wall support requirements were increasing and affecting mining schedules and several fault areas were putting pit access at risk. Standard designs had been determined during the early mining years and while periodic modifications had been made there was a need for major blast pattern revision. This paper traces the development of wall control blasting programs over the years, relating designs to the geology and the evidence in the walls with the theories of the day and includes the recent trials that were conducted in what is a most unforgiving geology. Trials and improvements to ensure the walls were safe were conducted even as the mine neared its economic life. Instrumented monitoring of trials blasts has greatly increased the understanding of the damage criteria and enabled rapid revision of designs. Recent changes included reduction in presplit energy, charge redistribution and use of smaller blast holes for the trim patterns. Determination of a minimum proximity-to-final wall limit for production blastholes, establishment of the correct standoff to berm crests and walls and selective use of presplitting techniques for protecting crests have resulted in cost effectiveness, improved bench crest retention and an overall reduction in visible wall damage.

Jan 1, 2001

By C S. Kelsey, J R. Kelly

Australia is presently enjoying the fruits of a booming iron ore market. Expectations are that market strength will be supported in the short to medium term by increasing feedstock demands from steel mills, as world economies rebuild post-Covid-19. However, as cost and environmental pressures increase the longer-term market outlook will be dominated by product quality. The ‘flight to quality’ will place increasing demands on direct shipping ore miners as they compete to maintain their standing in the iron ore marketplace. China will progressively disengage from its dependence on Australian imports, leaving miners under increasing pressure to boost product quality and diversify outlets globally. Australia has vast deposits of low-grade magnetite ores located mainly in remote and arid regions of the continent. This paper proposes a dry grinding and magnetic separation process to produce premium concentrate grades from the low-grade ores, to assist in meeting future product quality demands. The premium grade concentrates could be either blended with lower quality direct shipping ores or marketed separately. The proposed dry concentration process involves the pairing of Vertical Roller Milling (VRM), a mature technology widely used in the cement industry, and Planar Magnetic Separation (PMS), a new methodology, which has been developed to the threshold of commercialisation by the private Australian company Cyclomag P/L. Two laboratory prototype planar magnetic separators with field strengths of 1800 gauss and 6000 gauss have been built and tested on a range of magnetite ore types over the past three years. In each case, following grinding to liberation sizes, a combination of roughing and cleaning operations has produced pellet grade concentrates. Vertical roller milling has competed successfully with conventional media milling in grinding cement clinker, limestone and blast furnace slags. A key advantage of dry VRM/PMS processing is its potential adaptability to stepwise modular development, which can minimise initial capital investment, while generating early revenue streams to cope with unpredictable market volatility.

Nov 8, 2021

By M Kim, J Park, I-K Suh, E Kim, J Lee

One of the key technologies in developing hydrogen-enriched ironmaking operations is the control of the carburisation, melting, and dripping behaviour of the iron ore burden materials. When a hot compacted iron (HCI) is charged in the blast furnace or the FINEX Melter-Gasifier, iron oxide reduction, the reduced iron’s carburisation, and the melting of iron and slag occur successively. This study investigated the reduction, carburisation, melting and dripping behaviour of HCI under a COH2 gas mixture using the high-temperature X-ray radiographic technique. Under 100 per cent CO gas atmosphere, the dripping temperature was 1410°C. When 5 per cent H2 was introduced, the dripping temperature slightly decreased to 1400°C. Furthermore, the dripping temperature gradually increased as the H2 gas composition increased. As 30 per cent H2 was introduced, the dripping temperature reached 1414°C. The carbon concentration in the drained metal samples gradually increased with increasing H2 composition. It is considered that H2 decreased FeO content in the slag, yielding the increased melting temperature and viscosity of the slag. On the other hand, H2 accelerated the carburisation of the reduced iron by CO gas, enabling the homogenisation of the oxide materials to form a liquid phase. Therefore, it is considered that introducing H2 in the reactor is helpful to increase productivity and energy efficiency by accelerating the liquid phase’s formation.

Aug 21, 2024

By P Navarra, R Kuhne

Dynamic simulation (discrete event simulation) is the preferred methodology to evaluate the impact of dynamic aspects of processing plants on the overall plant capacity. This tool can be used to: identify bottlenecks in the plant,justify upgrade and expansion projects by evaluating their impact, oroptimise maintenance and operating practices without disrupting the operation. Iron Ore Company of Canada's (IOC) pelletising plant is a complex operation because of multiple products, varying equipment capacity and shifting bottlenecks. Furthermore, with extensive capital requirements for projects and long lead times, a high level of confidence in project outcome is required. Therefore, a model of IOC's pelletising plant in Labrador City was constructed in 2007 by a joint IOC and Hatch team. The model includes both operational and metallurgical aspects in order to better capture the complexity of IOC operation. In this paper, the justification, boundaries, and functionality of the model are described. A comparison of simulation results to historical plant operation is given. It is observed that projects have interactions and that the benefits of combined projects are not equal to the combined benefits of the individual projects. Projects can have synergies that result in greater benefits when combined or can have overlapping benefits that result in lower benefits when combined. The power of the proposed modeling exercise lies in the ability to assess the impact of projects on overall performance.

Jan 1, 2009

The paper describes data from test work programs on a range of magnetite ores in Australia and overseas. The analysis looks at the behaviour of material of different sizes fed to the rolls and the change in product size as a result of that, the conclusion being that there is a logarithmic relationship. The paper develops a form of equation to predict the product size from a given feed size distribution. The behaviour of the various magnetite ores is compared to more standard test methods such as crushing work index and unconfined compressive strength.

Jan 1, 2009

Is your company paying taxation on profits which are partly illusory?ò Are unions making wage demands based on erroneous notions of the real level of value added to your companyÆs production?ò Do you receive historic data on profit contributions by different products, or for different market areas, which you feel may be misstated?ò Do you find that cash is not always readily available to pay dividends out of reported earnings because, it is required to finance additional working capital without a real increase in the level of activity?ò Are your planning and budgeting routines hampered by the need to rely on historic financial data which bear little resemblance to what the future may hold for your company?ò Are you able to maintain your business at its optimum operating capability or do you feel each year that it becomes more and more difficult to achieve the same volumes of prdduction at the same level of return on assets employed without having to raise more capital?If your answer to any of these questions is "yes", then it is very likely that Current Cost Accounting (CCA) has something to offer you!characteristics of the mining industry and for single venture mining operations.

Jan 1, 1984

By Q Wang

Net present value (NPV) has been the main criterion in mining project evaluation and production plan optimisation. It is a common practice in NPV calculations to take into account only the tangible cost items in the corporate accounting system. The costs incurred due to damage to the local ecosystem and environment are left out and treated as externalities. Such practice on the one hand underestimates the total cost of a mining operation and, on the other hand, ignores the difference in ecological/environmental impacts between different mine plan alternatives. This paper attempts to measure the ecological costs of mining and to incorporate such costs into the evaluation scheme in mining project evaluation and mine planning. The ecological costs of mining are estimated based on the areas and types of land (eg forest land, grazing land, crop land) damaged by mining activities and the carbon emission from fossil fuel consumption. For the land areas (and their associated ecosystems) directly damaged by mining activities, the ecological costs are measured by the prevention and restoration costs, the lost values of eco-services of the damaged land, including bio-product production, soil erosion control, water run-off control, oxygen release, air pollutant absorption and formation of soil nutrients. The ecological cost of carbon emission from the energy consumption of a mining operation is measured by the cost of cultivating the equivalent forest land required to uptake the emitted carbon. A case study on a large-scale open pit mining project is presented to demonstrate the influence of ecological costs on the mine planning outcome.

Sep 26, 2011

By K C. Runge, E Tabosa, A Jankovic

Flotation recovery in geometallurgical modelling is usually predicted based on relationships developed from batch flotation testing of different ore types. These batch flotation tests are usually performed at a constant set of operating conditions and at a fixed feed grind size P80. Usually the laboratory feed grind P80 is that which is expected to be produced in the full-scale flotation circuit for that particular ore type.Flotation recovery will be a strong function of the valuable mineral particle size distribution, with lower recovery of ultra-fines due to poor flotation kinetics, optimum recovery for the intermediate sized particles and lower recovery for the coarser particles due to poorer liberation of this fraction. This valuable mineral particle size distribution is not characterised by the solids P80 parameter alone. The proportion of material in each class will also be a function of the slope of the size distribution and the degree of preferential grinding of the valuable mineral in comparison to the total mass of the ore.This paper will demonstrate (through example) how these other size distribution parameters can change with a change in grinding technology, the size and operating conditions used in a grinding unit and the characteristics of the classification technology used in conjunction with the grinding unit. Case studies will be presented that demonstrate how this can result in these parameters being very different in laboratory testing to that produced in the full-scale comminution circuit. A rule of thumb that laboratory rod milling rather than ball milling produces a size distribution most similar to that of the full-scale grinding circuit will be challenged. These differences can result in a significant change in flotation recovery. It is therefore important to consider these parameters when developing a laboratory geometallurgical program, to enable more accurate prediction of the flotation recoveries that will be achieved in the full-scale process.CITATION:Runge, K C, Tabosa, E and Jankovic, A, 2013. Particle size distribution effects that should be considered when performing flotation geometallurgical testing, in Proceedings The Second AusIMM International Geometallurgy Conference (GeoMet) 2013 , pp 335-344 (The Australasian Institute of Mining and Metallurgy: Melbourne).

Sep 29, 2013

By I T. Ross

Sampling drawpoints in block cave mines has been a contentious issue for many years. Doubts have been expressed as to the validity of the process used at most mines. This paper outlines the sampling practice commonly in use, discusses the resulting issues associated with reconciliation and drawpoint closure decisions. The paper also looks to the future and highlights issues for some block cave mining operations currently planned to have in the order of one thousand active drawpoints. It is likely that these operations will require a new approach to drawpoint sampling. There are several potential technologies currently available although some appear to be better suited than others to replace the current approaches. CITATION:Ross, I T, 2012. Sampling in block cave mines, in Proceedings Sampling 2012 , pp 81-86 (The Australasian Institute of Mining and Metallurgy: Melbourne).

Aug 21, 2012

By S S. Kanchibotla, E J. Sellers, L Julian, A Musunuri

Fume events in coalmines are typically associated with wet conditions, soft ground and deep holes. An ACARP research project used laboratory and field testing combined with literature reviews, numerical models and field investigations to characterise the influence of these conditions on the propensity for fume. This paper highlights the results for soft ground and wet conditions and proposes a proactive fume mitigation methodology. A simple numerical model is used to show how fume arises in soft rock that yields more under the loading of high-pressure, water-resistant explosive blends than for ANFO. The blends cool more rapidly after detonation into the lower temperature zone favourable for NO2 production. Low-pressure, high detonation temperature explosives are loaded or charged into soft ground. Water resistance must be considered because soft, faulted and fractured ground can lead to fume from degradation by water flow and non-ideal detonation of product in cracks.A suite of tests were developed to quantify ANFO and emulsion blend performance over time that can be carried out in a mobile laboratory on-site. Index tests such as viscosity measurement and water resistance in beakers are proposed to quantify long-term product performance because small components, such as surfactant, prill impurities and prill fines, contribute to inconsistent product performance. Water ingress experiments and detonation tests aligned with field investigations identified and characterised the role of groundwater in damaging ANFO and causing fume.Fume risk management is achieved using a proposed proactive fume mitigation methodology to characterise influences such as seasonal rain variation, groundwater flow hydrogeology, rock mass strength and structure well ahead of blast design. The design of blasts and selection of explosive products to consider expected conditions will reduce fume, improve efficiency in the mine and offer cost advantages.CITATION:Julian, L, Musunuri, A, Sellers, E J and Kanchibotla, S S, 2015. Mitigation of post-blast fume in soft ground and wet conditions, in Proceedings 11th International Symposium on Rock Fragmentation by Blasting, pp 511–518 (The Australasian Institute of Mining and Metallurgy: Melbourne).

Aug 24, 2015

By S Hanrahan, S McLaughlin

A case study is presented that details the safety journey at a North American project involving two major contracts: a 1000 m shaft recovery and rehabilitation, and the development of a drainage gallery in a large open pit operation. In the early stages of the contracts, there were a number of incidents that created tension between the owner and contractor, which resulted in the contractor being placed on a final warning with almost imminent potential termination. As a result of this, it was agreed to initiate a focused safety recovery plan as a ‘last chance’.Over a period of two years, the engagement and consequent performance of the contractor was turned around, steadily working to set it up for success such that in one of the contract work areas, a record of ‘one year LTI (lost time injury) free’ was achieved. The journey involved the owner and the contractor teams working cohesively to educate all parties in the safety requirements and, most importantly, providing the context and understanding for certain requirements being put in place. Early on in the process, it was recognised that the owner team unknowingly was an impediment in that they did not fully understand the safety requirements and so was not able to lead the way for the contractor effectively. The journey to rectify the situation was supported and followed up by focused engagement with the project team, which generated a progressive improvement in a very challenging environment.In particular, the contractor turnaround was significant and of enough value for the contractor to ultimately export some of the safety systems from this site to other contract sites. This demonstrated the ultimate benefit of the contractor understanding and buying into a safety culture and system.CITATION:Hanrahan, S and McLaughlin, S, 2016. Winning the safety battle, in Proceedings International Mine Management Conference, pp 181-186 (The Australasian Institute of Mining and Metallurgy: Melbourne).

Jun 22, 2016

By H Jones

The paper outlines the adoption and evolution of ‘sustainable development’ as a concept in tailings management practices in the mining industry over the last 30 years. Over 500 lives have been lost in tailings facility accidents since World War 2. The paper outlines commonalities in many of these accidents, particularly the role of excess water. It considers the role effective tailings management can play in enhancing the social acceptability of mining in the future.Tailings management is a major operating cost at many mines while the cost of successfully closing tailings facilities is also very high. Current tailings management practices in the industry are outlined. The technical and engineering challenges of reducing potential risks associated with tailings by reducing water entrainment are described. The successful development of practical techniques to better manage tailings and reduce water consumption and wastage are described. For example, water removal in the alumina industry to produce a paste for dry stacking is now a reality.The future adoption of these new risk reducing techniques by the industry is discussed and the implications of the adoption or non-adoption of these techniques on the industry’s future ‘social licence’ is considered.

Nov 22, 2011

By C A. Chaves

During most of its history, the metallurgical industry has been seen as a source of pollution for the environment. However, during the second half of the 20th century, as the world environmental legislation became more protective and the global environmental conscience consolidated, this landscape began to change. Metallurgical activities have become increasingly related to the social and environmental impacts caused by human activities. With the adoption of environmental management in steel plants, there has been a significant change in steel-related activities which have begun to introduce modern plants, managed with environmental, social and productive efficiency. More and more, steel companies search for a decrease in negative impacts of their industrial operations on the environment, fitting them to the current environmental legislation and even increasing productivity and profitability. The steel industry has started to become a clean and more efficient industry. This work presents a case study of a sustainable steel plant project, located in an environmental preservation area. The project includes treatment and reuse of industrial liquid effluents, air emissions control, noise control, recycling, recovery and adequate waste management. It also incorporates production processes using clean technologies, capable of coproducing energy resources which may be used in the plant showing how is it possible to produce steel with environmental and social responsibility and even increase the enterpriseÆs profitability.

Jan 1, 2009

The role of a project metallurgist is diverse and covers input into the resource definition, mining studies, metallurgical test program development, process engineering and plant design, cost estimate preparation and financial analysis aspects of project feasibility studies. Mining project schedule and cost overruns can often be attributed to cutting short metallurgical test work, engineering and cost estimating leading up to commitment to development. In a significant number of cases this may result from the lack of understanding and commitment by the project proponent to the requisite metallurgical and processing studies required during the various pre-commitment stages of a mining project. Metallurgical test work, process development, engineering and cost estimating requirements for each stage of pre-commitment development are described together with a summary of the ongoing role of the project metallurgist during detailed engineering and commissioning of a process plant.

Jan 1, 2008

By V O’Brien

The suitability of magnetic surveys flown at low altitudes to identify buried heavy mineral (HM) strands has long been accepted. This is despite the low intensity magnetic response often obtained from such strands. The fundamentals of the magnetic survey method dictate that the closer the instrument is to the source the stronger the response. As such the optimal elevation for the magnetometer is at or near the surface. Iluka sought to use a ground based magnetometer to aid in the exploration target generation process and allow accurate targeting of exploration drill holes. Following the initial trial Iluka recognised the potential additional application of data obtained by a ground based magnetometer over known strand deposits. The detail of the ground magnetic images can confirm the assumed strand continuity between cross-sections of close spaced drilling and can aid in the definition of the geometry of different generations of mineralisation. The ability to confidently determine that the deposit has not been truncated by post emplacement erosion of the mineralised deposit may enable reductions in drilling requirements as well as assisting mine planning activities. Iluka intends to investigate advanced modelling of the magnetic data to determine the level of strand geometry and HM content resolution that can be achieved from the ground magnetic survey data and its potential application in the mining grade control process.It is anticipated that the surveying of Iluka’s known resource deposits will provide the ability to correlate the magnetic response from new exploration targets with those from known deposits for a given depth, HM grade and mineralogy suite.

Oct 5, 2011