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Discussion of the paper of Frederick Laist, presented at the Butte meeting, August, 1913, and printed in Bulletin No. 79, July, 1913, pp. 1147 to 1162. J. C. DICK, Salt Lake City, Utah :-I would like to ask Mr. Laist why a 10 per cent. salt solution was used. MR. LAIST :-The reason for using salt in the solution is to get .the sulphur. The solution of dilute sulphuric acid has no solvent action on the sulphur even after roasting, and the addition of the salt is made primarily to dissolve the sulphur chlorides. MR. DICK:-I would like to ask also if you made any experiments as to grinding fine your calcines, rather than leaving the coarse material. MR. LAIST :-We have not made any experiments along those lines except in the laboratory, but the objections which we have to grinding are that the difficulties of roasting are very much greater when roasting finely ground material than when roasting coarse material, and the difficulties of leaching are somewhat increased; the percolating system is simpler and easier to manipulate, particularly when acid solutions are used, so that we prefer from our experience not to grind. STUART CROASDALE,* Denver, Colo. (communication to -the Secretary +) :-In order to meet the conditions involved in his ore-treatment problem, Mr. Laist has developed a very interesting and apparently successful metallurgical hybrid which he calls the oxychloridizing roast. The lower floors of the MacDougall furnaces are made to accomplish what used to be done on the " cooling floor" in the old days of salt roasting and " hypo " or brine leaching of silver ores.

Jan 11, 1913

By George A. Roberts, Arthur H. Grobe

H. H. Hausner (Sylvania Electric Products Inc., Bayside, N. Y.)—I tested the 18-8 stainless steel powder described by Grobe and Roberts and the results were excellent. The powder was compacted and sintered in purified hydrogen to a very low density (approximately 20 pct and more porosity). Where the other powders show very little ductility when sintered to such a low density, the described stainless steel was surprisingly high in ductility. I would appreciate it if the authors could give us some data on a similar powder but without silicon and also data on 430 stainless steel powder. H. S. Kalish (Sylvania Electric Products lnc., Bay-side, N. Y.)—I should like to verify the excellent results obtained by Grobe and Roberts with their pre-alloyed stainless steel powder. It seems to me, however, that their data are conservative and that even better densities and higher tensile strength can be obtained with these powders by the selection of proper particle size fractions. The accompanying data were obtained by sintering compacts pressed from the powder made by Vanadium-Alloys Steel Co. to 0.8 in. in diam about % in. high in a cylindrical double action die without the use of lubricant. The compacts were sintered for 1 hr at 2370°F in hydrogen purified by passing it through a Deoxo unit (palladium catalyst) and a Lectrodryer. Even the density obtained using the as-received (—100 mesh) compacted at 40 tsi was quite high as was the hardness. This indicates that by increasing the sintering temperature slightly above 2350°F the coining and subsequent secondary sintering operation can be avoided. With the — 325 mesh fraction, however, very much higher density can be obtained and a high hardness. I have no tensile data to present, but I feel that it is not too optimistic to expect. that unusually high tensile strengths and good ductility can be obtained in this sintered material on the basis of the density and hardness data. The sintered stainless steel made by the above-described methods came out of the furnace very bright and clean. The purified hydrogen atmosphere is important in sintering stainless steel to reduce the oxide present in the powder. The result of such a sintering is good densification and good ductility of the sintered product. G. A. Roberts (authors' reply)—We are greatly indebted to Messrs. Hausner and Kalish for their discussions of our paper. Their encouraging remarks are greatly appreciated and their confirmatory data will do much to add to the value of the paper. At the present time it is impossible to provide complete data on a similar stainless steel powder without silicon, but we do know that, in general, the properties are slightly inferior. Data on such a powder and on other stainless steel types are to be published in the near future.

Jan 1, 1952

By James T. Wood

Stratigraphy, structure and closure of the Paloma field are discussed, with some details regarding the present state of development. The Paloma anticline, a large dome modified by faults, is the largest single closed dome in the southern San Joaquin valley without surface outcrop or topographic expression. It owes its discovery to geophysics. Of nine wells drilled to the Stevens sand, seven are productive. The ultimate productive area may approximate 3000 acres when the limits of the field are determined. Introduction The Paloma field derives its name from the Paloma school, ½ mile north of what is now the center of the field. The field is 17 miles southwest of Bakers-field, in the south central part of the San Joaquin Valley (Fig. I). The present developed area and its expected extensions are in townships 31 and 32S., R.26E. It is the most southerly of several fields that produce from the Stevens sand zone. The first well to produce condensate was a joint test drilled by the Western Gulf Oil Co. and The Texas Co. near the center of sec. 3, T.32S., R.26E., well No. 54-3. This well was completed on Aug. 31, 1939, at a depth of 10,178 ft. The initial production was 2280 bbl. a day of condensate and 14,750,000 cu. ft. of gas (½-hr. gauge) through a ?-in. bean. Prior to the drilling of this well, the Ohio Oil Co. discovered and developed a small gas field, which embraces a part of three townships about their common corner but lies chiefly in secs. 31 and 32, T.31S., R.26E. The first well was completed on July I, 1934, at a plugged depth of 5239 ft. after having been drilled to 7957 ft, production was found in a 59-ft. zone IIO ft. below the Fourth Mya bed, within the Sari Joaquin clays. Until recently this field was known as the Buena Vista gas field. It is now carried by the Division of Oil and Gas as the Paloma gas field. Production within the Paloma gas field is derived from six wells, producing from several different zones in the interval from 4177 to 5548 feet. Geology Stratigraphy The sediments penetrated by wells in the Paloma held range in age from Recent to Upper Miocene. The entire section, which exceeds 10,000 ft. in thickness, conforms generally to the standard section of the south central San Joaquin Valley. The producing zone, sometimes called the Paloma sand, is the approximate equivalent of the Stevens sand zone of the Ten Section, Canal, Coles Levee and other fields. The stratigraphic section is shown in Table I. Paloma Producing Zone* (Stevens Sand Zone, Upper Miocene) .-The Paloma producing zone (Fig. 2), frequently referred to as the Paloma sand, is encountered at depths ranging from 9950 to 10,300 ft. In general, it is a massive, firm to hard, not too well sorted, fine to medium fine sand. It is interbedded with thin, hard, calcareous sand shells of similar texture and cherty

Jan 1, 1942

By James T. Wood

Stratigraphy, structure and closure of the Paloma field are discussed, with some details regarding the present state of development. The Paloma anticline, a large dome modified by faults, is the largest single closed dome in the southern San Joaquin valley without surface outcrop or topographic expression. It owes its discovery to geophysics. Of nine wells drilled to the Stevens sand, seven are productive. The ultimate productive area may approximate 3000 acres when the limits of the field are determined. Introduction The Paloma field derives its name from the Paloma school, ½ mile north of what is now the center of the field. The field is 17 miles southwest of Bakers-field, in the south central part of the San Joaquin Valley (Fig. I). The present developed area and its expected extensions are in townships 31 and 32S., R.26E. It is the most southerly of several fields that produce from the Stevens sand zone. The first well to produce condensate was a joint test drilled by the Western Gulf Oil Co. and The Texas Co. near the center of sec. 3, T.32S., R.26E., well No. 54-3. This well was completed on Aug. 31, 1939, at a depth of 10,178 ft. The initial production was 2280 bbl. a day of condensate and 14,750,000 cu. ft. of gas (½-hr. gauge) through a ?-in. bean. Prior to the drilling of this well, the Ohio Oil Co. discovered and developed a small gas field, which embraces a part of three townships about their common corner but lies chiefly in secs. 31 and 32, T.31S., R.26E. The first well was completed on July I, 1934, at a plugged depth of 5239 ft. after having been drilled to 7957 ft, production was found in a 59-ft. zone IIO ft. below the Fourth Mya bed, within the Sari Joaquin clays. Until recently this field was known as the Buena Vista gas field. It is now carried by the Division of Oil and Gas as the Paloma gas field. Production within the Paloma gas field is derived from six wells, producing from several different zones in the interval from 4177 to 5548 feet. Geology Stratigraphy The sediments penetrated by wells in the Paloma held range in age from Recent to Upper Miocene. The entire section, which exceeds 10,000 ft. in thickness, conforms generally to the standard section of the south central San Joaquin Valley. The producing zone, sometimes called the Paloma sand, is the approximate equivalent of the Stevens sand zone of the Ten Section, Canal, Coles Levee and other fields. The stratigraphic section is shown in Table I. Paloma Producing Zone* (Stevens Sand Zone, Upper Miocene) .-The Paloma producing zone (Fig. 2), frequently referred to as the Paloma sand, is encountered at depths ranging from 9950 to 10,300 ft. In general, it is a massive, firm to hard, not too well sorted, fine to medium fine sand. It is interbedded with thin, hard, calcareous sand shells of similar texture and cherty

Jan 1, 1942

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Jan 1, 1938

By John Dilworth

THE word "development," as used in connection with .mining, is a rather general term and in most instances must be qualified or explained before the exact thought in the mind of the user is made clear. For instance, by the development of a mining district is often meant its entire facilities of mineral production, such as railroads, towns, mine plants, etc. In speaking of the development of a property its prospecting by test pits or diamond drill borings may be referred to; or it may be the mines, strip pits or quarries from which the coal, ore or rock is won. But, as a rule, when the development of an individual mine is spoken of the idea in mind is the system of underground workings by means of which the mineral is recovered and transported to the surface. It is this character f development that is considered in this paper. The discussion will be confined to the ordinary room-and-pillar, system of mining. practically horizontal coal seams that is used in most bituminous coal mines in this country, and to only two phases of this subject; viz., what is properly included under the head of "Development"' as it appears on the books of a coal company or the inventories of an examining engineer, and how its "value" should be determined -by the accountant or engineer. No absolute rule or definite agreement covers these points, yet these questions are far more than academic. Development is often an important part of a mining company's assets, affecting the amount of its invested capital (and hence its rate of taxation under present Federal income tax laws) as well as the value of its total assets and the amounts chargeable to cost of coal and to depreciation.

Jan 7, 1921

By T. K. Smith

The comments contained in the discussion of the paper concerning the prediction of fracture gradients are of considerable interest, since the subject is of a very controversial and timely nature. It is regrettable and Fairhurst2 contradicts the author's statement in the third paragraph of Other Applications. These references create significant doubt that Eaton's Eq. 1 predicts fracture pressure during the injection of fluid into old wells. 3. No evidence is presented in this paper to support the author's Conclusions 2 and 3. While an empirical coefficient related to back-calculated field data is correlated with depth (Eaton's Fig. 4), there is no reason to suspect that this coefficient might be the Poisson's ratio of the various formations involved. 4. Until the field data supporting the empirical approach proposed by the author are presented and evaluated, the accuracy claimed in Conclusion 5 is without substantiation. References 1. Geertsma, J.: "Problems of Rock Mechanics in Petroleum Production Engineering", Proc., First Intl. Symposium on Rock Mechanics, Lisbon (1966) 585. 2. Haimson, B. and Fairhurst, C.: "Hydraulic Fracturing in Porous-Permeable Materials", I. Pet Tech. (July, 1969) 811-817. that the comments are those of a critic and do not offer an alternative and better method for the prediction of fracture gradients. Nevertheless, a reply is in order.

Jan 1, 1970

By H. H. Campbell

The following paper deals almost exclusively with the results of practice at the works of the Pennsylvania Steel Company at Steelton, Pa. From the records of the furnaces at this plant, both acid and basic, large and small, are drawn the data for the various demon strations, and on a long and intimate experience with their opera tions are founded many theories and generalizations. It may seem that universal laws should not be built upon a basis so restricted ; but in reality the condition is the strongest guarantee of validity. Each table investigates some- certain variable, and by virtue of the common origin of the factors, we have good ground for assuming the corresponding agents to be equal. The examples may or may not be instances of good practice, and may be open to criticism if regarded solely as exponents of • metallurgical success. But it must be remembered that the lists are not made up of selected specimens, nor are they chosen to show su perior results; they are gathered to investigate, by strict scientific methods, the formula? of the operation. In such work no untoward results should be eliminated, save those which bear upon their face the stamp of experimental error. If the worst members be omitted, then the best must also be omitted. Only by using every available case can an honest attempt be made to deduce a true average. It is recog nized, however, that with the most careful selection it is difficult, if not impossible, to collect data representing universal conditions. In each table the records tell of a special practice, and all conclusions drawn from them are true only within the limits between which the equations have been integrated. Not assuming the prerogative of speaking for American melters in all the opinions herein expressed, nor acting as a camera in por traying an ephemeral state of national metallurgical development,

Jan 1, 1894

By H. C. Fowler, G. B. Shea

MODERN industry's incessant demands for increased operating efficiency and lower costs require that hazards attending all occupations be reduced to a minimum. Reduction of the inevitable losses that result from accidents and injury to the worker is one of the important economic problems confronting industry today and is the basis for the widespread safety movement. Dr. Charles E. Munroe, chief explosive chemist of the U. S. Bureau of Mines, is father of the statement, "The existence of a nuisance is evidence of an economic waste." This pointed expression of the internationally recognized scholar and explosives engineer has a direct relation to the prevention of accidents. Every injury and death in industry is a waste in human endeavor and a lessening of productive gain. Dr. Munroe has aptly paraphrased his previous summation with reference to wastes as follows: "A lost-time accident is evidence of an economic waste." That the economic waste entailed by occupational accidents is chargeable to industry is well substantiated by the fact that all but four states (Mississippi, South Carolina, Florida and Arkansas) now have workingmen's liability and compensation laws.

Jan 1, 1933

CYRIL STANLEY SMITH, Chairman CARL E. SWARTZ, Past-Chairman ARTHUR PHILLIPS, Vice-Chairman E. E. SCHUMACHER, Vice-Chairman H. A. MALONEY, Treasurer FRANK. T. SISCO, Secretary 9 West 39th Street, New York, N. 1. Executive Committee 1944 1945 WILLIAM C. ELLIS C. S. BARRETT ALAN MORRIS T. A. WRIGHT KENT R. VAN HORN L. L. WYMAN

Jan 1, 1943

By John C. Smock

The rich deposits of magnetic iron-ore in the Highlands of northern New Jersey attracted the attention of iron-workers at the time of the earliest settlements in that region. The outcrops of the oreshoots at the Dickerson mine, at Mount Hope, and at Hibernia, in Morris county, and at Ringwood, in Passaic count,y, which were doubtless such as would lead to discovery, location and development of nearly all the large iron-mines in that part of the State, appear to have had their beginnings where the ore cropped out on the surface or where it was scarcely concealed by a thin mantle of earth. In the early history of New Jersey iron-mining, the careful explorations and surveys made by the agents of the famous London Com-

Jan 1, 1892

By P. S. Bagga, P. T. Luckie

Liberation (the process of destroying the interlock between unwanted materials, such as mineral matter and pyrite, and coal) is one of the most important precursors to the benefication of raw coal in order to produce high grade marketable coals at economical recovery levels. Liberation is achieved usually by comminuting the raw coal. However, because of the significant interaction between the production of fine particles to achieve liberation and the cost of separating fine particles, the coal industry needs a method projecting the change in washability with size reduction. Such a projection can be combined with size reduction and separation simulators in order to examine completely beneficiation circuitry to produce coals of stringent specification. This paper presents the development of an appropriate liberation model for coal and its solution by Monte Carlo simulation to predict the expected washability of the raw coal as a function of comminution. It includes model validation with a known binary mixture as well as with a known teritary mixture.

Jan 1, 1983

By David White

Jan 1, 1925

By B. D. Lichter

In a previous paper, Oelsen, Schuermann, and Hey-nertl pointed out the possibility of obtaining complete thermodynamic functions for alloy systems from calorimetric measurements alone. Specifically, if the heat content of a heterogeneous, multicomponent system is known as a function of temperature and composition, then it is possible to derive the heats, entropies, and free energies of formation of liquid phases and of solid intermediate phases of fixed composition. The authors present equations and graphical techniques applicable to eutectic systems and systems with intermediate phases without solid solubility at lower temperatures. eijering has considered possible extension of the treatment to systems with complete solid-state miscibility at lower temperatures; however, experimental difficulties practically restrict the method to systems with very limited miscibility in the solid state. The purpose of this note is to present an alternative derivation of the heats and entropies of formation of liquid phases and of solid intermediate phases from heat-content measurements alone. Fig. 1 shows three types of phase diagram to which the analysis may be applied. If the heat content is determined as a function of composition x, at temperature T, we have quite generally and the heat of mixing of the liquid is obtained directly from heat-content measurements. If the temperature T lies in a two-phase region (solid-liquid) then

Jan 1, 1967

By J. Gordon Parr, D. H. Polonis

IN a previous study of hypereutectoid Ti-Ni alloys' a substructure was observed in quenched powder specimens when the constitution was 100 pet retained ß body-centered-cubic phase. The alloy powders were quenched from 1000°C by a blast of helium gas and precautions already described were observed throughout the work, to minimize contamination. Ogden et al.2 have previously observed subboundaries in the ß phase of a Ti-Mn-N alloy; but this structure was attributed to nitrogen-rich a precipitation. The nitrogen content of the Ti-Ni alloys does not exceed 0.02 pet and the quenching rate was sufficiently rapid to suppress precipitation reactions. Since X-ray diffraction results have confirmed the absence of any second phase which might account for this phenomenon, it seems unlikely that this substructure is explicable in terms of nitrogen content. Fig. 1 shows the substructure in adjacent grains of 100 pet ß phase in a quenched 6 atomic pet Ni alloy. Fig. 2 shows adjacent ß grains in a similarly treated alloy; one grain contains marked intracrys-talline boundaries and the other is completely free from any substructure. The suberystals appear to have fairly regular shapes, suggesting a regular orientation relationship among them. Tempering the retained ß structure at temperatures below the eutectoid eliminates the substructure at an early stage of ß decomposition. At the present time it is possible only to guess at an explanation for this subboundary phenomenon, since very little work has been reported on substructures resulting from phase changes. It is believed that the present phenomenon is due to poly-gonization resulting from unrelieved stresses set up

Jan 1, 1957

By H. Vincent Wallace

ALTHOUGH it is universally accepted that free oxygen is A necessary in a cyanide solution for the dissolution of gold and silver-in accordance with Elsner's equation that 2Au + 4KCN + 0 + H20 = 2KAu (CN), + 2KOH- little has been written and insufficient attention paid to the drop in extraction due apparently to loss of dissolved oxygen in mill solutions. Aeration or oxygenation of cyanide solutions has been more or less successfully accomplished by various types of agitators such as the Dorr (with or without air lifts), Pachuca tanks and more recently "Turbo-mixers" and Denver "Super- agitators"; also by the introduction of chemical oxidizing agents such as Solozone (Na,O,) . At the Wright-Hargreaves and other mines in the Kirkland Lake camp, the introduction of this reagent at the rate of about 1.25 oz. per ton of ore applied to the feed of the ball mills has certainly been beneficial.

Jan 1, 1932

By R. J. McNally

THERE are three primary plant nutrients—nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium—expressed in any fertilizer compound as percent N, percent P 2 O 5, and percent K 2 O, in that order. This article will be concerned with the first two. The chief source of P 2 O 5 is phosphate rock. As found in the western states phosphate rock is essentially tricalcium phosphate-calcium fluoride (fluor-patite). As such, it is quite water insoluble.

Jan 1, 1957

By Carl Henrich

Jan 1, 1893

By E. Northcott, F. N. Oberg

By electrostatic separation, course Florida pebble phosphate, too lou-grade to find a ready market, can be upgraded to a satisfactory saleable product. Pebble running from 60 pct bone phosphate of time may be upgraded to 73 to 77 pct BPL depending on the mineralogical. structure of the pebble and the nature of the silica innpurity. High-grade concentrates from Florida pebble phosphate deposits have long been recovered by wet methods. When work was begun in the field, only the coarse pebble (generally +1 mm) was re- covered. In the 1920's a froth flotation process was developed to separate quartz from the finer phosphate fractions, but this method proved unsatisfactory for treating the intermediate fraction (—1 mm +35 mesh). Consequently various other processes were adapted, including agglomerate tabling and spiral separation of reagentized feed. Today the three processes are used—washing and screening for coarse pebble, tabling or spiraling for intermediate sizes, and flotation for —35 mesh material.

Jan 1, 1959

Jan 1, 1968