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By Derek Apela, Coralee Heske, Bunyamin Kahraman, Muhammad Adi

Effective blast fragmentation is essential in underground mining, as it directly influences downstream processing efficiency and operational expenses. This study investigates the application of Non-Newtonian Fluids (NNF) as stemming materials, presenting a novel method to enhance energy confinement, minimize environmental impact, and optimize blast performance. NNFs exhibit shear-thickening behaviour, enabling them to transition between fluid-like and solid-like states under stress, which renders them suitable for regulating explosive gas ejection during blasting. Field trials were performed by Vale Base Metals in Thompson, Manitoba, in their underground nickel mine to evaluate conventional slag stemming against NNF-based stemming in production-scale blasts. Emulsion explosives were employed, and blast performance was assessed through velocity of detonation (VOD) measurements, vibration monitoring, and AI-assisted fragmentation analysis using WipFrag. Preliminary results indicate that NNF stemming improves fragmentation, resulting in a reduction of D50 by as much as 38%, enhances energy confinement, and may decrease the incidence of hole plugging and re-drilling in subsequent blasts. This study presents an alternative to conventional stemming methods, highlighting potential advantages for enhanced safety, efficiency, and sustainability in blasting operations. Additional research and field trials are necessary to improve implementation protocols and facilitate the widespread adoption of this unique method in the mining sector.

May 4, 2025

By H. P. Whaley

This paper introduces Wabush Mines, including its ownership, physical assets, capacity, goals and achievements. It is to be followed by four papers which will present the detailed story. Wabush Mines, the largest supplier of iron ore to the Canadian steel industry, was brought into production in 1965. The ore is mined and concentrated in Wabush, Labrador, Newfoundland and pelletized at Pte. Noire, Quebec. Annual capacity is over 6,000,000 tons of high-grade iron ore pellets.

Jan 1, 1969

By Norman R. Ball

"Many people in the mining and metallurgical industries were brought up to embrace Henry Ford's pronouncement that ""History is bunk"" but it is not generally known that the same Henry Ford created and paid for one of the finest technological museums in the Western World. I am aware that many people feel that industry history is something you ask aging executives to do or that history is a clip-andpaste compendium of pictures re-discovered every 25 years or on the occasion of issuing a press release on plant expansion. Moreover, there are many who fear historians as somewhat deranged individuals interested only in corruption, injustice and sensational labour strife. Good history lies somewhere between the controlled P.R. handout and the hysterical attack. Writing good history is a difficult creative act based on the application of experience, insight, wide knowledge and careful reasoning to available evidence. To date, the Canadian mining and metallurgical industries have achieved a great deal but left too little evidence and it is this lack of evidence which must be corrected before it is too late. It is the purpose of this article to stimulate thoughts with regard to archives, one of the more important vehicles for the preservation of such evidence."

Jan 1, 1999

By George B. Saunders

It is the purpose of this paper to point out conditions as they exist in the merchandizing of coal, to compare these conditions with methods in use by competitive producers of coal substitutes, and to present briefly some suggestions which may help the individual operator to market more coal in the immediate future, while we are waiting for the scientist and research worker, who are now busy on coal betterment , to produce in a practical way the results which they now write about in such glowing terms. While it may be unnecessary to call the attention of coal operators to the present deplorable condition of the industry, it might be well to impress upon our members in other branches of mining, as well as upon the public at large, the seriousness of the situation. Emerging from the war and the period of reconstruction that followed, the coal industry found itself with too many mines and too many men for normal conditions. To make matters worse, the interruptions in deliveries caused by strikes, the unfavourable publicity caused by socialistic propaganda, and the repeated governmental investigations, made the market a fertile field for coal substitutes which were not so handicapped. These substitutes were well advertised, and were marketed in an up-to-date manner, furnishing an example from which the coal operator could well profit. Now, whether or not there is agreement as to the cause or causes of this condition, there can be no doubt that we are today face to face with the fact that the sale of coal has not kept pace with the sale and use of other commodities. Had it done so, we would ere this have been able to take care of the surplus labour and work our mines at least approximately full time.

Jan 1, 1929

By G. V. Sirianni, G. E. Viens, R. A. Campbell, G. N. Banks, R. L. Sachdeva

"A combined shaft-electric furnace for the smelting of ores and the melting of metallized iron pellets is being developed. The materials are preheated, and in some cases pre-reduced, in the shaft before being transferred to the electric furnace, where melting or smelting is completed. It has been demonstrated that this combination of equipment will enable much of the relatively expensive electrical energy to be replaced by cheaper energy in the form of oil or natural gas, and preliminary experiments indicate that the total energy requirements for a melting or smelting operation are significantly reduced. Projections based on results obtained from the preliminary experiments indicate that further improvements will be possible when certain modifications to the equipment are completed."

Jan 1, 1968

By William H. Emling

With profitability pressures in heavy industry increasing, many producers are turning to predictive maintenance as a means of harvesting untapped value from their production assets. Corporations are losing their maintenance and processing core competencies through attrition. As capital budgets are being trimmed, manufacturers are consolidating operating units into fewer, more profitable routes. Maintenance functions, however, typically receive low priority when investment is made, since many companies consider maintenance costs as ?overhead?. Condition-based monitoring, integrated to Level I and Level II process inputs, is seen as the most cost-effective solution to the implementation of predictive maintenance strategies. This paper will review the evolution of preventive and predictive maintenance programs, highlighting examples of successful application of integrated condition monitoring.

May 1, 2001

By George C. Bateman

WHAT I would like to do is to talk for a while tonight about the Canadian mining industry in wartime-at least, the Canadian mining industry as viewed through the eyes of the Metals Controller. There is nothing quite like the Canadian system in the system of controls in the United States, because the Canadian Controller combines the functions of a good many of the organizations here. I think the nearest counterpart would be the Divisional Chiefs of the WPB-although they have perhaps less authority and operate in a somewhat narrower field. My own field, as you know, is the metals and minerals-all of them, as a matter of fact, with the exception of steel and iron and coal and oil. And as I am responsible for supplies not only from domestic sources but also from foreign sources, I exercise most of the functions of the WPB and some of the functions of the Board of Economic Warfare. As my department is also responsible for stock-piling and for the financing of new operations, I therefore exercise some of the functions of the Metals Reserve and also of the Defense Plants Corporation. Being an administrator under the Wartime Prices and Trade Board, I also have the same function in relation w the price of metals as the OP A. The Canadian system of controls is compact, relatively simple, and I believe reasonably efficient. I think two of the reasons for that are that both the Controllers and the Directors of production are clothed with very wide authority, and also the fact that all the buying for the three arms of the service is done through the Department of Munitions and Supply, of which we are a part.

Jan 1, 1943

By Frank Mucciardi, Zhongsen Yuan

A new heat transfer technology --- termed Thermopump technology has been developed. This technology originates from conventional heat pipe configurations but has now evolved into its own class of heat transfer units, which we refer to as `Thermopumps (TP)'. A key feature is that Thermopump technology can be applied to high temperature / high heat flux environments where conventional heat pipe technology fails. Moreover, when implemented in less demanding applications where heat pipes appear to operate, Thermopump units have been found to function more smoothly and reliably. This paper will introduce Thermopump technology and several applications of this technology in steelmaking and refining will also be discussed. In addition, this paper will focus on three classes of applications: 1) waterless, non-consumable, high efficiency Thermopump oxygen lance and/or burner for EAF's, 2) Thermopump ladle lance for the desulfurization process, and 3) Thermopump cooling panels for furnace walls and roofs. Facilities equipped with Thermopump technology are expected to he better than the current corresponding ones in terms of increasing productivity and energy efficiency while at the same time lowering operating costs.

Jan 1, 2004

By Lan Vu

"The Ferderber mine consists of a series of Archean gold-bearing quartz lenses within a shear zone that crosscuts the central part of the quartz diorite Bourlamaque batholith. This zone has sharp contacts with the enclosing quartz diorite, and on average strikes N70E and dips 65SE. Along the contact with the shear zone, the quartz diorite is chloritized, sericitized and carbonatized. The chlorite schist within the zone is probably derived from mafic dykes.The geometry and distribution of structural features within the Ferderber shear zone suggest a long history of repeated movements. The majority of gold-bearing lenses were first emplaced during a probable early period of brittle shear which resulted from strike-slip movement. They were then folded and pulled into boudins by a later episode of reverse movement that accompanied ductile shear. New mineralized veins were emplaced in the shear zone and deformed at this time.Mineralized veins are dominated by quartz, carbonates, tourmaline and micas. Gold is more common within pyrite where chalcopyrite is abundant and is generally in contact with both pyrite and chalcopyrite at ""triple point"" grain junctions. This intimate association suggests that copper may have played an important role in gold deposition.Recent exploration has shown that the Bourlamaque batholith is cut by many parallel or en echelon shear zones. Study of ""Landsat"" and aerial photographs has indicated a number of linear structures striking ENE-WSW and ESE-WNW which form a conjugate system. The intersection of these two structural trends presents an interesting exploration target."

Jan 1, 1990

By S. C. Robinson

"IntroductionALTHOUGH most uranium deposits of the Canadian Shield lie along its western and southern margins, those of the Lake Athabasca region extend easterly along the north shore of the lake and beyond to Charlebois lake. The western end of this belt of deposits, in the vicinity of Goldfields, is 80 miles from the Palaeozoic contact, and its eastern end, at Charlebois lake, is 240 miles from the nearest Palaeozoic rocks.Deposits in this belt may be grouped in four districts, which are, from west to east:(1) The Goldfields district, an area approximately 20 miles square, centred on Beaverlodge lake and extending eastward from St. Joseph's point to Moose channel.(2) A small area in the vicinity of Sucker bay, which is about l0 miles east of Fond du Lac.(3) An area including Middle lake to the northwest shore of Black lake at the Nisto mine.(4) A fairly large area extending northward from the eastern end of Black lake, through Charlebois lake to Spreckley lake.HistoryThe region has stimulated interest in mining circles since the reconnaissance survey of J. B. Tyrrell of the Geological Survey of Canada in l893, who reported concentrations of iron along the north shore of lake Athabasca. The deposits were staked and re-staked up to the early 'twenties' but are too lean to form ore."

Jan 1, 1952

By D. S. Flett, A. V. Tolstov, M. A. Mulagaleeva, N. V. Gudkova, A. M. Zhizhaev, V. I. Kuzmin, Institute of Chemistry and Chemical Technology SB RAS, O. A. Logutenko, V. N. Kuzmina

The complex niobium-rare earth pyrochlore-monazite-crandallite ores of the Tomtor deposit, located in the Siberian Arctic, should be considered as a new type of rare metal materials. The major valuable components of the ore are niobium, rare earth elements, yttrium, and scandium; associated components are titanium, vanadium, aluminum, and phosphorus. Because of the irregular distribution of the rare earth metals and niobium according to grain-size, the extremely finely dispersed nature of the minerals and their close interpenetration to each other, ore processing by gravitation and flotation is not successful. The processes studied for the treatment of the Tomtor ores use direct alkaline-acid leaching to open the ore. A problem in the first stage of alkaline leaching is the high aluminum content, which decreases the activity of sodium hydroxide and alkaline-earth metals, which are bound to phosphorus. Ore processing using alkaline-nitrate and alkaline-chloride leaching was proposed and investigated. The first variant was used to obtain rare earth and scandium materials and a niobium-titanium concentrate, which can be a stock material for processors who use chlorination for the processing of ores and concentrates. The second variant is a complex advanced ore processing scheme with electrochemical regeneration of the waste chloride solutions obtaining sodium hydroxide, hydrochloric acid, and chloridizing agents. Moreover trisodium phosphate is used for purification of the waste mother liquors from metal cations. The complex salt, NaAlCl4, is proposed as the chloridizing agent for the decomposition of the niobium-titanium concentrate.

Jan 1, 2016

By Curtin University Western Australian School Mines

"Curtin University’s Gold Technology Group has developed an online CIP/CIL simulation model called SIMCIL which has been used since 1999 to model and simulate industrial leach-adsorption circuits. Recently the model has been upgraded to include an integrated liberation-leach modelling (ILLM) approach which can be used to evaluate the impact of various process parameters (such as grind size, bleed to gravity etc.) and circuit configurations on leach-adsorption circuit behaviour and overall plant gold recovery. A new time-efficient ore characterisation methodology has been researched and developed to provide the required liberation-leach data used in the ILLM approach, which is implemented online for the modelling of gold operations. The model structure, modelling approach, and some scenarios are discussed.INTRODUCTIONCurtin University’s Gold Technology Group has developed an online CIP/CIL simulation model called SIMCIL which has been used since 1999 to model and simulate industrial leach-adsorption circuits. The model has recently been upgraded to include an integrated liberation-leach modelling (ILLM) approach. The ILLM approach provides the means to evaluate the impact of the gravity recoverable gold (GRG) characteristics of the ore (GRG content and liberation behaviour), various process parameters (such as grind size, bleed to gravity, etc.) and circuit configurations on the gravity gold recovery, leachadsorption circuit behaviour and overall plant gold recovery.A new time-efficient ore characterisation methodology has been researched and developed to provide the required liberation-leach data used in the ILLM approach. The data required for the ILLM calibration can be obtained directly from the 3 stage GRG test, leach tests and size-by-assay analysis of the 3 stage GRG test products, and leach test products.This paper describes the ore characterisation methodology, model structure, modelling approach, and the application of the ILLM."

Jan 1, 2016

By W. A. Gow, V. F. Harrison, H. H. Mccreedy

A semi-continuous bench-scale, countercurrent-decantation system, in which the ore was moved countercurrently to the flow of leaching solution, was used to conduct acid-leaching tests on uranium ore with the aid of bacteria. This method, which involved a low degree of agitation, was successfully applied to extract uranium in practical amounts and at practical rates. The acidity of the leaching solution was the main variable investigated in the bench-scale tests done at the Mines Branch, Ottawa. Over 90 11er cent of the uranium was extracted in a six-stage system. The results suggest that this technique could be ap-plied in the utilization of bacterial oxidation and leaching as a method for treating Elliot Lake uranium ore.

Jan 1, 1969

By W. Dziurzynski, St. Wasilewski, T. Palka, A. Krach

"Air parameter monitoring systems, regardless of gasometrical protections, provide a significant number of measurement data. The obtained data broadens the knowledge on processes taking place in underground workings and shows the relationships and influence of machines and technological processes on the variability of ventilation parameters in the areas of longwalls. Nowadays, computer simulation methods are increasingly used to reproduce the flow of air and methane mixture in the area of longwalls equipped with shearers. The paper presents the results of a research experiment covering a long-term observation of a longwall area during mining with a shearer using sensors from the mine's monitoring system. Data from sensors for methane concentration, pressure and velocity were used and additional ventilation measurements were taken to determine the parameters characterising the air flow in the area. The influence of different machine cycles in the longwall on the changes of air parameters in the area of the longwall was shown. A numerical model of the ventilation area was developed and the computer program VentZroby was used for the calculations, which allows for the simulation of the process of ventilating the area of the active longwall during the extraction of coal with the use of a shearer and haulage of the run-of-mine. Computer simulation of the influence of the shearer's operation and the methane inflow associated with the distribution of the mixture of air and methane was carried out. The results of the simulation were compared with the data recorded by the monitoring system’s sensors during the measurement experiment. Comparison of the recorded methane concentration courses with the results of a computer simulation of the air and methane flow conditions in the mining area showed changes in the gassiness. INTRODUCTION Studies carried out in the Polish and global mining industry show that methane is an obvious factor in limiting mining production due to the loss of continuity in the operation of longwall complexes in hard coal mines under methane emission hazard (Schatzel et al., 2008). In addition, methane hazards have a significant impact on the safety of the operators of machinery in the longwall. The requirements of Polish regulations and the practice of safe operation of mining longwalls require correct determination of gas concentration, volume flow, as well as pressure and temperature of the flowing air. As part of the research undertaken in the Budryk (Wasilewski, 2010) and Bielszowice (Dziurzynski et al., 2009) mines to assess the methane hazard in the longwalls and workings in the vicinity of the longwall, research experiments were carried out, during which air parameters were recorded by the mine monitoring system and additional testing equipment in different cycles of shearer operation."

Jan 1, 2019

By T. W. Wlodek

"AbstractIn this paper a new type of durable 'spiral-rolled' drill set is introduced and its performance discussed. Efficient and economical mine drilling-depends to a great extent on durability of the drill-set employed. Premature failure of this element damages the drill bit and is costly when tungsten carbide bits are used.Time of drilling of 'spiral-rolled' drill sets introduced at present in Canada is considerably larger than for the presently used drill steel, but laboratory simulated service tests and practical field tests show that the 'drilling life' of the spiral-rolled drill set is several times that of ordinary drill steel.Some features of differential plastic deformation and differential surface rolling, so called 'spiral-rolling', are given.Relations between the drilling machine drill set and characteristics of the ore are discussed. The effect of shims on conical drill rod attachments, the mechanism of failure of drill steel, .and stresses during mine drilling, are analysed.IntroductionIN MINE DRILLING operations, the main interests are: the drilling machines as a source of working energy, the drill set as the tool transferring the working energy to the cutting edges of the bit, and, finally, the drilling characteristic of the .ore or waste rock.This paper includes a review of the possibilities of metallurgical and mechanical improvements in the drill set, with particular attention to drill steel and the attachments.For economical and efficient mine drilling operations, a durable drill rod, attachment, and drill bit are essential. Premature failure of any of these parts interferes with mining operations and is costly."

Jan 1, 1955

By C. Acuña

The case is presented that the key role of frother is control of bubble size in the pulp zone. Compared to water alone, the addition of frother produces a narrower distribution and finer bubble size. An empirical model is presented for bubble size as a function of frother type using a normalized concentration. The model provides a benchmark for assessing operations. There is no agreed upon mechanism of how frothers act to reduce bubble size. Prevention of coalescence is a common explanation and this action is illustrated. The case against the 'coalescence' model alone is presented and a breakup mechanism is introduced based on pilot cell and single bubble studies. Phenomena associated with bubble shape, velocity and surface flows are used to illustrate the force associated with surface tension gradients. Breakup mechanisms resulting from this force are proposed. The concept can be extended to high salt concentrations which also promote small bubbles.

Jan 1, 2007

By D. F. Malan

"This document highlights some of the topical problems associated with the design and support of deep tabular excavations in hard rock. The displacement discontinuity boundary element method has been used for at least five decades to analyse stress and displacement distributions around narrow width excavations with complex plan outlines. The assumption is made in most cases that the rock mass surrounding the excavation is perfectly elastic. Although this approach works well to minimise stress concentrations in practice, it has limitations as important parameters, such as the effect of mining rate, cannot be investigated. Recently, a limit equilibrium model has been studied as a means to enhance standard layout design exercises by including an interactive on-reef damage model. This approach can include explicit energy release dissipation computations. A second problem faced by engineers in the mining industry is the evaluation of pillar and remnant stress. The paper highlights two aspects namely the effect of element size in displacement discontinuity modeling on pillar stress and the difficulty to estimate the effect of total closure on the regeneration of stress in old mining areas. Regarding the support of the tabular excavations, current efforts are focussed on providing improved aerial coverage using hangingwall bolting and temporary nets. An unresolved issue is the installation of permanent mesh in low stoping width areas. INTRODUCTIONSince 1886, more than 50 000 tons of gold has been mined in the Witwatersrand Basin of South Africa (Hartnady, 2009). The nearby platinum mines also saw significant growth in recent years and more than 80% of the world’s platinum group metal reserves are contained in the Bushveld Complex of South Africa (Nell, 2004). Apart from the economic aspects, the mines served as an outstanding rock engineering “laboratory” for many decades owing to the deep, tabular nature of the excavations. The period from 1960 to 1980 was especially lucrative in terms of research and world-renowned researchers investigated the support and rockburst problems (e.g. see Cook et al., 1966; Salamon, 1968; Bienawski, 1973; Wagner, 1984). Many of the rock-related problems nevertheless persist up to the present day and this paper explores some of these problems and recent progress. The production of gold declined substantially in recent years (Hartnady, 2009) and well-directed rock engineering research can play a meaningful role to slow this trend. The objective of the document is to highlight critical areas requiring additional research and not to discuss the topics in detail. The reader is referred to the many references for additional information. The paper only focuses on three areas namely numerical modelling, pillar stress estimation and aerial support. Although these are diverse topics, it is included in one paper to illustrate the many unsolved and practical problems associated with deep tabular excavations."

Jan 1, 2015

By Max W. Ball

YOU have been kind enough to ask me to speak to you on "The War and Anglo-American Relations." A speaker always takes the liberty of putting his own interpretation on the scope of his subject. I am going to exercise that privilege, and try to look back over a generation of Anglo-American relationships and forward beyond the present war. I should like particularly to consider responsibilities as well as relationships. A more accurate caption for what I am going to say would be "Anglo-American Responsibilities.?? THE WAR WILL BE WON I am assuming that sooner or later we shall win this war. History and economics point to the same conclusion, that Germany has attempted the impossible and that the seeds of defeat are already sown. As to one ecof1:omic factor, I am already on public record as believing that Germany's oil supply is inadequate for the war she has launched. That opinion is unchanged. Aside from such tangible factors, moreover, I am convinced that the spirit of freedom is unquenchable, and that no combination of powers will be able to rout it from the British Commonwealth of Nations and the United States. Stronger even than this conviction is my faith in a God who will not suffer the defeat of man's aspiration to be master of his own soul. I am sure that all of you share that faith, and that we need not argue it. We can start with the assumption that the war will end in victory. The subject we are to consider, then, is the relationship of the English-thinking peoples during the conflict, and their joint responsibilities in the difficult days that will follow it. A CANADIAN-AMERICAN No talk on such a subject is worth listening to unless the audience knows the background and fundamental beliefs of the speaker. No human statement stands alone; behind and beside and within it are the ideals and the bias of the man who makes it. Because I am a stranger to most of you, I am constrained to talk about myself before I talk about more important matters. The review may be profitable, not because of the subject, but because it may illustrate the evolution of an attitude toward England.

Jan 1, 1941

By G. M. Humphrey

It is a great honour and privilege to be here in this distinguished company of the outstanding men in the mining industry and the political life of Canada. I fully recognize that I am so honoured as a symbol of the combination of American and Canadian leaders in industry who are partners in the sponsor-ship of the Quebec-Labrador iron-ore mining development which we are undertaking, and as such I want to express our great appreciation of the co-operation and assistance we have met on every hand in Canada, and the genuine friendliness and never-failing courtesy which we are always accorded. We are quite aware that it springs primarily from the very high regard in which our partner and sponsor, Jules Timmins, and our other Canadian associates are held. Their high standing among you is well known and we quite naturally fall heir to the benefits of the great esteem in which you hold them. Jules Timmins and his long-time associate, John Knox, were the original inspiration for our participation in this venture. It was their enthusiasm and vision which caught our interest and led to our joining with them in the years of exploration and search which have brought us to the threshold of this great development where we stand today. So much has been written of the details of our exploration and plans for future development that it would bore you for me to review them further here, but there is a phase of this development, and an extremely important phase of it, which I think has passed almost unnoticed and which it may be well worth while for me to bring to your attention this evening.

Jan 1, 1951

By J. M. Hollicky

The economical processing of wet and sour natural gas presents a problem due to the seasonal demand for natural gas. The plants must be sized to handle the peak loads but may only operate at half capacity on the average, in which case the sales value of sulphur and hydro-carbon liquid by-products cannot support the operating and capital costs of the plant. This must result in an increased price for the gas. This problem was solved by Pacific Petroleums and Westcoast Transmission in the design of their pipeline and plant facilities now operating in the Peace River area, where there are both wet and dry gas fields. By .building a plant to process sufficient wet gas to pro-vide the base load requirement, and by drawing on the dry gas fields for peak loads, an optimum economic operation was ?possible. The sulphur, L.P.G., and gasoline produced not only are able to support the operating and capital costs of the pro-cessing plant, but were instrumental in the sharp drop in retail prices of these commodities in the area. The sour gas and condensate is gathered from the fields in the area and transmitted in a two-phase gathering system to the gas processing plant at Taylor, B.C. The condenrnte is knocked out in inlet scrubbers. Hydrogen sulphide and carbon dioxide are removed in an amine scrubbing unit. The hydrogen sulphide is stripped from the amine and is sent to the Jefferson Lake Sulphur Company's plant which produces sulphur by the partial oxidation of the hydrogen sulphide. The natural gas, now sweet, is processed in an absorption unit to recover additional liquids, before being de-hydrated to remove water. It is then sent to Westcoast's main c8mpression station. The condensate recovered in the inlet scrubbers and the liquid re-covered in the absorption unit are fractionated to remove fuel gas, used in the plant, and to produce pro-pane, butane, and naphtha. The pro-pane and butane are scrubbed with caustic soda to remove hydrogen sulphide. The naphtha is treated with hydrogen in a unifiner unit to re-move sulphur compounds completely, and is split into a light and heavy naphtha. The heavy naphtha is .catalytically reformed to produce a high-octane blending-component. These fractions are blended with components produced from crude oil at the Dawson Creek refinery to produce a high-quality balanced gasoline with special attention being paid to volatility for ease of starting, warm up, and engine cleanliness, and octane for power and ?performance.

Jan 1, 1958