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This is the sixth in a series of reports on properties of commercial motor fuels, made in accordance with a cooperative agreement between the Cooperative Fuel Research (C.F.R.) Committee and the Bureau of Mines of the Department of the Interior. The first report gave data on motor gasolines sold during the winter of 1935-36.3/ The present report covers 54 brands of gasoline represented by 1,480 samples plus those from the Pacific Coast, which were averaged by the Pacific Coast Technical Group before being submitted and are published exactly as they were submitted. In some areas reports were received from 8 to 10 companies on the same brands of gasoline, whereas in other areas only one company reported on a brand. Thus, it can be seen that some of the data are more representative than others. The inclusion of data from several cities within some of the districts has improved the report by reducing the number of brands reported by only one company. Several changes have been made in the districts. A new district, Memphis, Tenn., has been formed to include Arkansas and western Tennessee. The Rocky Mountain areas have been divided into three sections. Salt Lake City and Denver form the Middle Rocky Mountain district; Laramie, Wyo., Idaho, Montana, and Spokane, Wash., are included in the North Rocky Mountain district, and Arizona, New Mexico, and El Paso, Tex., have been combined to represent the South Rocky Mountain district. The Cleveland district has been expanded to include Ohio an,"- Indiana. Eastern Pennsylvania, Maryland, and northern Virginia are included in the Washington (D. C.) district. The Atlanta district includes Georgia, South Carolina; Mississippi, and northern Florida.

Jan 1, 1938

By G J. Massoth, K Faure, A G, R G. Ditchburn, I J. Graham

From modest beginnings in 1996, research into the mineral potential of New ZealandÆs Exclusive Economic Zone has progressed into a major multidisciplinary component of GNSÆs recently funded 6-year æMineral Wealth of NZ and its EEZÆ Programme. In excess of $7.5 M of research funding has been expended, plus $10 M leveraged via collaborations with NIWA (NZ), NOAA (USA), JAMSTEC (Japan), U. Kiel (Germany) and ANU (Australia), whose scientists have contributed hugely to research cruises, as well as subsequent analysis and publication. The 1999 NZAPLUME I cruise was the first research expedition to systematically locate, and chemically characterise, submarine hydrothermal venting associated with arc volcanoes of the southern part the Kermadec intra oceanic arc system. This was followed by the 2002 NZAPLUME II and 2004 NZAPLUME III cruises to the mid- and northern-sections of the Kermadec arc, respectively. Combined, these cruises have surveyed 1300 km of the volcanic chain (from Whakatane to Monowai), including 34 major volcanic centres. Together with concurrent surveys in the Tonga arc, this is now the longest continuous stretch of intra oceanic arc to be surveyed for hydrothermal emissions. Most of the volcanic centres are characterised by simple cones although 30 per cent contain caldera complexes, and compositions range from basalt through to rhyolite. Massive sulphide mineralisation has been recovered from several volcanic centres in the southern Kermadecs (Clark, Rumble II West and Brothers), suggesting the existence of significant Au and base metal bearing deposits along the arc front.

Jan 1, 2005

By Artur Frederico Fonseca da Cruz

Com a necessidade urgente e constante de aumento da competitividade no cenário atual da mineração, mostra-se fundamental o desenvolvimento constante de novos parâmetros de processo combinados a uma estratégia de manutenção focada não só na disponibilidade dos ativos, e sim no desempenho dos equipamentos. No que tange ao processo de pelotização neste trabalho foi dado foco especificamente na configuração de perfis de queima no forno de grelha móvel, onde foram testados quatro perfis e fixado o perfil nº 04 otimizado via sistema de otimização de processo para níveis de produções diferentes, equilibrando qualidade e consumo específico de gás natural, no período anterior e posterior à parada fria. A partir daí foram analisados parâmetros de qualidade, produção e processo, comparando-os entre antes e após a parada fria. Foram registradas melhoras nos índices de qualidade e redução de aproximadamente 13,50% do consumo específico de gás natural e 10,80% de redução no consumo específico de energia elétrica de ventiladores por níveis de produção.

Aug 17, 2017

By Russell E. Griffin

Dielectric constants and dissipation factors were measured by the Bureau of Mines for 13 simulated lunar rocks over the 20-to 100-megahertz frequency range by means of the susceptance-variation method. Measurements were made at room temperature and normal atmospheric pressure. Results are presented and some comparison is made with data reported by others. The rocks used include a broad range of physical characteristics and chemical compositions from the large areas of volcanism in Oregon and northern California, and two nonvolcanic types. These rocks make up a suite of rock standards used by a group of laboratories engaged in lunar research. The data presented will add to the basic scientific and engineering knowledge needed to utilize extra-terrestrial mineral resources for support of future space missions.

Jan 1, 1974

By David G. Borg, John Bussey

The new AIRDEK (tm) technique for pre-splitting in surface coal mines produces highwall conditions that have greater safety with lower costs for explosives, labor, and drilling. Successful applications have been made in highwalls ranging from 20 to 100 feet or more and in blasthole diameters from 3-1/2 inches to 12 inches.

Jan 1, 1988

By M. Tangstad

Keywords: Pyrometallurgy, ROMA, Norway, furnace, fines The ROMA project is a competence project on optimizing the usage of raw materials and energy in the ferromanganese, silicon, and aluminium industries. One of the items investigated in this project is the effect of fines on the furnace, and the usage of agglomerates versus lumpy ore. From lab-scale experiments it is shown, that for the charge to agglomerate in the furnace, the charge has to be exposed to a temperature higher than about 1200°C, independent of fines content. The fines less than 1 mm also showed higher agglomeration properties, compared to 2?4 mm, which showed no agglomeration property at all. The properties of agglomerates are very dependent on the pre-treatment of the agglomerate. Sinter and pellets, which have been heated to high temperatures, show a better strength, but also a lower CO reactivity. Sinter also shows a lower melting temperature compared to the ore.

Jan 1, 2011

By E. D. Gardner

During the summer of 1935 a plan was proposed by which the Government should establish custom sampling plants for gold and silver ores in the mining districts of the West, where the construction of such plants would be justified as an unemployment relief measure. It was known that in many districts prospectors and small operators had small lots of smelting ore that could not be marketed for lack of sufficient capital to get out enough ore at a time to make carload shipments to distant smelters. Moreover, considerable ore of milling grade was available in many districts in which there were no custom milling facilities. It was felt that. accurate sampling and the classification and consolidation of small lots of ore produced from prospects and small mines, with quick cash returns to the shippers on a nonprofit basis, would stimulate the working of small gold and silver properties: Idle mines would be put to work, and there was a possibility that some of the prospects could be developed into regularly producing mines. Each sampling plant was to be centrally located so as to serve the greatest possible number of mines and prospects. Wherever possible, the plants were to be built on a railroad, is ore of smelting grade accumulated, it was to be shipped to a smelter in carload lots. Where a plant was not on a railroad, smelting ore was to be trucked to the railroad after being sampled.

Jan 1, 1936

By C. H. Lee, K. Adham, D. Lemieux, J. P. Mai, A. M. S. Hussein, S. Francey

Copper concentrates contain an increasing amount of arsenic, as the older sources of cleaner ores are depleted. At the same time, the market-determined price penalties on arsenic rich concentrates are rising due to limited arsenic treatment capacity at smelters and increasingly stringent environmental emissions limits, necessitating arsenic removal from the copper concentrates. Heating the concentrate to about 700°C can remove significant amounts of arsenic (as elemental and/or sulfide); however, it is important to achieve that removal economically and with due consideration to post-roasting arsenic (toxic waste) treatment. A comparison is made among different roasting options (kilns, multi-hearths and fluid beds) to qualify their potential application to arsenic roasting of copper concentrates. Both direct and indirect methods of heating as well as inert, air and oxygen atmosphere options are considered. Technology comparisons are made with respect to the roaster’s operation, its off-gas treatment and arsenic stabilization. INTRODUCTION In the last twenty years, the arsenic content in globally produced copper concentrates have risen steadily due to the depletion of cleaner ores and the increase in complex concentrate production. Smelter contracts typically limit arsenic to less than 0.5wt%, with a penalty paid per unit of additional arsenic and other contaminants such as antimony. While penalties can vary, they can be on the order of $70/dry metric tonne of concentrate per 1% of arsenic. Strategies used by miners to avoid the price penalties have been to blend clean and complex concentrates, and to remove arsenic from complex concentrates to achieve smelter limits. Arsenic can be removed from copper concentrates by the heat-induced decomposition of the predominant enargite mineral (Cu3AsS4) at ~700°C. Roasting at such elevated temperature is a commercially proven option, but still suffers from process, cost and environmental challenges. After roasting, the released arsenic sulfide fumes can be separated from most of the entrained concentrate dust in cyclones. Then, the As2S3 laden off-gas can be oxidized to generate a still volatile oxide (As2O3), which can be further separated from the residual concentrate dust in a hot electrostatic separator. Next, the off-gas can be cooled with air or water, to either deposit the arsenic oxide in a dry or dissolved state. Dissolved arsenic acid can be oxidized to As(V) and reacted with iron to yield a stabilized ferrihydrite precipitate or scorodite that can be safely disposed. In the case of dry arsenic trioxide, it can be mixed with reactants (e.g. iron) and fluxes before thermal stabilization in a glass matrix, thus eliminating the need for costly oxidation.

Jan 1, 2019

By V. Labiouse, P. K. Kaiser, F. Descoeudres, F. Rojat

In this paper some failure phenomena observed in the crossing of brittle rock formations at the Lötschberg base tunnel are presented. A brittle failure criteria, recently developed by Canadian researchers, is applied through finite element calculations together with a semi-empirical failure criterion, to explain these behaviours. Good agreement is found between predicted and observed failures at the tunnel walls. This study also shows some of the limitations of this approach. Dans cet article sont présentés certains phénomènes de rupture observés durant la traversée de zones de roches fragiles lors de l’excavation du tunnel du Lötschberg. Un critère de rupture développé récemment par la recherche canadienne est utilisé à travers des calculs par éléments finis. En parallèle, les résultats sont comparés avec ceux d’un critère semi-empirique. Au niveau des parements, l’ampleur des ruptures observées est assez proche des résultats de calcul. Cette étude a également permis de mettre en avant certaines limites de l’approche choisie. In diesem Artikel werden verschiedene Brucharten dargestellt, die bei der Durchfahrung von sprödem Gestein im Rahmen des Ausbaus des Lötschberg-Basistunnels beobachtet wurden. Zur Erklärung des vorliegenden Verhaltens wurden die erst kürzlich in Kanada entwickelten Theorien zur Beschreibung von Sprödbrüchen herangezogen und bei der Berechnung mittels der Finite-Elemente-Methode und eines semi-empirischen Kriteriums angewendet. Die so vorhergesagten Versagenszonen an den Tunnelwänden stimmen mit den Beobachtungen gut überein. Die Studie hat auch dazu beigetragen, die bei der Anwendung des Lösungsansatzes angetroffenen Schwierigkeiten aufzuzeigen.

Jan 1, 2003

By Raymond W. Hiteshue

To aid in designing a continuous system for evaluating processes for converting coal to high-Btu gas] the Bureau of Mines determined the amenability of various coals and a char to hydrogasification at 800° C and 6,000 psig using a molybdenum catalyst. A lignite from Rockdale, Tex., an hvCb coal from Rock Springs, Wyo., a char from the low-temperature carbonization of the latter, an hvAb coal from Pittsburgh, Pa., and an anthracite from Luzerne County, Pa., were selected. Highest yields of gaseous hydrocarbons, 94 pet, based on maf feed, were produced from char, and lowest yields, 67 pct, were obtained from lignite. Hydrocarbon gases contained 82 to 92 pct methane, 8 to 15 pct ethane; and 1 to 3 pct propane.

Jan 1, 1962

By D. Schreuder

Conditions in the South African market relating to atmospheric emission control has changed dramatically over the last 10 years. Companies have become more responsible, environmentally aware, and have to comply to more stringent environmental limits set by legislation. This paper describes briefly the current best available atmospheric pollution abatement technologies relating to particulates, acid gases, NOx, acid mists, aerosols, mercury, dioxins and furans. Mention is also made as to the best practices for product work-up and waste product disposal.

Jan 1, 2006

By McHenry Mosier

The object of this investigation is to determine the field for the use of detachable bits in metal mines of the United States by correlating the data developed through the experience of mines using these bits. Most of the metal-mining districts in the Middle Western and Eastern States already have been visited. The purpose of the present circular is to define the problem and to discuss the factors that must be considered in order to determine, under different operating conditions, the advantages and disadvantages of this type of bit. Some of the data obtained to date are presented to emphasize points made in the discussion. It is hoped that, as the study progresses, a great many data on drilling will become available. It is evident that since in some cases these data will be confidential they cannot, therefore, be published except as they may be included in average figures covering several different mines. Some data already secured are of this nature, Although considerable information on drilling operations has been gathered at different mines, there were only a few instances in which there were available complete data on all the factors entering into the total cost of drilling with detachable bits and with conventional bits on regular drill steel.

Jan 1, 1936

By F. W. Lee

This paper purposes to outline briefly results of seismic measurements made in the vicinity of blasts in a mine and in open-quarry operations. It endeavors to examine the amplitude and frequency of such vibrations as influenced by the loading, geology, and distance from the source and includes comments on factors that may index the destructiveness of a vibration and a method for measuring the stresses produced. There seems to be no simple mathematical analysis of the transmission of seismic energy through the ground, and experimental observations are at present most feasible. SEISMOLOGIC INSTRUMENTS Instruments developed by the Bureau of Mines for recording ground vibrations from quarry blasting comprise a new type of seismometer, oscillators, and a recording oscillograph. The seismometers respond to vibrations reaching them through the earth and transmit their characteristics by electric current to the oscilloglaph, where they are recorded by a beam of light on a moving strip of sensitized photographic paper. The seismometers are so constructed that their sensitivity to earth vibration can be controlled, thus keeping the amplitude of the recorded wave within bounds on the paper. Each instrument has been calibrated against vibrations of known intensity and frequency so that correction factors are known for the idiosyncracies of each unit. Moreover, each seismometer is calibrated in the field for its particular sensitivity setting at each blast. By these controls the actual movement of the earth due to vibrations of one ten-thousandth of an inch can be accurately measured.

Jan 1, 1936

By P. K. Leung, S. R. Allada, P. M. Dranchuk, D. Quon

The alternating direction explicit procedure (ADEP) makes use of the boundary conditions to reduce multi-dimensional problems to a series of one-dimensional problems. The method, previously applied to reservoirs containing only an under-saturated oil, has now been extended to cover the case of natural gas reservoirs. l his involves solving a non-linear partial differential equation, application of the procedure is straightforward and no calcuIational problems were encountered. INTRODUCTION There has been a growing interest in formulating mathematical models of petroleum and natural gas reservoirs — models which permit the engineer to examine and evaluate the physical and economic consequences of various alternative production policies. The tremendous reduction in the cost of solving such models in recent years has made possible their use as an almost routine management tool. This reduction is the result not only of improved computer hardware but also of the development of more efficient mathematical techniques. The present paper is concerned with the application of a recently proposed numerical method (ADEP) to two-dimensional gas reservoirs. STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM Given a two-dimensional Region R, bounded by a closed Curve C (Fig. 1) such that the behavior on Curve C is known, the differential mass balance for each fluid phase in R, neglecting gravitational effects and assuming Darcy's law for fluid transport, can be written as:

Jan 1, 1967

By Jack Green

Within three major tectonic time frames of earth history: Microplate (±3.8 - ±2.6 billion years), intraplate (±2.6 - ±1.3 b.y.), and macroplate (=1.3 b.y. - present), precious - metal deposits are confined to specific structural, depositional and physico-chemical environments. Precambrian primary gold deposits are localized in two microplate greenstone episodes (±3.7 and ±2.7 b.y.); secondary gold in Witwatersrand placers (±2.6 b.y.). Precambrian primary platinum group metals are in anorthositic facies of layered mafic intrusions (±2.8, ±1.8 and ±1.0 b.y.). Most radioisotope mineral dates cluster - at these times and are coincident with inflections on polar wandering curves. These coincidences may reflect episodicity in lunar tidal disruptions and global deceleration effects in crust and outer core during micro- and intra- plate phases. Macroplate tectonics and an oxygenated atmosphere created favorable conditions for strata-hosted and plate suture gold and silver deposits. "Black smokers" at constructive plate margins and calc-alkalic calderas at destructive plate margins are loci for hydrothermal gold and silver.

Jan 1, 1984

By T de Wit, S Meyer

The location of seismic events in mines is traditionally calculated based on the arrival times of P- and S-waves for a given velocity model (homogeneous or heterogeneous). This technique is successful when the sources of seismic events are sudden and localised (eg episodes of fracturing in solid rock or dynamic slip along a plane of weakness) and thus the radiated seismic waves have clear arrivals. In massive mining operations such as block caves, strong seismic signals often originate from the movement of loose rocks on the perimeter of the fracture zone. These signals are easily recordable but do not contain easily identifiable direct P- and S-waves, making the estimation of location through traditional methods more complicated. This problem has been approached by using a ‘brightness’ location method that estimates the origin of seismic waves based on travel times of envelopes of seismic energy. This tool is extended to be applicable in a heterogeneous velocity environment that now accounts for the presence of a cave or other strong velocity perturbations. The suggested method is particularly important when caving occurs in low-stress environments (eg close to the surface).CITATION:Meyer, S and de Wit, T, 2016. Location of seismic events associated with caving using brightness method, in Proceedings Seventh International Conference and Exhibition on Mass Mining (MassMin 2016), pp 225–236 (The Australasian Institute of Mining and Metallurgy: Melbourne).

May 9, 2016

By P. A. Plunkert, D. E. Morse, L. McCartan, S. F. Sibley

The average annual growth rate of real gross domes-tic product (GDP) from the third quarter of 2001through the second quarter of 2003 in the United States was about 2.6 percent. GDP growth rates in the third and fourth quarters of 2003 were about 8 percent and 4 percent, respectively. Many other indicators reflected a rebounding U.S. economy — rising consumer confidence, higher retail sales, greater industrial production and more housing starts. Inflation also reached a 38-year low in 2003. The upward trends in many sectors of the U.S. economy in 2003, however, were shared by few of the mineral materials industries. Annual output declined inmost non fuel mining and mineral processing industries, although there was an upward turn toward yearend as prices began to increase (Table 1).

Jan 1, 2004

By J. Matos e Silva

"Abstract The paper refers five examples of executed diaphragm walls with one to five levels of anchorages. For each example a comparison is made between the results of the design using the traditional criteria and the ones obtained by using the Eurocode 7 and the Portuguese Norm related to the EC7 (NP EN 1997-1 2010), as the Eurocodes consider the possibility of each European country to adopt their own geotechnical parameters as these may vary from one country to another. A comparison is also made with the behaviour of these diaphragm walls during its construction phase; so the values from the design that were adopted in the construction are listed in tables 2 to 6 in the “Construction Options” columns. From the referred examples the author presents his conclusions.1 - INTRODUCTIONIn the so-called “traditional criteria” the soil parameters (dry unit weight, angle of internal friction and cohesion) have values obtained through tests or empirically. It is assumed that the characteristic values of the soil parameters adopted in Eurocode 7 are equal to the soil parameters adopted in the calculations by the “traditional criteria”. In the present paper the design according to the EC7 was made considering only the ultimate limit states and the respective Cases A1 and A2.The partial coefficients used for the actions in the present paper were those on Table 1:2 - CONSIDERED EXAMPLESThe five examples correspond to the situations of figures 1 to 5, and the respective results are summarized in tables 2 to 6.For all the considered examples, that are case histories, a simplified method published by Matos e Silva (March 2000) was adopted. This method attains good performances when compared with other more sophisticated ones as the finite elements and the elasto-plastic methods as described in a paper published by Matos e Silva (2000). All the obtained values were compared between them and with the so-called “Construction Options” that were the values adopted by the designers of the considered examples. For the wall bottom length calculation two possible situations were envisaged:"

Jan 1, 2014

By Grant R. J. Bearss

Due to environmental concerns in urban construction, many typically simple projects become very complex or feasibly impossible. The introduction of relatively new concepts has redefined "impossible", again simplifying these projects and making them "possible". Case Study One covers the use of Pressed-in Tubular Piles on portions of the Long Island Expressway in Queens, New York. Innovations in the design, material and installation method solved many typically inherent problems on projects of this type and resulted in cantilevered walls that supported a 35ft (10.668m) excavation. Design predictions and actual measured deflections of this wall were within millimeters. Case Study Two covers the use of Pressed-in Tubular Piles on portions of the Hodogaya Bypass in Yokohama, Japan. Innovations in equipment development allowed for a cantilevered retaining wall to be constructed without affecting the adjacent right-of-way, dramatic reduction of the overall construction duration and installation of tubular piles in soils with SPT N values greater than 160.

Jan 1, 2002

By H. Venkatesh, Balachander R.

This article discusses the method that was adopted for controlling damage to rock mass while excavating an underground powerhouse cavern at Tala Hydroelectric Project. It discusses in detail the near field vibration studies carried out and the safe vibration levels established for that rock mass condition.

Jan 1, 2006