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A brief review of currently available "commercial" information on methods of treating ilmenite s to produce high titanium content "upgrades" is made. In this back- ground the CSIRO/Murphyores Process is described and its relationship to other methods Discussed.

Jan 1, 1972

Hydrometallurgy has a history of over 300 years with copper leaching and cementation having been exploited in Spain as far back as 1670. Since then, hydrometallurgy has become an integral, expanding branch of extractive metallurgy. This paper reviews major developments in hydrometallurgy over the past century with emphasis on recent commercial developments and their impact on the mining and metals industries. The environment in which these developments has taken place has changed significantly in the past two decades and many factors, often non-technical, have emerged as constraints on the operation of existing plants and the expansion and development of new hydrometallurgical operations. Finally, a number of possible new developments that will shape the future of hydrometallurgy in the new millennium are discussed, particularly as they relate to the assimilation of technical advances in other areas of science and engineering. The impact of current trends in the education of hydrometallurgists and the provision of research in support of these future developments is also addressed.

Jan 1, 2000

By S KandT

The FalTmT iron ore deposits are located in the so-called æBirrimianÆ volcano-sedimentary complex that extends in a general NE-SW direction across eastern Senegal and part of Mali and Guinea. The rocks underwent folding and greenschist facies metamorphism, as well as various events of granitoid emplacement. The deposits form part of the DialT-DalTma Series of the Birrimian Supergroup and were subjected to contact metamorphism. The Fe-mineralisation occurs as primary magnetite within the metamorphic aureole. Supergene oxidation (martitisation) of this mineralisation produced the hematite-rich iron deposits that can be seen as prominent hills across the plains of this south-eastern corner of Senegal. BRGM of France and Miferso (SociTtT des Mines de Fer du STnTgal-Oriental) have conducted several phases of prospecting since 1957. Their aim was to delineate the hematite deposits and to assess the grade, beneficiation characteristics and marketability of the iron ore. A feasibility study by Fluor Daniel was completed in 1992. Results indicated that, at the time, the resource could not compete in the international arena in terms of size and accessibility. The growing iron ore market and additional available resources in the area now challenge the 1992 feasibility study results and put the old kid back on the iron ore block. The project faces some mining challenges, such as the amount of magnetite in the hematite product that will be acceptable to the market. Previous project evaluations only considered the secondary hematite deposits as economically viable. It is therefore important to accurately delineate the magnetite/hematite contact zone to optimise the resource tonnage. Project logistic constraints also exist in terms of railway access and harbour facilities. The resource is, however, well situated for the European iron ore market and aims to find a place in the rapidly expanding iron ore seaborne trade.

Jan 1, 2005

By Hart J. G, Anderson J. S

The presence of platinum metals in the nickeliferous copper ore of the Thomson River Copper Mine near Walhalla, Victoria, was first revealed in 1905 by assays made in the laboratory of the Department of Mines (1).These disclosed the presence in the ore of 5 dwt. platinum metals, 1 dwt. gold and 13 dwt. silver per ton. Attempts to isolate the platinum-bearing mineral were unsuccessful, and the absence of obvious native platinum led the assayer, Mr. P. G. W. Bayley, to suspect that the platinum might be present as sperrylite. Subsequently, Mr. C. M. Lyons, then metallurgist to the Long Tunnel Gold Mining Company, Walhalla, tried to isolate the platinum mineral from samples of ore containing as much as 7 dwt. platinum metals, but again without success.In 1912, a sample of copper matte from this ore was submitted to Messrs. Johnson, Matthey and Company, Limited of London, for analysis. The analysis, which is quoted below by their courtesy, revealed tnat a large proportion of the metal pi'eviously reported as platinum was palladium, there being about two parts of palladium in the matte to one part of platinum.

Jan 1, 1942

The ER&S Company operates a copper sinter plant, blast furnace and converter smelting complex at Port Kembla. Eighty percent of the smelter feed is dirty copper concentrates that contain some lead and zinc. The remaining twenty percent of the smelter feed is copper bearing secondary materials, some of which contain lead, zinc and tin. A predominately lead/zinc fume is produced during the smelting and converting of this feed mix. The composition and tonnage of fume produced at Port Kembla has varied over the years as the smelter feed sources have changed. The economic processing of the fume has always been dependent on the value of the metals contained in the fume and on the fume composition. Both pyrometallurgical and hydrometallurgical methods have been used to treat the fume for the recovery of some or all of the following metals - lead, zinc, tin, copper, cadmium, silver and bismuth. A detailed description of the treatment methods that have been investigated and used to process ER&S fume is given.

Jan 1, 1984

By S Kodate, Ö Aydan, Y Suda, J Tomiyama

Fracture zones are commonly found in the Earth’s crust. These zones may cause very severe engineering problems. Therefore, the formation and the assessment of the mechanical characteristics of these zones is of great concern for rock engineers. A new double shearing jig was used to study the formation of shear zones in rock under static and impact loading conditions using the device developed by the authors. A series of experiments were undertaken to investigate formation on the formation and characteristics of fracture zones in laboratory. Although actual fracture zones are more complicated, various tests give some insight view of the formation of fracture zones as well as some information on their mechanical behaviour under both dynamic conditions and static conditions. The authors report the outcomes of these experiments and discuss their implications in practice.

Nov 29, 2022

By R Barrette, V Lawson

Over the last year at Clarabelle Mill, three circuit reconfigurations were implemented. One circuit reconfiguration, æA CleaningÆ, was initiated due to a furnace failure at the smelter complex, and two of the circuit reconfigurations, æincreased copper (Cu) separationÆ and the æInterim IsaMillÖ circuitÆ, were seen as opportunities to increase cash flow through the mill. A Cleaning and the Interim IsaMillÖ circuit took advantage of engineering design already completed for a major capital project. The engineering for each was modified, as needed, and construction of the required portions of the capital project was fast tracked. The increased Cu separation circuit change used existing test and plant equipment to increase the plant Cu concentrate production. Implementation of the projects required teams that included operations, maintenance, technical support, project management and capital project resources. This paper discusses the business reasons driving the changes and the forethought or synergies with other work, which made them a success, and what was learned through each project. CITATION:Taylor, A, Lawson, V and Barrette, R, 2012. Responding to the challenge - Necessity driving circuit change, in Proceedings 11th AusIMM Mill OperatorsÆ Conference, pp 247-254 (The Australasian Institute of Mining and Metallurgy: Melbourne).

Oct 29, 2012

By G K. N Subasinghe

"In the design and operation of mineral processing plants, knowledge of the variability of ore properties and that of the expected metallurgical performance within the orebody is of great importance in order to avoid both production constraints due to inadequate design and less than expected metallurgical performance during operation. Of the many properties that determine the performance of downstream separation processes, such as flotation, gravity separation and leaching etc the liberation characteristics are of primary importance.Current methods of evaluating liberation characteristics of ores such as the use of Mineral Liberation Analyzer (MLA) and QEMSCAN techniques are expensive and suffer from the drawback that these tests are performed on comminuted particles at a given grind size and/or samples of product streams. This problem could be overcome by developing predictive models of liberation that can predict the grade distribution of comminuted products at any grind size based on texture of the parent rock. This paper discusses a procedure that has been developed to predict liberation using information obtained from a sample of the parent rock such as drill core, based on Barbery’s liberation models. The required characteristic statistical functions have been evaluated from image analysis techniques using scanning electron microscope (SEM) images of the parent rock and narrowly sized comminuted particles. Such information can then be used in a predictive model to predict or explain the variability of metallurgical performance at various grind sizes used in future operating plants. The model will predict not only the valuable mineral liberation but also gangue liberation, which will be useful to those who are looking to remove liberated gangue from comminution circuits.CITATION:Subasinghe, G K N, and Dunne, R, 2016. Predictive Model of Mineral Liberation for Geometallurgical Applications, in Proceedings The Third AusIMM International Geometallurgy Conference (GeoMet) 2016, pp 347–350 (The Australasian Institute of Mining and Metallurgy: Melbourne)."

Jun 15, 2016

By Giannini L, Kelsey P

A fundamental problem in mine planning is the determination of the production schedules over the life of the mine. The objective is to maximise profit in terms of the net present value without transgressing the physical constraints of the mine

Jan 1, 1998

The law including legislation such as the Occupational Health & Safety Act 1983 imposes stringent obligations on employers to ensure the health and safety of their employees. The use of pre-employment medical examinations is one tool that employers can use to assess the suitability of a job applicant for a particular position and protect themselves from prosecution or claims for compensation or damages.At the same time, however, legislation such as The Disability Discrimination Act 1992 (Commonwealth) ("DDA") and The Anti-Discrimination Act 1977 (New South Wales) ("ADA") affords protection to individuals against discrimination.

Jan 1, 1998

Examples are given of the different management approaches used to improve a mine's profitability and the view is put that attention to mine design is very important but easily overlooked. The need for humans to use graphics to ccanprehend and develop strategies to exploit ore deposits is discussed. The use of two and three dimensional representations for geology, mine design and survey data is reviewed. The current use of computers in mining is discussed and reasons for the limited use of ccanputer graphis are proposed. Suggestions are made as to how more extensive use may be made of catputer graphics in mining by using recent and possibly forthcoming advances in computer hardware and by adopting certain software approaches.

Jan 1, 1983

By J Wu

Swirl Flow Technology (SFT), a novel approach for agitation in large industrial slurry tanks, was jointly developed and patented by CSIRO and Queensland Alumina Ltd (QAL). Currently, SFT is used in 16 alumina precipitation tanks at QAL, with the first installation in January 1997. This paper provides insight to the underlying fluid dynamics, which were investigated through pilot-scale experiments. A key finding was that SFT produces tank wall velocities approximately four times that of conventional draft tube agitator systems for the same power input, whilst for solids suspension, much less power is needed. SFT is energy efficient and practical in scaling suppression as demonstrated by the full-scale experience at QAL.

Aug 8, 2011

By J P. Wyethe, D P. Padayache, B R. Green

The development of an ion exchange process for the recovery of vanadium from solutions containing low concentrations of vanadium and/or slurries is discussed. The process can be used to improve overall vanadium recovery throughout the plant, and/or to reduce the vanadium concentration of waste materials prior to their disposal. The development of the process on a laboratory and miniplant scale is discussed, and includes:selection of a suitable resin with the desired loading and elution characteristics; laboratory-scale testwork to evaluate the use of the resin in both resin-in-pulp and fixed bed configurations; recovery of a high-value vanadium product from the resin eluate; and a preliminary techno-economic assessment of the financial viability of the process.

Jan 1, 2000

By G Lind

Bridging of production stopes in narrow vein gold deposits contributes to significant financial losses and production delays. Bridging is caused when underbreak in the stope production blast occurs, resulting in less than the designed stope blast volume breaking out during blasting. Jundee Operations in the Northern Goldfields of Western Australia extracts ore from its expansive narrow vein orebodies utilising longhole open stoping. In 2006 it experienced bridging in ten panels, or 8.77 per cent of all panels, as well as multiple bridging in 30 per cent of these bridged panels. The Jundee orebodies are west dipping with the bridged panels dipping between 44¦ and 62¦. This paper examines some solutions from the drill and blast design perspective to minimise bridging occurrences. It was found that the then current drill patterns and number of holes were adequate from a longhole stope design perspective. However, changes to the blasting design, specifically modifications to the blast delay initiation sequencing, primer positioning and blasthole dump combined with timely stope surveying and back analysis, were implemented with the aim of preventing bridging in this narrow vein operation.

Jan 1, 2008

By C Torrisi, J Andreatidis, M Duffy

BHPÆs Cannington process plant was commissioned in October 1997. The Cannington ore contains high grades of silver, lead and zinc but also contains high levels of fluorine which must be removed to produce a marketable concentrate. As a consequence the plant is more complex than the typical base metal concentrator. Some of the features of the Cannington operation include a single stage autogenous mill, multiple stages of flotation cleaning, two leach circuits, pressure filtration and a paste fill plant. The start-up and achievement of design performance for new lead/zinc operations has traditionally taken much longer than for gold or copper operation and is littered with many tales of woe with feasibility targets often not achieved (Agarwal, Brown and Katrak, 1984; Bulatovic and Wyslouzil, 1999; Leung, Andreatidis, Woodall and Alford, 1996; Sherman, 1999; Ward, 1998).

Jan 1, 2000

By Tsuchida N

The history of world nickel production has been affected significantly by the supply and demand situation and fluctuation of LME price of nickel metal. In the beginning of the 1980s, the decline of price and demand lead to the withdrawal of un-competitive producers and the shrinkage of the production capacity. During the same period, Sumitomo Metal Mining maintained the production level with continuous improvement of the traditional matte electrorefining process. However, Sumitomo has recognised that the continuous improvement alone does not promise us the ability to catch up with rapid changes in the world. In the meantime, Sumitomo intensively researched chloride hydrometallurgy and has developed the chloride process for the nickel refining. This includes the solvent extraction and chloride electrowinning in the mixed sulphide process and the chlorine leach of the anode slime arising from matte electrorefining. In the late-1980s, Sumitomo Metal Mining decided to develop a new nickel refining technology based on chloride hydrometallurgy. The new process was designed from the comprehensive aspects involving safety and the environment. Construction of the plant for the matte chlorine leach electrowinning (MCLE) process was commenced in 1991. The MCLE plant with a capacity to 2000 tonnes per month has been commissioned at Niihama since 1992. The process has provided high productivity, overall good economics and high quality of electrolytic nickel produced. After the establishment of the process, Sumitomo has maintained continuous improvement of the new process and has attained the best practice of the work classification.

Jan 1, 1996

By Keast-Jones R

The relative merits of treating coal by flotation and spiral concentrators have been examined by tests on run-of-plant fines samples from three seams in the Wittingham coal measures of the Upper Hunter Valley. Flotation of the complete fines was found to be the most metallurgically efficient process with yields substantially superior to those obtained from treatment of only the deslimed fines. A strict comparison between spirals and flotation for the treatment of the deslimed fines was impossible due to differences in product quality. However, the results indicated that the performance of a flotation circuit would be equivalent, and sometimes superior, to that of a spiral circuit.

Jan 1, 1984

Of the energy resources present in Australia, coal and uranium are by far the largest. These two resources ap- pear sufficient to satisfy Australia's energy needs beyond the immediately foreseeable future and long after the natural petroleum resources are exhausted or have ceased to play a significant role. By that time, coal could be converted in plants of very large size to synthetic liquid and gaseous fuels which will be used as substitutes for pet- roleum fuels, particularly for transport. The basic role of uranium will be to supply electricity from nuclear power stations for heat and power requirements, thereby freeing non-coking coal largely for conversion purposes. The establishment of these enterprises will require a massive national effort and a high degree of co-ordination at the planning stage.

Jan 1, 1975

By Pell D

Mechanical cleaning of coal was porforined in a few small plants in New South Wales from 1577 brit the first large coal washeries were built by Broken Hill Wbprietary Company Limited and Australian Iron and Steel Pty. Limited in the late 1940's. Mechanization of colleries in the 1950bs was abcomp" anied by construction of many coal washing plants and in the 1960's the growth of the coal export trade gave further impetus to the coal preparation industry. Design of coal preparation plants in Australia is modelled on practice overseas. Planning of a new plant in- volves investigation of many factors both technical and economic and the preparation of a specification by the operator for the designer's guidance. A wide range of preparation processes and equipment is on offer, but the nature of the coal to be treated and the separating efficiency desired usually dictate process selection. Simple or moderately difficult separation can be achieved with jigs, shaking tables or water washing cyclones. Coal which is difficult to treat or which has to be cut at a specific gravity lower than 1.5 is normally washed in a heavy medium process. In large plants it is usual to separate the coal into large, small and fine fractions and concentrate each fraction in a circuit designed to suit the grain size handled.

Jan 1, 1969

Dragline performance drops considerably when chop-down and double handling of material is needed due to increasing overburden thick- ness or total pit depth. Beyond a certain pit depth the dragline needs support by a pre- stripping system in the upper portion of the overburden. In soft to medium hard ground the bucket wheel excavator can be used for pre- stripping, whereby several methods of material transport are investigated. Conveyor transport around the pit and dumping by stackers is the best solution from the technical point of view. Cross pit transport and dumping by means of a conveying bridge is the method with the lowest costs per volume moved. Cross pit transport by use of a beltwagon with overlong discharge boom is both, poor from the technical point of view and high in overall costs.

Jan 1, 1981