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By Helmut Thielsch

In recent years an ever increasing amount of interest has been directed toward research studying the principles and various applications of sonic and supersonic waves. Though still in their early stages of practical development, sonic vibrations are already used in the emulsifi-cation and degasification of liquids. Metals exposed to sonic or ultrasonic vibrations while solidifying show a considerable amount of grain refinement. Often sound waves are applied instead of radiography to test engineering materials for internal cracks and flaws.' In the field of pure research these waves are used in dispersion and also in coagulation of particles or liquids in gaseous or, under certain conditions, in other liquid systems. In the settling and thickening of slurries considerable time is necessary to compress the solid particles and to squeeze out the liquid to obtain as low a dilution (liquid to solid ratio) as possible. Various methods have been developed to increase the amount of coagulation of the very fine solids (colloidal or semicolloidal) and to shorten the over-all time. The addition of small amounts of electrolytes and the warming of the suspension represent merely the more important techniques. Some of the effects of supersonic vibrations have been reported previously. From preliminary studies, therefore, it was hoped that by application of sonic vibrations it would be possible to reduce the time required to thicken such materials to a specific dilution, as well as to thicken to lower ultimate dilutions than could be obtained by quiescent settling alone. By increasing the volume thickened per unit time—i.e., improving the plant efficiency— great savings in equipment and time would be obtained for industrial processes. Also, faster settling rates should result if coagulation of particles could be increased. Experiments have been conducted for a period of several months in the Allis-Chalmers laboratory to study the effect of sonic vibrations on settling of particles of different sizes and concentrations. Apparatus The sedimentation apparatus used in these experiments is illustrated in Figs. I and 2. The essential features are the stationary field coil and the movable voice coil. Both windings are placed around a solid iron core. A leather diaphragm connected to the steel frame holds the voice coil in place. A brass rod is fastened to the voice coil with a metal disk connected to the other end. This disk is sealed to the lucite cylinder with a flexible rubber diaphragm. The lucite tube is 17 in. long; its inner diameter is 2½ in. and the wall thickness is ¼ in. The tube is calibrated on the outside in 10 c.c. divisions for a total of 1000 cubic centimeters.

Jan 1, 1947

By Linn M. Farish

The estimated production of petroleum in the Dominion of Canada for 1931 was 1,582,000 bbl., an increase of 60,000 bbl. over 1930. Nearly all of the production came from Alberta, with a small quantity from Ontario, and a very minor amount reported from New Brunswick. At the beginning of 1931 it was hoped, and predicted, that a substantial increase in production would be shown for that year, but such was not the case, since Alberta did not show the anticipated gain. The production from Ontario and New Brunswick has not varied more than a few thousand barrels during the past 10 years and aggregated 124,000 bbl. in 1930, with 126,600 bbl. estimated for 1931. Unless new fields are discovered, production in 1932 will decline, with Ontario and New Brunswick showing little change and Alberta declining appreciably. Canadian production by provinces during the past 10 years is given in Table 1. Furnished by the Dominion Bureau of Statistics. a Barrels of 35 Imperial gallons or 42 U. S. gallons. c Figures for Ontario and New Brunswick are estimated. The production of natural gas in Canada reached the record figure of 29,377,000,000 cu. ft. in 1930 and it is estimated at 26,874,600,000

Jan 1, 1932

By D. H. Gurinsky, D. G. Schweitzer

The empirical equilibrium constantsd the heat of reaction for the reduction have been determined from 300° to 500°C. The mechanisms of the oxidation of uranium and magnesium from dilute bismuth solutions have been investigated. The kinetics of some of the reactions were affected by air adsorbed on the uranium oxides. THE Liquid Metal Fuel Reactor studied at Brook-haven National Laboratory uses a solution of uranium in bismuth as the fuel. Corrosion and stability problems require that the fuel solution contain corrosion inhibitors and deoxidants. Of the additives tested, magnesium has been found to be the best deoxidant and zirconium the best corrosion inhibitor in bismuth. Some experiments1 indicate that magnesium may play a secondary role in increasing the effectiveness of zirconium in inhibiting corrosion. The work reported here was intended to determine the relative concentrations of Mg and U required to prevent oxidation of the uranium fuel in the event of an air leak. In addition, an attempt was made to identify some of the mechanisms of the oxidation and reduction reactions occurring in the liquid bismuth solutions. EXPERIMENTAL Apparatus and Procedure—The equipment shown in Fig. 1 was designed so that the reaction kinetics could be studied as functions of temperature, melt composition, pressure, and flow rate. At the start of a run, the 10-liter bell jar (F) is removed by opening the bottom Dresser fitting (L), and the bismuth and additives are placed in a pyrex crystallizing dish (I). The bell jar is replaced, the system is evacuated to 10-5 to 10-6 mm Hg and then the heater (J) is turned on. When the selected temperature is reached, the oxidizing gas is admitted to the system to the desired pressure as read on the manometer (D). Gas is introduced through the slide tube (Q) which has a pyrex frit (R) sealed to its bottom. Stirring is accomplished by immersing the end of the tube in the melt. To maintain a constant pressure under flow the input and evacuation rates must be equalized. To obtain this condition stopcock (C) is closed and flowmeters (B) are matched. The reaction is "stopped" by closing the inlet flowmeter and quickly evacuating the system. To obtain a liquid metal sample, the system is evacuated with the sampler positioned near the surface of the liquid. The sampler, Fig. 2, is then immersed until its thermocouple reading matches thermocouple (G) Fig. 1. The system is then pressurized with helium which forces the solution through the frit. Twenty to 30 min elapsed between the time the system was evacuated and sampled. During evacuation and pressurization of the system, the temperature variations did not exceed ± 5°C. While bubbling occurred the temperature remained constant to within 1/2 oC. The volume of the equipment was determined by adding a known volume of air at atmospheric pressure to the evacuated system and noting the resulting pressure.

Jan 1, 1962

By H. T. Kennedy, S. G. Dardaganian, J. L. Clanton

This paper presents equilibrium ratios measured on oil and gas samples taken from the Kelly-Snyder field at the reservoir temperature of 128°F. From these data smoothed curves were constructed for the reservoir fluid up to the bubble-point, 1,874 psia. A material balance calculation, based on the use of equilibrium ratios instead of the usual solubility and shrinkage meayr~rements is made on the field and compared to the con\.entional method. DETERMINATION OF EQUILIBRIUM RATIOS The equilibrium ratios, or K values were obtained by recombining separator samples of oil and gas taken when the reservoir was above its bubble point, and thus represented the reservoir fluid before any change had occurred due to the evolution of gas. The well sampled had a gas-oil ratio of 617 cu ft of high pressure sepalator gas per barrel of separator oil. and a bottom-hole temperature of 128°F. Samples were brought to equilibrium by agitating for 24 hours in a thermostat, maintained at the proper temperature within 0.2ºF, mercury being added when necessary to maintain the pressure constant. Samples of oil and gas were then taken by constant pressure displacement, and analyzed by low temperature frac-tionation. Equilibrium ratios were determined at 128°F and 500, 800, 1,000 and 1,400 psig. At the latter pressure, there were indications that the gas samples were contaminated with small quantities of oil, and only data taken at the first three pressures were included in Fig. I. This figure has been extended to higher and lower pressures by the use of the Fluor charts for 3,000 psi convergence pressure, on which the experimental points fit well. MATERIAL BALANCE EQUATIONS The possible errors involved in conventional material balance equations have been analyzed by Muskat1. Where the errors occur in field measurements, or in obtaining effective averages from variables such as gas-oil ratio and pressure, they will evidently be involved in any attempt to estimate the content of the reservoir. On the other hand, substantial errors may be introduced in conventional material balance calculations by: (1) the neglect of the amount of oil dissolved in gas at high pressures and temperatures in the reservoir, but which condenses under separator conditions; (2) the assumption that the separation of oil and gas in the reservoir may be duplicated by a differential liberation in the

By C. O. Lee, Z. W. Bartlett, R. H. Feierabend

The Grand Isle sulfur mine is located in the Gulf of Mexico, approximately seven miles off the coast of Grand Isle, Jefferson Parish, La. The deposit is on acreage covered by oil, gas, and mineral leases originally issued in favor of Humble Oil & Refining Co. by the State of Louisiana which were continued, maintained, and redesignated by the U.S. Department of the Interior after passage of the Outer Continental Shelf Lands Act. The sulfur deposit was discovered in 1949 when Humble Oil & Refining Co. penetrated more than 200 ft of sulfur-bearing limestone in a zone between 1813 and 2075 ft below sea level. In 1954, Humble drilled ten more sulfur prospect holes, eight of which encountered sulfur ore. On September 19, 1956, Freeport Sulphur Co. acquired from Humble Oil & Refining Co, the sulfur rights underlying the tracts, and the actual design of the installation began the same month. The first structural contract was awarded in December 1957 and offshore erection began in June 1958. The initial phase of construction has been completed and production by the Frasch process commenced in April 1960. The estimated total cost of the project is $30 million, of which $8 million is the extra cost incurred by the necessity of offshore operations. More than $22 million was expended before production was started. GEOLOGY OF DEPOSIT Grand Isle is the third largest sulfur deposit in the U.S. The orebody embraces several hundred acres, but its outer limits are yet to be defined to the northeast, east, and south. Most Gulf Coast sulfur deposits occur in a caprock mantle of calcite (referred to as limestone), anhydrite, and occasionally gypsum, which covers the apex of an intrusive mass of salt. Commercial quantities of sulfur are usually confined to the calcite or limestone member. Most often such limestone is completely enclosed by dense anhydrite below and impervious sediments above, which effectively form a closed reservoir. The depth of the Grand Isle orebody ranges from 1800 ft to 2500 ft below sea level. Within the present boundary, the sulfur-bearing limestone varies in thickness from 220 ft to 425 ft, while the sulfur content varies an average of about 15 pct in the leanest hole to an average of about 30 pct in the richest. Rock containing less than 5 pct sulfur is not classed as ore, and holes assaying less than 20,-000 long tons per acre of sulfur in place are not considered commercial offshore. The sulfur enrich-

Jan 1, 1961

By AIME AIME

Change of Meeting from Birmingham to Chattanooga. In consequence of the disturbed conditions attending a long¬continued labor strike in Alabama, the meeting of the Institute was changed from Birmingham, Ala., to Chattanooga, Tenn., where it will. begin on Thursday evening, Oct. 1, 1908. Information. of this change bad been sent to the newspapers through the Associated Press, and by circular to all members, when news was received of the sudden and unexpected termination of the strike referred to. It was, unfortunately, too late to change once more the arrangements for the meeting. But it is hoped that the cordial invitation of the citizens of ,Birmingham may be renewed and accepted at a future time, not too remote. Office Facilities for Visiting Members. A separate room in the suite occupied by the American Institute of Mining Engineers on the ninth floor of the United Engineering Society Building, has been equipped with furniture and telephone extension for the temporary use of members of the Institute or of sister societies, or visitors suitably accredited. Members of the Institute visiting New York for a short time, who need office facilities during their stay, or members residing in the city. who need temporary office accommodation, can arrange to have set apart for their exclusive use a room, equipped with office furniture, telephone, etc.,. in the suite of the Institute. It is not the intention to give possession of the room to any individual for an indefinite time, but to offer to members of the Institute an opportunity to acquire a well-located, well-equipped business headquarters to carry on transactions which

Jan 9, 1908

By Ivan B. Cutler, Milton E. Wadsworth

Coprecipitation of anionic and cationic polyelectrolytes has been applied to floccula-tion of several mineral systems. Results obtained in a study of the flocculation of kaolinite and hematite suspensions of polycationic and polyanionic electrolytes are presented. Greatly increased settling rates were observed following precipitation of positive and negative polyelectrolytes on the surface of finely divided minerals in aqueous suspension. The ratios of polycationic to polyanionic electrolytes required to produce maximum sedimentation have been shown to correspond closely with the equivalence points obtained by light scattering studies of systems containing the positive and negative polyelectrolytes by themselves. DISPERSION of colloids has been of interest to surface chemists for many years. Flocculation studies have been employed to evaluate the limits of colloid stability. In water suspensions, colloids become unstable and flocculate when the 5 potential, the potential of the kinetic solvation sheath, falls to a value at which van der Waals forces may act to draw the particles together. This may happen through an adjustment of the pH of the suspension or by addition of a salt. Optimum conditions for rapid formation of large flocs are found in the region of minimum < potential. In addition to these well known considerations, colloids in water suspensions are known to be flocculated by certain large organic macromolecules. These polyelectrolytes in some cases minimize the 5 potential and in other instances increase the attractive forces by supplying sites for hydrogen bonding.&apos; Use of organic polyelectrolytes in flocculation of mineral colloids has increased rapidly in recent years. These materials are now recognized as indispensable aids to fluid-solid separations in many extractive metallurgical operations. They have been found to increase both the settling rate in thickeners and the filtration rate of filters. In the elucidation of the characteristics of these organic reagents as floc-culants in this laboratory, it was discovered that interaction of certain polyelectrolytes had a surprisingly good effect on flocculation of mineral colloids. Experimental Procedure: The anionic flocculants used in this study were Lytron 886 and 887, produced by Monsanto Chemical Co. Both reagents are copolymers of vinyl acetate and maleic anhydride. Lime is added to Lytron 886, whereas Lytron 887 is all organic. These reagents possess two carboxyl groups for each acetate group and are therefore anionic in character. The cationic reagents used were the Peter Cooper Co. 1-X and 2-X glues. The structures are not definitely known, but the re- agents are amines and are cationic in character. The glues were prepared in the chrome-alum form. Both types of reagents may be classified as polyelectrolytes in that they are high molecular weight polymers and ionize in water. All data presented are in terms of sedimentation rate, measured in 250-ml glass-stoppered graduated cylinders. With suitable precautions such measurements are fairly reproducible and provide a sensitive means for selecting important parameters such as PH, reagent concentration, and floc size and density. Agitation was standardized with five complete end over end cycles of the suspensions in the stoppered graduated cylinders.

Jan 1, 1957

By Wm. A. Haven

ON the northern part of the globe, almost since the earliest days of mankind&apos;s history. ironmaking has been practiced in one form or another. Some investigators question the generally accepted belief that copper and bronze were in earlier general use than iron, explaining the greater age and abundance of copper relics by their greater resistance to natural oxidation. However, the occurrence of copper in its natural state and its greater ease of reduction from the simpler copper minerals is a strong argument that the making and use of copper came first. Nevertheless, good evidence exists that ironmaking was practiced in ancient India and China, as well as in ancient European countries. Some interesting vestiges of those early operations still survive and have a place, in the background at least, of a discussion of modern blast-furnace practice.

Jan 1, 1940

By AIME AIME

The following report is published for the information of the members Meetings. Two meetings for the reading and discussion of papers, etc., have been held during the year 1906-namely, the Ninetieth meeting, held February 21st to 24th at Bethlehem, Pa., and the Ninety-first meeting, held July 24th to 27th in London, England, in connection with the meeting of the Iron and Steel Institute. The proceedings of these meetings, including descriptions of the entertainments and excursions connected therewith, have already been published and distributed to the members of the Institute; the Bethlehem meeting in Bi-Monthly Bulletin, No. 9, May, 1906, pp. 497 to 508, and the London meeting in Bi-Monthly Bulletin, No. 12, November, 1906, pp. 809 to 908. The proceedings of the London meeting were published separately and distributed among the many individuals and concerns whose cordial friendship and delightful hospitality contributed so largely to the success of the visits in London and environs and the excursions in England, Scotland and Germany. At the Bethlehem meeting, 37 papers and discussions were presented and the names of 198 members and guests were regis¬tered at the Institute headquarters ; this number, however, does not represent all who were present at the sessions and excur¬sions. At the London meeting, 26 papers and discussions were presented, not including 5 of the papers and discussions read before the Iron and Steel Institute at the joint session with the American Institute of Mining Engineers, which, by a mutual agreement between the Councils of the two Institutes, have been selected to be republished in the Bi-Monthly Bulletin and Transactions of the Institute. The number of members and guests of the two Institutes registered at the London headquarters was 908, and of this number 131 were from America. This list does not include the names of all who

Mar 1, 1907

Jan 1, 1967

By L. W. Pommier, F. B. Brien, A. K. Bhasin

In the field of mineral processing, although many operations are applied to suspensions of ore particles in fluids, there is a lack of fundamental knowledge relative to the flow resistance encountered by immersed bodies moving through solid-liquid suspensions. Previously proposed equations, based on the Ostwald-de Waele (power-law) model for non-Newtonian fluids, are exam ined in the turbulent flow region relative to a number of pertinent variables and their effects on the movement of immersed bodies. As more knowledge is acquired in regard to the effects of suspension variables on the rheological properties, useful relationships may be proposed to allow predictions of conditions to achieve optimum results for engineering purposes. In the field of minerals processing, many operations are applied to suspensions of ore particles in fluids. The differential movement of solids of various sizes and densities in suspensions is of utmost importance to gravity concentration, wet classification, flotation, hydrometallurgy, and pipeline transport of solids. The subject is also of importance to other branches of engineering; for example, those involved with soil mechanics, ceramic slips, and oil-well drilling fluids. There is a lack of fundamental knowledge relative to the flow resistance encountered by immersed bodies moving through solid-liquid suspensions. The problems encountered in the direct application of the well-known Stokes and Newton&apos;s Laws to non-Newtonian systems have been examined in a previous paper.&apos; Equations were proposed based on the Ostwald-de Waele (power-law) model for non-Newtonian fluids. This present paper examines these equations in the turbulent flow region relative to a number of pertinent variables and their effects on the movement of immersed bodies. It is thought that, as more knowledge is acquired as to the effects of suspension variables on the rheological properties, useful relationships may be proposed to allow prediction of conditions to achieve optimum results for engineering purposes. The purpose of this paper is to make an initial assessment of the nature and magnitude of pertinent suspension variables. In order to avoid too voluminous a document, the examination of kinetics and mechanisms will be omitted at this time. THEORY A Newtonian fluid is defined as a fluid in which the stress is proportional to the rate of strain, 2 i.e.: H = viscosity; see Table I. for list of symbols The following equations are conventionally used to assess the motion of spherical particles moving under laminar and turbulent flow conditions through Newtonian fluids: When these relationships are applied in practice to suspensions, the liquid density is substituted by a composite suspension density, and viscosity is usually taken as that of the suspending liquid or an approximated "apparent viscosity." However, suspensions are non-Newtonian in character3 and thus, more than one viscosity parameter is required to describe their behavior. A number of models have been proposed for non-Newtonian fluids;2,4 among these the simplest is the Ostwaldde Waele or power-law model for incompressible fluids which for one dimensional flow may be reduced to:

Jan 1, 1970

By F. Haessner, M. Wilkens, U. Jakubowski

ThOUGH at present there is a wide range of possibilities for the quantitative determination of preferred orientations, pole figures of identical specimen material have not been determined by different methods as yet.&apos;&apos;&apos; In this paper a comparison of (Ill), (200), and (220) pole figures is presented which were obtained from a 95 pct cold-rolled high-purity cop- per sheet (99.9998 pct Cu), by three different methods. The three methods are: a) The combined X-ray reflection-transmission technique of plane samples by schulz3 and Decker, Asp, and Harker. 4 A Siemens texture goniometer was used. The experimental details are described elsewhere. 6 b) The X-ray reflection technique of spherical samples by Jetter and Boric.&apos; A Siemens texture goniometer with some modifications was used. The samples were prepared by sticking 140 polished sheets together with an adhesive and machining a sphere (20 mm diam).* Additional

Jan 1, 1967

[Separates of all the Technical Publications published in 1.929 ,are available at Institute headquarters. All the papers are on file in public, university and technical libraries, and when so indicated in the list, maybe found in the TRANSACTIONS.] METAL MINING TECH¬ NICAL PUBLI- TITLE AUTHOR MEETING TRANS. CATION VOLUME No. AND PAGE 182-A-23 The Royal Commission on Mining Henry Louis New York Subsidence Feb., 1929 183-A-24 Cycles in Metal Production D. F. Hewett New York T29t, 65, 93 Feb., 1929 199-A-25 Ventilation ?at the United Verde Oscar A. Glacscr New York T29, 114, 141 Mine Feb., 1929 206-A-26 Air Conditioning in Deep Mines R. W. Waterfill New York T29, 99, 112, Feb., 1929 245-A-27 Bumps in No. 2 Mine, Springhill, Walter Herd New York Nova Scotia (with discussion) Feb., 1929 257-A-28 Misfires: Their Causes, Prevention ? New York and Treatment on Occurrence Feb., 1929 Misfires in Anthracite Coal T. D. Thomas Mines (With Discussion) Misfires in Bituminous Coal W H. Forbes Mines (With Discussion) Misfires in Non-metallic Mining A. W. Worthington (Limestone) (With Discussion)

Jan 1, 1929

By S. A. Hovanessian

The method of characteristics which reduces the Buckley-Leverett mnlineur, partial differential equation to two first-order, linear differential equations is applied to the solution of a waterffood recovery problem for multiple lines of producing wells and one line of injection wells. The application of the method is described by a numerical example, and a brief theoretical background is given. From the results of this study, it is concluded that the cumulative water injected and oil produced are the same for single and multiple sets of producing wells. INTRODUCTION In this paper, the method of characteristics is applied to the solution of a waterflood recovery problem with multiple lines of producing wells and one line of injection wells. The application of the method to this type of recovery problem considerably simplifies the procedure of obtaining a numerical solution. It differs from the method described by Kern1 because it eliminates the need for integration in obtaining saturation fronts. In addition, the saturation history at any location within the field is obtained from a single diagram (time vs distance with saturation as a parameter)&apos;. The paper includes a brief theory of the method of characteristics and its application to the solution of oil recovery problems. A numerical example is worked out, and the cumulative oil recovery-vs-time curve for a system with multiple sets of producing wells is obtained. This curve is then compared with the recovery curve of a system with only one set of producing wells. From this study, it is concluded that the cumulative water injected and oil produced are the same for single and multiple lines of producing wells. However, the recovery time is considerably longer for multiple sets of producing wells.

By R. H. Richards, A. E. Woodward

In Rittinger&apos;s Aufbereitungskunde of 1867 occurs (p. 195) the following table, which shows the rate of falling in water of fragments of minerals, of irregular shapes and of five different specific gravities: Diameter of particles in millimeters. 10 8 6 4 3 2 1 .5 Sp. Or. Velocity in meters per second. Auriferous silver, 16..9 .8 .7 .57 .5 .4 .29 .20 Galena,. ..7.5 .62 .55 .48 .39 54 .28 .20 .14 Pyrites,. ..5.0 .49 .43 .38 .30 .26 .22 .15 .10 Quartz,. ..2.6 -30 .27 24 .19 .17 .14 .10 .07 Coal,. ..1.3 .13 .12 .10 .08 .07 .06 .04 .03 With the purpose of extending this valuable table, to cover a larger number of minerals and sizes of each mineral, and of making it more easy of application in deciding upon a sieve-scale for any group of minerals, we have prepared the curves of velocity of fall of bodies in water shown in Plates I., XI., 111. and IV., using Rittinger&apos;s formula V= 2.44d(8 —1) where V= velocity in millimeters per second. " D = diameter of particles in meters. " 8 = specific gravity of the mineral. These curves embrace a large number of specific gravities, and for each specific gravity the relation of the diameter of the mineral particle to the velocity of its fall in water is given for all diameters and velocities used in practice. The second diagram is an enlargement of the lower left-hand corner of the first, the third bears the same relation to the second, and in like manner the fourth to the third. Plate I, therefore, covers the work of the coarsest jigging 2 inches in diameter; and under

Jan 1, 1890

Abbey, Robert Graham, District Mgr., The W. W. Sly Mfg. Co., 50 Church St., New York, N. Y. &apos;21 Abbott, A. N Ave. Morelos 84, Cuernavaca, Morelos, Mexico &apos;23 Abbott, Argyle Campbell, Geol 42 Everett St., Arlington, Mass. &apos;29 Abbott, Clarence E., V.P., Charge of Raw Materials, Tenn. Coal, Iron & R. R. Co., 1242 Brown-Marx Bldg., Birmingham, Ala. &apos;04 Abbott, Louis Benjamin, Chief Engr., Consolidation Coal Co., Watson Bldg., Fairmont, W. Va. &apos;15 Abeel, George H., Jr., Cons. Min. Engr 1281/2 S. Canon Dr., Beverly Hills, Cal. &apos;18 Abel, Raymond L., Asst. Prof., Dept. of Pet. Refin., Univ. of Pittsburgh. .Pittsburgh, Pa. &apos;28 Abel, Walter D., Cons. Engr 650 S. Grand Ave., Los Angeles, Cal. &apos;82 Abele, Louis T., Min. & Met. Engr., Supt., Texas Hill Mine Coulterville, Cal. &apos;31 Abell, Leo M. Millicent, S. Australia &apos;31 Abernathy, George Elmer, Prof. of Geol. & Min., Kansas State Teachers College, Pittsburg, Kan. &apos;20 Aborn, Robert H., Research Lab., U. S. Steel Corp. Lincoln Highway, Kearny, N. J. &apos;19 Abozeid, Mahmood, Dept. of Mines & Quarries Cairo, Egypt &apos;26

Jan 1, 1932

By Edna A. Dancy, Gerhard J. Derge

Jan 1, 1963

By H.A. Bedworth

AlloTs of copper and silicon have been known for one hundred years or more but the commercial development of this type of alloy has taken place during the past few years. In 1905, Sperry l proposed the use of copper-silicon alloys for springs and other purposes for which copper-tin bronzes were used. Some attention was given to this proposal at the time but no one succeeded in producing a practical alloy containing more than a fraction of a per cent. of silicon. The equilibrium relations of the copper-silicon system were studied first by Rudolfi2 and later by Sanfourche 3 and Corson. 4 The constitution of the system has also been recently investigated by Matuyama, 5 and in the laboratories of the American Brass Co. by Smith. 6 Some of the physical properties of the copper-silicon alloys have been investigated by Norbury7 and by Geiss and Van Liempt.8 Summarizing the results of various investigators of the constitution of copper-silicon alloys, the solubility reaches its maximium value, 6.7 per cent. silicon, between 721" and &apos;782" C. At 852" (1. the solubility is 5.25 per cent., while at 400" C. it is only 4.1 per cent. silicon. The copper-silicon alloy begins to get so hard at about 3 per cent, silicon that it is difficult to manage. It was found by Jacobs that the addition of manganese to this alloy considerably improved the working

Jan 1, 1929

By H. A. Bedworth

AlloTs of copper and silicon have been known for one hundred years or more but the commercial development of this type of alloy has taken place during the past few years. In 1905, Sperry l proposed the use of copper-silicon alloys for springs and other purposes for which copper-tin bronzes were used. Some attention was given to this proposal at the time but no one succeeded in producing a practical alloy containing more than a fraction of a per cent. of silicon. The equilibrium relations of the copper-silicon system were studied first by Rudolfi2 and later by Sanfourche 3 and Corson. 4 The constitution of the system has also been recently investigated by Matuyama, 5 and in the laboratories of the American Brass Co. by Smith. 6 Some of the physical properties of the copper-silicon alloys have been investigated by Norbury7 and by Geiss and Van Liempt.8 Summarizing the results of various investigators of the constitution of copper-silicon alloys, the solubility reaches its maximium value, 6.7 per cent. silicon, between 721" and &apos;782" C. At 852" (1. the solubility is 5.25 per cent., while at 400" C. it is only 4.1 per cent. silicon. The copper-silicon alloy begins to get so hard at about 3 per cent, silicon that it is difficult to manage. It was found by Jacobs that the addition of manganese to this alloy considerably improved the working

Jan 1, 1929

Bailey, Lewis Newton, Master Engineer, Senior Grade, 4th Regiment, U. S. Engineers, Headquarters Company, died of pneumonia at Camp Merritt, N. J., on April 30, 1918. Baird, Louis, Lieut., Royal Field Artillery, British Army, died on the battlefield in 1915. Cobeldick, William Morley, Royal Engineers, died from gas poisoning on October 7, 1915. Dougall, Ralph, killed in action. Evans, Alfred Winter, Lieut.-Col., New Zealand Rifle Brigade, D. S. 0., D. C. M., killed in action on October 12, 1917. Gorman, Thomas C., Lieut., Canadian Engineers, killed in France, Mar. 18, 1918. Hague, William, 1st Lieut., Engineer Officers&apos; Reserve Corps, died in active service. Hall, William T., Capt., Royal Flying Corps, killed in action. Heine, Bernhardt E., Lieut., Aviation Service, killed at Fort Sill, Okla., Aug. 10, 1918. Irving, John Duer, Capt., 11th Engineers, A. E. F., died while on active service in France on July 26, 1918.

Jan 9, 1918