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By P. E. Hopkins

Introduction and History IN speaking of the economic geology of southeastern Ontario, W. G. Miller and C. W. Knight' say that "there occurs in southeastern Ontario a variety of minerals and rocks of economic value, probably as great as in any district of like size on the North American continent. Some of these deposits, including marble and trap, are inexhaustible. Others, including talc and iron pyrites, have proved to be of considerable economic importance. From time to time, during the last 50 years, the following minerals and rocks have been mined or quarried with varying success: gold, iron pyrites, zinc blende, copper pyrites, galena, mispickel, magnetite, hematite, talc, actinolite, mica, marble, ophicalcite, feldspar; fluorite, apatite, corundum, graphite and sodalite. All of the economic materials, with the exception of fluorite, appear to be of pre-Cambrian age. The fluorite veins penetrate the Ordovician, Black River, limestone." Accompanying that report was an article by the writer on the Queensboro Pyrite Area which includes one of the two working pyrite properties in southeastern Ontario. In the present paper will be given a brief description' of all the known pyrite deposits in the area which may at some time possess an economic value, with fuller descriptions of the two working mines-The Canadian Sulphur Ore Co.'s mine near Queensboro, and the Nichols Chemical Co.'s property at Sulphide. The earliest mining of iron pyrites in Ontario was done in 1868 on the Billings property near Brockville. The mines were closed down in 1879 under the assumption that they were exhausted. Many other

Jan 8, 1916

By Henry M. Howe

The natural effect of large ingot-size should be to increase segregation. I have previously pointed1 to the excessive segregation in many large ingots as tending to confirm this, but I have shown that in case of ingots less than 16 in. square this expected effect of ingot-size is liable to masked by that of Note.—The "maximum enrichment" of each ingot, i.e., the excess of the richest spot over the average of the whole ingot, is first calculated in percentage of that average. The average of the maximum enrichment of the several ingots of a given group is the abscissa in Fig. 1. The number beside each spot tells the number of cases which that spot represents. FIG. 1.—Influence of Ingot-Size on Maximum EnrichNent in Steel Ingots. other variables. Under these conditions we should expect that, if large ingot-size really does tend to increase segregation, this effect would be shown by taking the average of large numbers of cases, so that the effects of these other variables might off-set and cancel each other.

Jan 1, 1910

By F. D. Mahone

Much crude oil, as produced from the well, carries varying amounts of water, which may be present as free water in globules sufficiently large to settle out, in time, if the fluid is allowed to stand, or as an emulsion formed by myriads of minute water particles, each surrounded and entrapped by a film of oil through which it cannot break under the action of gravity alone. Such an emulsified mixture of oil and water is commonly termed "cut oil." When such an emulsion is subjected, under proper conditions, to the influence of a high-potential alternating-current field, the minute water particles rupture the enveloping oil films and coalesce into larger water droplets this procedure continuing until all the water is freed into drops of such size that they readily settle out. This action has been photographed by the micro-moving-picture camera; under the microscope, the breaking-up of the emulsion, as described, is seen to be accomplished in a few seconds. The low power requirements of the process, from records of commercial plants, substantiate the theory that the action is that of a multitude of electrical condensers in series, rather than that of a number of conducting paths. The minute water particles serve as the metallic elements, or plates, of the condensers and the separating oil acts as the dielectric. Such surface charges as the particles may have are removed, and the intervening oil is broken, probably electrically by the voltage and mechanically by the attractive force between adjacent oppositely electrified particles. The principle of breaking up an emulsion under the influence of an alternating electric field was discovered by F. G. Cottrell and Buckner Speed, through experiments conducted, at the University of California, which resulted in a plant being installed on the property of the Lucile Oil Co. in the Coalinga field, California, early in 1909. This plant was able to reduce 14-per cent. emulsion to less than Pper cent. with commercial success. Standard Cottrell Apparatus The present standard Cottrell apparatus consists essentially of the electric treater and a settling or trap tank. The treater is a galvanized-iron tank approximately 3 ft. in diameter and 10 ft. high, which con-

Jan 1, 1924

By Y. L. Yao

The solubility limit of oxygeu in a titanionn at 850°C has been determined by magnetic measurements as 12.5 + 0.5 pct (29.0—30,9 at. pct). Also in the susceptibility-co~centmtion curve, there is n distinct but not sharp maximum at 19.0 * 0.5 z~t pet (40.5--42.1 at. pct), which indicates the presence of the 6 phase. The magnetic susceptibilities of the alloys of the titanium-oxygen system were determined byEhrlich in 1939.' is alloys were prepared by sintiring mixtures of titanium and its oxide at high temperatures. On the titanium-rich side, despite the fact that the alloy compositions he measured crossed two phase boundaries, the limited results obtained

Jan 1, 1960

By Ralph Hultgren

FEW phase diagrams of alloys composed of two transition metals have been adequately studied, probably because of the high melting points involved. Transition metals are the elements that have inner shells incompletely filled with electrons. They comprise groups IIIa to VIIIa of the periodic table, including more than half of all metals. We have chosen to study two systems whose comparatively low melting points allowed the alloys to be melted in a molybdenum resistance furnace. The nickel-palladium system proved to consist of a simple series of solid solutions, but iron-palladium manifested several remarkable features. The main characteristics of the latter diagram were decisively established, but lack of time prevented precise determination of phase boundaries. The gamma to alpha transformation in this system is unusual and warrants further study. Grigorjew1 determined the liquidus and solidus of the iron-palladium system by thermal methods. He found a minimum melting point, but no eutectic. He also found that palladium lowered the gamma to alpha and raised the gamma to delta transformation temperatures of iron, with a complete series of solid solutions existing between gamma iron and palladium. His measurements also indicated a compound or super-lattice near the composition FePd3. Jellinghaus2 found that annealing at 500° C. greatly increased the magnetic coercive force of an alloy of composition FePd. X-ray dif-fraction photographs showed that a tetragonal ordered phase had formed during the anneal.

Jan 1, 1939

By ZJ. H. Brophy, A. L. Prill, H. W. Hayden

The effect of Group VIII transition-element additions on the sintering of tungsten powders is shown to be dependent on the phase relationships of the particular tungsten-Group VIII metal alloy system. The acceleration of sintering with nickel additions is diminished by alloying nickel with copper which is known to diminish both the tungsten solubility in nickel and the solid-vapor surface energy. In work previously published on the effects of additions of Ni, Pd, Pt, Rh, Ru, and Ir, which form solid solutions or intermediate phases of wide composition width with tungsten, sintering behavior is independent of element concentration beyond that concentration necessary to form a continuous layer on the surface of the tungsten powders employed. The sintering behavior of tungsten with additions of iron or cobalt, which form intermetallic compounds with tungsten, is highly dependent on addition-element concentration. Additions in excess of amounts necessary to form continuous layers lead to successively decreased sintering rates. The effects of certain Group VIII transition metals on the sintering rates of tungsten at temperatures below those at which a liquid phase would be predicted have recently been investigated by the present authors1-4 It was found that small additions of palladium, nickel, rhodium, platinum, and ruthenium accelerate the rate of tungsten sintering. Additions of iridium decelerated the rate of densification compared to that of pure tungsten in the same temperature range. In all cases the rate of densification changed with increasing amounts of these additions, up to those compositions at which a continuous layer was formed on the surfaces of the tungsten-powder particles. The rate of densification was then independent of further increases of the compositions of any of these addition elements. These observations were consistent with a sintering model in which the addition element formed an interface with tungsten in which tungsten dif-fusivity was either greater or less than its grain boundary self-diffusivity. Kinetic analysis of this model indicated that linear shrinkage should vary according to the relation:

Jan 1, 1964

By C. E. Jr. Reistle

ALL crude oils become more viscous when chilled, but the only oils that congeal and precipitate paraffin to such an extent as actually to cause production troubles are those that contain an appreciable amount of wax. In handling these oils of high wax content, three distinct problems may be encountered before the oil reaches the refinery. The first problem is the precipitation and accumulation of paraffin in the well, either in the oil string or on the face and in the pores of the sand. The second problem is the accumulation of paraffin and the congealing of oil in the transportation lines. The third problem is the precipitation of paraffin and the formation of tank bottoms.

Jan 1, 1927

By T. A. Rickard

The earlier paper (Trans., xx., 463) describing this Victorian mining district, to which the present is supplementary, was mainly confined to the consideration of the "saddle-reefs," as scientifically the most interesting and economically the most important of the

Jan 1, 1893

NAME "Utah" is derived from the name of the Indian tribe, variously spelled "Yuta," "Ute," "Youta." "Uta." "Eutaw," and finally "Utah." It means "in the tops of the mountains," or "on the heights." The state emblem is the "Beehive," typical of industry. State nickname is "Beehive State." AREA Utah is the tenth state in area. It contains 84.990 square miles, of which 2.806 miles are water. When admitted as a territory in 1850. Utah included all the area from the east line of California to the summit of the Rocky Mountains between the 37th and 42nd parallels, which embraced practically all of the present state of Nevada, all of western Colorado, part of Idaho and part of Wyoming, in addition to the present area of Utah.

Jan 1, 1925

By J. T. Burwell

The crystal orientation in silicon iron that has been given a particular treatment described by Goss,l has been studied by Goss, by Bozorth2 and by Sixtus,3 but their results do not agree and are almost entirely qualitative. The following pages give a description of the orientation of the crystals in the material as determined by means of X-rays and expressed graphically in a pole figure. The treatment consists of hot-rolling the material into strip and then giving it two cycles of cold reduction followed by recrystallization. This produces remarkably good properties in the rolling direction, the product having a maximum permeability in this direction of more than 25,000 and a permeability at 16,000 Gauss of more than 2200. It is now generally agreed that Goss's original conclusion1 that the crystals in the final product are randomly oriented was incorrect, since Bozorth2 and Sixtus,3 using different methods, have shown that there is a decided preference in orientation. Those writers, however, expressed their results only in terms of one or more ideal orientations with deviations therefrom. X-ray Data A strip of the material containing 3.1 per cent Si, prepared by Goss,† 1.2 by 0.0125 in., was etched rapidly in warm dilute hydrochloric acid until it was 0.005 in. thick, in order to eliminate the effect of the two surface layers. The specimen was then mounted in an integrating camera similar to one described in the literature.4 The purpose of this camera is to translate the specimen during exposure, so that a statistically large number of grains contribute to the pattern photographed. The camera also allows the plane of the specimen to make various angles with the X-ray beam. An area 5 by 1.2 in. was scanned by a beam of unfiltered radiation from a molybdenum target tube operating at 37 kv., and the measurements were made principally on the peak of the white radiation. X-ray photographs were taken at intervals of 15" in a plane

Jan 1, 1940

By J. T. Burwell

The crystal orientation in silicon iron that has been given a particular treatment described by Goss,l has been studied by Goss, by Bozorth2 and by Sixtus,3 but their results do not agree and are almost entirely qualitative. The following pages give a description of the orientation of the crystals in the material as determined by means of X-rays and expressed graphically in a pole figure. The treatment consists of hot-rolling the material into strip and then giving it two cycles of cold reduction followed by recrystallization. This produces remarkably good properties in the rolling direction, the product having a maximum permeability in this direction of more than 25,000 and a permeability at 16,000 Gauss of more than 2200. It is now generally agreed that Goss's original conclusion1 that the crystals in the final product are randomly oriented was incorrect, since Bozorth2 and Sixtus,3 using different methods, have shown that there is a decided preference in orientation. Those writers, however, expressed their results only in terms of one or more ideal orientations with deviations therefrom. X-ray Data A strip of the material containing 3.1 per cent Si, prepared by Goss,† 1.2 by 0.0125 in., was etched rapidly in warm dilute hydrochloric acid until it was 0.005 in. thick, in order to eliminate the effect of the two surface layers. The specimen was then mounted in an integrating camera similar to one described in the literature.4 The purpose of this camera is to translate the specimen during exposure, so that a statistically large number of grains contribute to the pattern photographed. The camera also allows the plane of the specimen to make various angles with the X-ray beam. An area 5 by 1.2 in. was scanned by a beam of unfiltered radiation from a molybdenum target tube operating at 37 kv., and the measurements were made principally on the peak of the white radiation. X-ray photographs were taken at intervals of 15" in a plane

Jan 1, 1940

Jan 1, 1904

Jan 1, 1952

By Eugene N. Cameron

Pegmatites occur in abundance in certain areas of South West Africa and in adjacent parts of northern Cape Province in the Union of South Africa. Some of the pegmatite deposits were prospected before World War I, and intermittent mining was done during the period between the two World Wars. The deposits of the Jooste lithium mines became an important source of lepidolite, and beryl, columbite-tantalite, wolframite, and other minerals were produced. Since World War I1 prospecting and mining have been carried on vigorously, with the result that South West Africa produced nearly 3000 tons of beryl during 1949 through 1953, together with more than 40,000 tons of lithium minerals, chiefly lepidolite and petalite. Small amounts of tantalite, columbite, and other minerals have also been produced during the postwar period. Most of this mineral production has come from two pegmatite areas roughly outlined in Fig. 1. One is the Karibib-Omaruru area of north central South West Africa. The second is the northeastern part of the Orange River pegmatite area, which extends into adjacent parts of Namaqualand, in northern Cape Province of the Union of South Africa

Sep 1, 1955

By Donald M. D. Stuart

It gives me great pleasure to accept the invitation I had the honor of receiving through the Secretary of the Institute, to reply to the criticisms made in discussion of the theory advanced in my work entitled, Coal-Dust an Explosive Agent; and to lay before the Institute a further statement of the views which investigations have led me to form upon this subject,

Jan 1, 1897

By William E. Ford, Edward Salisbury Dana

A. Anhydrous Carbonates The Anhydrous Carbonates include two distinct isomorphous groups, the CALCITE GROUP and the ARAGONITE GROUP. The metallic elements

Jan 1, 1922

By T. R. Lippard

PURE gypsum may be broken down into its constituents as follows: [ ] Standard specifications (ASTM Designation C22-25) state that a material shall not be considered gypsum if it contains less than 64.5 pct by weight of CaS042H2O. Anhydrite, the second calcium sulphate mineral found in nature, may be broken into its constituents as follows: [ ] PROPERTIES OF GYPSUM AND ANHYDRITE Pure gypsum is colorless to white but various impurities change its color to shades of gray, brown, red, or pink. It has a hardness of 2 in the Mohs scale and can be scratched with the fingernail. The specific gravity of pure gypsum is 2.3 to 2.4, so that rock gypsum, free from moisture, weighs about 145 lb per cu ft. Gypsum crystallizes in the monoclinic system in tabular crystals that exhibit good cleavage

Jan 1, 1949

VARYING in thickness and in number from place to place, coal seams in the Canadian Rockies also range in pitch from nearly horizontal to vertical, sometimes with overturns. Over the entire coal-bearing area there are considerable differences of rank in coals of the same geological age, and there are marked differences in ash content and washability characteristics. Correlation of seams at mining operations within a few miles of each other has often proved impossible. These factors influence mining methods, and, of course, production results. The oldest coal formations of western Canada are of Lower Cretaceous age, as the carboniferous sediments are marine and contain no coal. Coal is also present in formations of Upper Cretaceous and Tertiary ages. The rank of coal varies from semianthracite in some operations in the Kootenay and Luscar formations of the Lower Cretaceous in the Rockies to lignite in the Tertiary fields of the Saskatchewan prairies. Fig. 1 shows the general extent of the formations.

Jan 8, 1954

By Herbert H. Kellogg, Nathaniel Arbiter, Arthur F. Taggart

THE experimental work herein described is presented in support of the following broad hypothesis: Conditioning of metals and metallic sulphides by amine collectors involves metathetic reaction at the solid surface between the collector and an oxidized metallic compound, to produce a coating comprising an amine-bearing compound of low solubility in the system. The type of reaction is different in acid and in basic solutions; both types may occur simultaneously in near-neutral pulps. EXPERIMENTAL The experiments comprise contact-angle tests with a variety of metals and metallic sulphides and extraction tests on ground chalcocite. Contact-angle tests were made principally on metals. Covellite paralleled metallic copper in amine solution at pH 8.8 (Table 3) and in alkaline water, but maintained an angle of about 70° in 10-3 HCl solution, where metallic copper lost its angle. The tests with anionic collectors (Table I) indicate that the behavior of metals in general is parallel to that of their minerals in anionic solutions. It is believed that this is generally true with cationic collectors also, but the covellite test is a warning against a broad assumption to this effect. All test specimens were mounted in Transoptic.* All tests in conditioning solution were preceded by a test in distilled water; cleaning and polishing were continued in every case until the angle in water was zero. Subsequent transfers into and out of solutions and test cells were made in such a way as to prevent exposure of the surface to air.1 The amine used was primary laurylamine, Armour and Co., AM-1120. It was used in the form of the hydrochloride, obtained by precipitation with gaseous hydrochloric acid from an ether solution of the amine, and purified by two recrystallizations from ether-alcohol.2 Inorganic and other test reagents were standard laboratory grades. [ ] Temperatures were not controlled; the probable range of test-solution temperatures is 65° t0 80°F.

Jan 1, 1943

By J. G. Bartram

Jan 1, 1934