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By G. G. Marino, J. W. Mahar

This paper provides an understanding of the behavior and potential damage of homes resulting from sag-type mine subsidence. This is done with extensive research of numerous case histories in Illinois collected by the authors. The house response to subsidence-induced ground displacements are summarized and evaluated. A damage level criteria, specifically developed for residential structures, is presented based primarily on repair costs. Damage levels and the associated subsidence profile characteristics for each case history are compared.

Jan 1, 1986

By E. H. Dix

During an investigation of high-strength manganese bronze by til Engineering Division of the Air Service, at McCook Field, Dayton, Ohio, particles of a "blue constituent" were noted in the microstructure of most of the bronzes examined. The constitution of the simple copper-zinc base alloy is still a matter of dispute in spite of the fact that the copper-zinc series is one of the oldest industrially important groups of alloys, and has received thc carly co~l+itlcl-ntio11 of scirntific rcsc:trch. Thc diagram, according to the rnost rcrent \vork.' IS shown in Fig. 1. The disputed questions involve the tcrmi~r:~tiorl of the beta field and the lint at 470' C. The parliest expc~imc>ntcr, Rol)erts--~1~11stcri, detectrd an arrest in some of his cooling curves :it approximately this temperature and ascribed them to the formation of a cutectic; it has since been proved that there arc no eutectics in this series. Shepherd? was unable to detect any thermal arrests at this temperature, his. diagram was essentially as shown in Fig. 1, except that the line at 470" ('. was omitted and the beta phase carried down to normal temperature. 1,:ttcr. carpenter and Edwards, by a very painstaking research, definitely established the authenticity of the line but attributed it to the breakdown of the BETA constituent into a cutectoid of alpha and gamma. microscopic evidence of the formation of the cutectoid is doubtful and it seems more likely to he due to an allo-tropic change in the beta constituent as shown by Fig. 1. At least for practical purpose?, it is more convenient to think of the structure of a 60-40 brass as a mixture of alpha and beta prime crystals rather thin alpha plus an unresoluble eutectoid of "apparent beta" as it has often been called. * Chief, Metals branch, Engineering Division, Air Service. 1 0. F. Hudson: Jnl. Inst. of hlvtals (1913) 12, 2 E. S. Shepherd: Jnl. Phys Chrm. (10141 8, 421. H. C. H. Carpenter and O. A. Edwards: Jnl, Inst. of Metals (1911) 5, 127.

Jan 1, 1923

By E. H. Dix

During an investigation of high-strength manganese bronze by til Engineering Division of the Air Service, at McCook Field, Dayton, Ohio, particles of a "blue constituent" were noted in the microstructure of most of the bronzes examined. The constitution of the simple copper-zinc base alloy is still a matter of dispute in spite of the fact that the copper-zinc series is one of the oldest industrially important groups of alloys, and has received thc carly co~l+itlcl-ntio11 of scirntific rcsc:trch. Thc diagram, according to the rnost rcrent \vork.' IS shown in Fig. 1. The disputed questions involve the tcrmi~r:~tiorl of the beta field and the lint at 470' C. The parliest expc~imc>ntcr, Rol)erts--~1~11stcri, detectrd an arrest in some of his cooling curves :it approximately this temperature and ascribed them to the formation of a cutectic; it has since been proved that there arc no eutectics in this series. Shepherd? was unable to detect any thermal arrests at this temperature, his. diagram was essentially as shown in Fig. 1, except that the line at 470" ('. was omitted and the beta phase carried down to normal temperature. 1,:ttcr. carpenter and Edwards, by a very painstaking research, definitely established the authenticity of the line but attributed it to the breakdown of the BETA constituent into a cutectoid of alpha and gamma. microscopic evidence of the formation of the cutectoid is doubtful and it seems more likely to he due to an allo-tropic change in the beta constituent as shown by Fig. 1. At least for practical purpose?, it is more convenient to think of the structure of a 60-40 brass as a mixture of alpha and beta prime crystals rather thin alpha plus an unresoluble eutectoid of "apparent beta" as it has often been called. * Chief, Metals branch, Engineering Division, Air Service. 1 0. F. Hudson: Jnl. Inst. of hlvtals (1913) 12, 2 E. S. Shepherd: Jnl. Phys Chrm. (10141 8, 421. H. C. H. Carpenter and O. A. Edwards: Jnl, Inst. of Metals (1911) 5, 127.

Jan 1, 1923

By H. O. McLeod, J. M. Campbell

This paper presents the results of the data obtained in the first stage of a long-range study at high pressures of the system, vapor-hydrate-water rich liquid-hydrocarbon rich liquid. The data presented are for the three-phase systems in which no hydrocarbon liquid exists. Tests were performed on 10 gases at pressures from 1,000 to 10,000 psia. One of these was substantially pure methane, and the remainder were binary mixtures of methane with ethane, propane, iso-butane and normal butane. Several conclusions may be drawn from the data. 1. Contrary to previous extrapolations, the hydrocarbon mixtures tested form straight lines in the range of 6,000 to 10,000 psia which are parallel to the curves for pure methane, when the log of pressure is plotted vs hydrate formation temperature. 2. The hydrate formation temperature may be predicted accurately at pressures from 6,000 to 10,000 psia by using a modified form of the Clapeyron equation. The total hydrate curve may be predicted by using the vapor-solid equilibrium constants of Carson and Katz' to 4,000 psia and joining the two segments with a smooth continuous curve between 4,000 and 6,000 psia. 3. The use of gas specific gravity as a parameter in hydrate correlations is unsatisfactory at elevated pressures. 4. The hydrate crystal lattice is pressure sensitive at elevated pressures. INTRODUCTION Prior to 1950 many studies had been made of the hydrate forming conditions for typical natural gases to pressures of 4,000 psia.""'"'"" Most of these attempted to correlate the log of system pressure vs hydrate formation temperature, with gas specific gravity as a parameter. One of the more promising correlations was made by Katz, et al, which utilized vapor-solid equilibrium constants. The only published data above 4,000 psia are those of Kobayashi and Katz7 for pure methane to a pressure of 11,240 psia. In the intervening years, most published charts for the high-pressure range have represented nothing more than extrapolations of the low-pressure data, with the methane line serving as a general guide. The reliability of these charts has become increasingly doubtful (and critical) in our present technology as we handle more high-pressure systems. The portion of our high-pressure hydrate research program reported here was designed to: (1) investigate the reliability of existing charts; (2) obtain actual data on gas mixtures to 10,000 psia; and (3.) develop a simple hydrate correlation that was more reliable than those which simply used specific gravity as a parameter. Binary mixtures of methane and ethane, propane normal butane, or iso-butane were injected into a high-pressure visual cell containing an excess of distilled water. Hydrates were formed and then melted to observe the decomposition temperature of the hydrates at pressures from 1,000 to 10,000 psia. EQUIPMENT The equipment consisted of a Jerguson 10,000-lb high-pressure visual cell, a 10,000-1b high-pressure blind cell and a Ruska 25,000-1b pressure mercury pump. The visual cell was placed in a constant-temperature water bath controlled by a refrigeration unit and an electric filament heater. A Beckman GC-2 gas chromatograph was used in analyzing the gas mixtures after each run was completed. EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE After evacuating the gas system, the heavier hydrocarbon was injected into the high-pressure mixing cell to that pressure necessary to give the desired composition. This cell then was pressured to 1,100 to 1,200 psia by methane from a high-pressure cylinder. The mixing cell holding the gas contained a steel flapper plate and was shaken intermittently over a period of 15 minutes. After mixing, the valve to the high-pressure visual cell containing excess distilled water was opened, and the gas mixture was allowed to flow into the cell. The temperature in the water bath was lowered 10" to 15'F below the estimated hydrate decomposition point. As a first check, the temperature was increased at a rate of 1°F every six minutes to find the approximate point of decomposition. It was again lowered 1.5° to 5°F to form hydrates. The temperature was raised to within l° of the estimated decomposition point and then increased 0.2F every 10 to 15 minutes until the hydrates decomposed. This procedure was repeated at various pressures to obtain 7 to 13 points for each mixture between 1,000 and 10,000 psia. After completion of the hydrate decomposition tests, the gas mixture composition was analyzed with a calibrated gas chromatograph. These gas analyses have an estimated error of ± .1 per cent.

By Robert Williams

A description is given of a double heat treatment of 60-40 brass. Photomicrographs are included to show the changes that take place in the microstructure on reheating the water-quenched specimens. A wide variation in the mechanical properties may be obtained by the described heat-treatment method. ON SEVERAL occasions, when 60-40 brass is first obtained in the beta condition by quenching at about 825° C. and is then reheated, the writers have noticed that recrystallization will take place in the form of twin crystals at the grain boundaries of the original beta crystals. It was, therefore, thought that interesting results would be obtained if this twinning process was studied further, especially as to the temperature at which it first occurs. The material used in the investigation was a bar of extruded muntz metal, 1/2 in. in diameter, and of the following composition: Copper, 60.21 per cent.; zinc, 39.73 per cent.; lead, trace; iron, trace; tin, nil. Specimens I in. in length were sawed from this bar and a hole was drilled into the side of each specimen until it reached the center, and the tip of a platinum-platinum rhodium thermocouple was inserted. A small Hoskins' resistance-type electric furnace was used for heating the specimens. The specimens were first heated at 840°C. for 2 hr. and then quenched in cold water, in order to get the material entirely in the beta state. In every case, in the reheating process, the furnace was brought to the desired temperature before the specimen was introduced. The time occupied in preheating was from 20 to 30 min. By sawing back 1/4 in. on each side of the hole, two parts were obtained from each specimen

Jan 3, 1924

By G. C. RIDDELL

THE metallurgist, chemist, and physicist are blazing trails that lead far afield. Pushing on into an "Alloy Age" they see a non-ferrous era over- taking iron and steel. Delving into the nature of the physical world, they break down a supposedly indivisible element, hydrogen. Not content with terrestrial problems, they peer back along the cosmic ray into iaterstellar space, glimpsing forces that are, apparently, still busy with the task of atom-making. Mastering and organizing the material and physical, they advance steadily toward that borderland of science where the concept of matter itself seems abandoned, and force is the substance left.

Jan 1, 1930

By R. D. Nelson, S. D. Dahlgren

The conditions of temperature, strain rate, and total strain favoring deformation by grain boundary sliding, slip, or deformation with concurrent recrystallization were evaluated for alpha plutonium. Grain boundary sliding and slip were studied by examining structures formed on polished surfaces with 4.5 pct compressive deformation. The conditions required for recrystallization were determined from compressive deformation us time curves. At 110" C and at a strain rate of 10&apos;per min, deformation was almost exclusively by grain boundary sliding whereas slip was the predominant deformation mode at -10°C and lo-&apos; per min. Defarmation at intermediate tenzperatures and strain rates produced structures showing mixtures of grain boundary sliding and slip. Recrystallization occurred concurrently with deformation only after a critical strain was reached. About 14, 6, and 3 pct strain was required at 105", llO°, and lZO°C, respectively, before recrystallization started, irrespective of the strain rate in the range of lo-&apos;1 to 10&apos;4 per nzin. L HE temperature and strain-rate dependency of the modes of plastic deformation were evaluated for high-purity as-cast alpha plutonium. The techniques used to study slip and grain boundary sliding were similar to those employed previously for alpha plutonium by Bronisz and Gorum,&apos; and spriet.&apos; Recrystallization was investigated using the methods reported by Nelson.3 Bronisz and Gorum&apos; found that slip occurred on more than one slip system at room temperature, and suggested that grain boundary sliding also contributed to the deformation. spriet2 found that deformation was predominantly by slip at room temperature, and observed one to three orientations of slip traces in individual grains. In addition, he deformed polished samples at 10O° C, but concluded that the deformation character of alpha plutonium at 100° C and at room temperature were not essentially different. Several investigators reported that twinning was only occasionally observed.1&apos;2&apos;4 Nelson3 recently found in creep tests that high-purity alpha plutonium would recrystallize concurrently with compressive deformation at temperatures between 25" and 115°C. EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE Electrorefined plutonium having less than 300 ppm total impurities was received from Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory in the form of +-in. diarn cast rods. Major impurities were americium, <I00 ppm, and tungsten, (60 ppm. Less than 25 ppm each of other impurities were present. The rods were cut into right half-cylinders 0.35 in. long and 0.25 in. in diam, and the flat faces along the cylinder axes were metal-lographically polished. To avoid loss of the metallo-graphic polish by oxidation, the polished samples were deformed in a silicone fluid heat treating medium contained in a chamber evacuated to a pressure of lo-&apos; torr. Deadweight loading was used to compress the samples between 4.5 and 20 pct at strain rates between 10"4 and lo- &apos; min-&apos;. Strain rates were determined by dividing the total deformation by the elapsed time of the test, even though the strain rate was not constant during deformation. Curves of strain vs time for samples deformed with a constant compressive stress3 show that the strain rate changes by less than a factor of four during the testing of a given sample, which is small compared to the three orders of magnitude change in strain rate investigated. Two samples were loaded into an ordinary metallographic mounting mold and impacted by striking the mold piston with one blow of a 2-lb hammer. Deformation temperatures for the two impact samples were 25" and 90°C. The samples, following deformation, were washed in carbon tetrachloride and their polished and deformed surfaces were immediately inspected metallographi-cally. Subsequently, the deformation structures were replicated with acetate replicating tape for later electron microscope examination, and the samples were then repolished and etched to reveal the microstruc-tures of the deformed metal. Second-stage carbon replicas were prepared from decontaminated acetate replicas using the procedure developed by Miller, Bierlein, and astel.&apos; Additional samples, which were 0.35 in. long by 0.25 in. in diam, were used to obtain constant load deformation vs time curves. These samples were deformed 10 to 20 pct with loads of 15 and 20,000 psi at 120°C; 30, 45, and 55,000 psi at 110°C; and 20 and 30,000 psi at 105°C. Samples were polished and etched to determine whether or not recrystallization or twinning had occurred during deformation. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION The experiments showed that alpha plutonium deforms by grain boundary sliding, slip, and deformation with concurrent recrystallization. Deformation by twinning was insignificant. Metallographic examination of polished and deformed surfaces revealed grain boundary sliding and slip. The start of recrystallization was ascertained from constant load deformation vs time curves. Deformed surface structures of samples compressed 4.5 pct under four different conditions of temperature and strain rate, Fig. 1, show how the deformation mode changes from predominantly grain boundary sliding to predominantly slip with increasing strain rate and decreasing temperature. Deformation at 110°C and 10" 4 min-&apos;, Fig. l(a), was predominantly by grain boundary sliding. Only a few slip traces can be seen in Fig. l(a).

Jan 1, 1969

By Lucius W. Mayer

The iron-mines of the Ilsede Hütte Co. are at a town called Peine, about 20 miles east of the city of Hanover, on the railroad to Brunswick (Braunschweig). Hanover, the capital of the province, is a military city, of approximately 250,000 inhabitants, and Brunswick, 33 miles to the westward, has half this number. The mines here described are located in a hamlet called Bülten. The Ilsede Hütte Co. operates two mines, 1.5 miles apart, in this district, Gruber Bülten Adenstadt and Gruber Lengede Bodenstadt. It also operates an iron-mine north of Hanover, known as Eiserhaven, and one in the Harz mountains, the Georg Friedrich, at Grauhof. At Bülten a coarse conglomerate, a, Figs. 1 and 2, contains nodules of limonite, cemented together by calcium phosphate. The ore contains Fe, 25 to 45; Mn, 3 to 4; P, 0.6 to 1.4; S, 0.02 to 0.09; and CaCO3, 40 per cent. Directly above the conglomerate is limestone, b, followed by a mixture of clay and sand, c. Below the conglomerate is a hard clay floor, d. The ore-body, from 10 to, 12 km. long, and from 3 to 4 km. wide, has a maximum thickness of 20 m. It clips approximately 10° S.E., and strikes N. 45° E. Diamond-drill prospecting shows that the thickness diminishes to 1 m. as the end of the deposit is approached to the northward. At this point the deposit is 250 m. below the surface. In Fig. 2, the arrow, A, indicates the general direction of the work along the face, a, which is carried forward in a straight line for its entire length. At B, a train is approaching, which has come from the bench-track, shown at G, by a circuitous route, and is dumping the overburden behind the face, in the space left by the excavated rock. Formerly the work at this mine was essentially open-cut, the deposit having a very strong outcrop. Figs. 1 and 2 show also

Sep 1, 1908

By Earl Oliver

CONTENTS PAGE A.I.M.E. Stabilization Committee Activity 3 Definition of Capture Rule: Robert E. Hardwicke 4 Westmoreland Natural Gas Co. vs. DeWitt 5 Kelly vs. Ohio Oil Co 5 Bernard vs. Monongahela Gas Co 6 Definition of Ownership in Place 7 Prospective Stabilization Remedies 7 Dean Roscoe Pound&apos;s Four Tests of Practicability 7 I: Mechanically Feasible 8 Capture Rule 8 Ownership in Place 10 Mechanical Separation Method 10 Engineering Appraisal Method. 11 II. Economically Advisable. ., . 13 Capture Rule 14 Ownership in Place 14 III. Politically Wise 14 Capture Rule 14 Ownership in Place 17 IV. Legally Sound 18 Capture Rule 18 Ownership in Place 19 Dean Henry M. Bates&apos; Analysis 19 Resume 22 THE A.I.M.E. Stabilization Committee was named in 1932 to ascer-tain whether some practical substitute could be devised for the Rule of Capture, which was generally credited with being the major cause of instability in the Petroleum Industry. After considerable intercommittee correspondence a letter was received from. E. DeGolyer under date of Jan. 25, 1935, in which he discussed the possibility of modifying rather than discarding the Rule of Capture. He summarized his proposal as follows:

Jan 1, 1937

By Klaus Schwerdtfeger

The rules of solution of oxygen from H2O-H2-He gas and of nitrogen from N2-H2 gas in shallow melts of liquid iron were measured at 1610o and 1600o C, respectiuely. Concentration profiles were detemined in the liquid iron. Tire rate data indicate that the solution process is controlled by diffusion in the iron melt. The diffusivities for oxygen and nitrogen in liquid iron, as calculated from the present data, are DFe-o = (12 ± 3) < 10-5 sq cm per sec and DFe-N = 11 ± 2) X 10-5 sq cm per sec at the temperatures employed. AN attempt was made by Shurygin and Kryukl to measure the diffusivity of oxygen in liquid iron. In their experiments a silica disc was rotated in liquid iron containing oxygen, and the rate of formation of liquid iron silicate was measured. Assuming that the rate of dissolution of silica is controlled by diffusion of oxygen in the iron, the oxygen diffusivity was computed from the rate data giving Dfe-0 = 6.1 X 5 sq cm per sec at 1600°C. Although this value seems to be of the right order of magnitude, there is no proof of the correctness of the assumptions involved in the interpretation of these rate data. The oxygen concentration in the iron at the iron-iron silicate interface was taken to be that in equilibrium with the silica-saturated silicate melt. That is, it was assumed that no concentration gradient existed in the liquid silicate. This is a questionable assumption, unless it is proved that the thickness of the silicate layer is very much smaller than that of the diffusion boundary layer in the iron. Furthermore, Shurygin et al.1 used the Levich equation2 to interpret their rate data. This equation was derived for mass transfer between a solid disc and a single-phase liquid. The hydrodynamic and diffusion boundary layers in the iron stirred by a disc, via coupling of the silicate melt, may be appreciably different from those predicted by Levich&apos;s derivations. In the present work the diffusivities of oxygen and nitrogen in liquid iron were measured at 1610" and 1600oC, respectively. EXPERIMENTAL METHOD Iron melts contained in high-purity gas-tight alumina crucibles were reacted with H2O-H2-He gas for the determination of the oxygen diffusivity and with N2-H2 gas for the determination of nitrogen diffusivity. At the end of the reaction period, the samples were quenched in a cold H2-He gas stream at the top of the furnace. Oxygen or nitrogen contents in the iron were determined by chemical analysis. Two different types of diffusion experiments were perforxed. To determine concentration profiles, a few rate measurements were made using 4-cm-deep melts. The solidified samples were sliced into discs and each disc was analyzed for oxygen or nitrogen. In another series of experiments, oxygen or nitrogen was diffused into shallow melts (about 0.5 to 1 cm in depth) and the total sample was analyzed to obtain an average concentration of the diffusate. In most experiments, 4- to 5-mm-ID alumina crucibles were used. Some experiments were also made in smaller (3 mm) and larger (7 mm) diam crucibles. This variation in diameter caused no difference in the reaction rate, within the limits of experimental uncertainty. To promote the establishment of a stable density profile in the melt, all the samples were suspended in the lower end of the hot zone so that the top of the melt was hotter by a few degrees. Molybdenum wire resistance heating was used. The reaction tube of the furnace was a gas-tight recrystal-lized alumina tube. In most experiments the furnace was heated by an ac power supply. To check the possibility of inductive stirring, some experiments were carried out in a dc operated furnace, with essentially the same results. The temperature of the furnace was controlled automatically in the usual manner. The temperature was measured with a Pt/Pt-10 pet Rh thermocouple and is estimated to be accurate within ±5°C. The iron used was prepared by melting and vacuum-carbon deoxidizing electrolytic "Plastiron" in a zir-conia crucible. The main impurities are: Si 0.004 pct P, S <0.002 pct Cr 0.005 pct N 0.001 pct Zr 0.002 pct O 0.003 pct Mn 0.004 pct C 0.002 pct The gas composition was controlled by constant pressure head capillary flowmeters. Oxygen was removed from the gas mixture by passing it through columns of platinized asbestos (450°C) and anhydrone. Selected H2O contents were obtained by passing the purified gas through oxalic acid dihydrate-anhydrous oxalic acid mixtures held at constant temperature in a water bath. Water vapor pressure data for the oxalic acid dihydrate-anhydrous oxalic acid equilibrium were taken from the 1iterature.3 The flow rate used was about 1.5 liters per min. The whole system was checked for tightness at regular intervals.

Jan 1, 1968

By James H. TaVoularis, William J. Wiehagen

This paper discusses the application of commercially available microcomputers for assisting trainers in the delivery and evaluation of new hire, refresher, and occupational training. A brief overview of mine training highlights major issues facing the mine training community. The use of computer-based training has a potential for reducing costs and improving the transfer of conventional training to the job.

Jan 1, 1983

The Mining Engineering Society of the State College of Washington, Pullman, Wash., has elected the following officers for this semester: F. MASON, President, WILLIAM WHITE, Vice-President,. L. E. TRAEGER, Secretary and Treasurer. The Society holds meetings every two weeks at which papers on mining and metallurgical topics are presented by students and members, of the faculty. At the meeting of Oct. 25, Prof. H. R. Robbins gave an interesting talk upon the Rankin Process for the treatment of base-metal ores. In this process the metals are extracted by the use of nitric acid, the acid -being recovered almost entirely. Prof. Robbins thinks the process has great possibilities, but it has not yet been worked on a commercial scale. The Missouri Mining Association, the student organization at the Missouri School of Mines, Rolla, Mo., has. elected the following officers for the ensuing year: L. W. EHLERS, President, H. A. KLUGE, Treasurer, J. G. REILLY, Vice-President, N. E. RITTER, Secretary.

Jan 12, 1915

By L. F. Pett

ALTHOUGH Kennecott&apos;s orebody has long been outlined, it is still necessary to define further its limits. This mine, long an advocate of churn drill methods, recently supplemented its practice by using a diamond drill. So far, the diamond drill holes have been along the main canyon floor which traverses the mine area. This zone, highly fractured, is cut by numerous friable quartz veinlets encountered within the porphyry. These veinlets, formed by filling contracted porphyry fractures with hot, siliceous, mineral-bearing solutions, are often more highly mineralized than adjacent porphyry. They pulverize on contact, yielding only slight amounts of core.

Jan 7, 1951

By W. L., Yerkes

AN interesting study of the application of air-, conditioning to the problem of mine ventilation and cooling can be found on the Witwatersrand in South Africa. Here there are a large number of deep mines in a relatively small area. Due to the nature of the reef, many mines are working at a depth of 6000 ft. and some have gone down to 8000 and 9000 ft. below the surface. At such depths, even in a country geologically as old as Africa, the virgin rock temperature approaches 110°F. The flow of heat from the- rock to the ventilation air is tremendous though the shaft or drift may have been open to ventilation for some years. In addition, there is the heat produced by machinery, lights, and men at work and the heat of adiabatic compression of air introduced into the mine. The difference in atmosphere pressure between the collar of a shaft and a level 6000 ft. below is nearly 3lb. per sq. in., resulting in an increase in heat content of nearly four B.T.U. per pound of air delivered to the mine at surface. Further the exclusive use of wet mining to reduce the incidence of miner?s phthisis increases the latent- heat content of the air.

Jan 1, 1941

By Strathmore R. B. Cooke

On the basis of experiments con- ducted on quartz using a bubble pick-up method, it was shown in an earlier paper1 that this mineral will preferentially adsorb hydrogen, calcium, or sodium ions, depending on the relative concentrations of those ions in the solution in which the quartz is immersed. For quartz particles ranging in size from 0.2 to 1 mm, it was demonstrated that the concentration of calcium in solution (assumed present as ions) necessary to completely activate quartz for flotation is given by the expression: In this expression, ionic concentrations are in mols per liter. It was further shown that the pick-up method is apparently more sensitive to changes in reagent concentration than the standard captive-bubble method, and that induction times are apparently much reduced. Since completing these earlier tests, a new type of cell has been constructed; this is shown in Fig 1 and 2. In Fig 1, A is a ground joint, B is a ceutral tube reaching to within a few millimeters of the bottom of the cell, and C is a stopper which may be removed for re- agent addition, and serves the further purpose of excluding carbon dioxide from the air during the test. The entire cell is constructed of Pyrex glass, and does not give the trouble experienced with the earlier cell, in which activating ions were released from the glass at high pH values. The only critical factor in the construction of the cell is the clearance between the central tube and

Jan 1, 1949

cation received from Brigadicr General Thos. G. Hanson said: "It is my painful duty to communicate to you the fact of the loss of your son, Martin F Bowles. About 11 o&apos;clock on the night of September 3, Lieutenant Bowles, with Lieutenant Joseph B. Keckler, 355th Infantry, in command of a reconnoitering patrol of our troops, encountered the enemy. In the ensuing engagement your son received a rifle bullet through his heart. His death was instantaneous and painless. His remains were intcrred with full military honors on the 4th of September." He was promoted to First Lieutenant, but his commission did not reach him before his death. He was president of the Missouri Mining Association, Missouri School of Mines, for the year 1916-17.

Jan 1, 1920

Electrowinning U.S. 4,066,520 - Recovery of copper from copper sulfide ore. Finely divided ore concentrate is leached with moderately strong sulfurous acid to solubilize copper ions, the leach solution treated with calcium sulfite to reduce the copper ion concentration by forming copper-precipitate solids therein, the solids filtered off, and and the filter cake dewatered to obtain a slurry of copper-precipitate solids amenable to direct electrowinning of copper therefrom using a described electrolysis apparatus which utilizes high current flow with a minimum of mechanical agitation. R. C. Emmett, Jr., J. K. Dicksa. B. C. Wojcik and F. A. Baczek, assigned to Envirotech Corp. Jan. 3, 1978. 14 pp. (204- 108). Filed: 9- 1-76 (7 19,867).

Jan 1, 1979

By W. B. Braden

This paper presents a suitable method for predicting gas-free oil viscosities at temperatures up to 500F knowing only the API gravity of the oil at 60F and the viscosity of the oil measured at any relatively low temperature. The API pravity and the one viscosity value are used as parameters to determine the slope of a straight line on the ASTM slanaord viscosity-temperature chart. Then, knowing the slope of the line and one point on the line, the vrscosities at higher temperatures can be determined. The line slope correlations were developed at I00 and 210F since viscosity data are frequently measured at these temperatures. A procedure is given for predicting line slopes from measurements at other tetnperatures. A nomogram is furnished for solving the relationship. The correlation has been evaluated at temperatures up to 5OOF for oils varyzng in gravity from 10 to 33 " API. The correiution is applicable only to Newtonian fluids. Comparison at 500F of true viscosities and those predicted from values at 100F shows an average deviation of 3.0 per cent (maximum deviation of 6.0 per cent). Predictions from the values at 21 0F for the same oils how an average deviation of 1.5 per cent (maximum deviation of 3.4 per cent). INTRODUCTION Correlations have been developed by Beal&apos; and by Chew and Connally&apos; for predicting viscosities of gas-saturated oils at reservoir conditions. Each of these correlations requires a knowledge of the solution gas-oil ratio and the viscosity of the gas-free oil at the reservoir temperature. For temperatures below 350F, measurements of the gas-free oil viscosities can be made easily using commercially available equipment. In thermal recovery processes, however, reservoir temperatures well in excess of 350F are encountered. Viscosity measurements at such conditions are more difficult and time consuming and require modification of existing equipment or the construction of new equipment. Measurements are further complicated by the difficulty of handling highly viscous oils associated with thermal recovery processes. Therefore, it is desirable to have a correlation which allows accurate prediction of viscosities at high temperatures. A commonly used technique for predicting viscosities at high temperatures is to measure the viscosities at two lower temperatures, plot the values on ASTM standard viscosity-temperature charts and extrapolate to the temperatures desired. If either of the values is slightly in error, the extrapolated value can be significantly in error. To justify an extrapolation, three points are actually necessary. This procedure can consume much time, particularly with heavy oils. Considering the cost of viscosity measurements, it would be desirable to eliminate the need for direct measurements by having correlations which would allow viscosity predictions from other physical or chemical properties. Beal1 investigated the possibility of correlating viscosity with oil gravity at temperatures from 100 to 220F. While showing that a general relationship exists, he also found significant deviations. It is possible that correlations will be developed based on oil composition as more information becomes available. While not eliminating the need for viscosity rneasurements, the method presented herein requires that only one viscosity measurement be made. The API gravity must also be known. The theory is based on the fact that the viscosity of paraffins (high gravity) changes less with temperature than does the viscosity of naph-thenes or aromatics (low gravity). The gravity. therefore, is used as a parameter to determine the slope of a straight line on the ASTM standard viscosity-temperature charts. The correlation is applicable only to Newtonian oils, and deviations due to thermal decomposition and nonhomo-geneity cannot be predicted. Oils containing additives have not been evaluated. PROCEDURE Fifteen oils were used in developing the correlation; eight were crudes and seven were processed oils. Oil gravities varied from 9.9" API (naphthene base) to 32.7&apos; API (paraffin base). The temperature range studied was 81 to 516F. Each oil used had a minimum of three viscosity measurements and each plotted essentially as a straight line on the ASTM charts. In all, 91 viscosity measurements were used in the correlation. Saybolt, rolling ball and capillary tube viscometers were used for the measurements. Viscosity data for Samples 1, 2, 4, 7, 10, 11 and 14 were obtained in Texaco, Inc. laboratories. The data for Samples 3, 5, 6, 8, 9, 12 and 15 were from Fortsch and Wilson,3 and data for Sample 13 were from Dean and Lane.&apos; All data points used in the correlation are plotted in Fig. 1. It is seen that some of the viscosity values deviated slightly from the straight-line plots at the higher temperatures. Properties of the oils after exposure to the

Jan 1, 1967

By W. Bonfield

The microstrain characteristics of a polycrystal-line Cu 1.9 wt pet Be precipitation-hardening alloy have been determined for various conditions of aging. The friction stress remained constant for all the conditions investigated, whereas the microscopic yield stress (the stress to produce a plastic strain of 2 x 10-8 in. per in.) and the three-stage stress-strain curve in the microstrain region were sensitive to changes in dislocation and precipitate distribution. Correlations between the measurements of microplasticity and electron-nzicroscope observations of substructure are considered. ALTHOUGH the macroscopic mechanical properties of Cu 1.5 to 2.0 wt pet Be precipitation-harden ing alloys were established&apos; in some detail, there has been no previous investigation of the nature of microyield-ing in these alloys. This paper describes a high-sensitivity extensometer determination of microplasticity in polycrystalline Cu 1.9 wt pet Be, in which the friction stress, the microscopic yield stress (the stress to produce a plastic strain of 2 x 10-6 in. per in.), and the rate of strain hardening in the micro-strain region were measured for various conditions of precipitation. The structural changes accompanying aging in this alloy were examined using transmission electron microscopy, a study which differed from previous investigations as, in order to minimize grain boundary precipitation effects,&apos; the solution-treated alloy was cold-rolled to 40 pet reduction prior to aging. Hence the extent of recovery and recrystalliza-tion, as well as the variation of precipitate morphology and distribution, were assessed. From these results possible correlations between the microstrain characteristics and the observed precipitate and dislocation structure are considered. EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE The material investigated was a commercial copper beryllium alloy (Berylco 25), which had a com- position of 1.9 wt pet Be and 0.2 wt pet Co. The alloy was solution-treated at 800°C, quenched in water, and then cold-rolled to 40 pct reduction. Tensile specimens of gage length 1 in. and rectangular cross section of 0.18 by 0.06 in. were prepared from the solution-treated, cold-rolled material and aged for 15 min, 2, 24, and 100 hr at 315°C and 24 hr at 425°C to produce a range of precipitate structure. The hardness values associated with these conditions are listed in Table I. It can be seen that a maximum value is obtained after 2 hr at 315oC, which decreases with continued time at temperature to a minimum after 24 hr at 425°C. For comparison some as-solution-treated specimens were also aged for 2 hr at 315°C. The specimens heat-treated to a given condition were examined in two ways. First, the nature and distribution of the precipitate and dislocation structure was characterized using transmission electron microscopy. Thin foils were obtained from the specimens by electrolytic polishing in a 30 pet nitric acid-alcohol solution at -20oC, and were examined in an RCA EMU 3 electron microscope. Second, the mi-croplastic behavior of the specimens was measured with a Tuckerman strain gage, using the load-unload technique previously described2, 3 to determine the friction stress, the microscopic yield stress, and the variation of plastic microstrain with stress. RESULTS 1) Structural Changes During Aging. a) Annealing Processes. The solution-treated, cold-rolled Cu 1.9 wt pet Be had an irregular dislocation-cell structure,

Jan 1, 1968

By R. A. David, D. J. Vink, D. L. Katz

A phase diagram showing boundary curve and quantity of liquid in the two-phase region was determined for a mixture of natural gas and natural gasoline in the region of its critical conditions. The temperatures and pressures of phase measurements were in the range of 85 to 212 F. and 1300 to 2600 Ib. per sq. in., respectively, with the critical conditions at 169.5 F. and 2615 Ib. per sq. in. abs. Color phenomena were observed in the region of the boundary curve from 102&apos; to 192 F. Approximate densities of the single-phase and two-phase regions and analysis of the system are included. Boundary curves between the single-phase and the two-phase regions have been determined for several binary mixtures containing hydrocarbons. 2,3,4.6,7,10,11,12,14 These investigators did not report the relative amounts of liquid and vapor within the two-phase region. The equilibrium values obtained from the dew-point and bubble-point data can be used to compute the lines showing percentage of liquid on the pressure-temperature phase diagram8 but the positions of the lines near the critical temperature and pressure are uncertain. Relative amounts of vapor and liquid were obtained for a gasoline and a naphtha1 within the two-phase area but not in the region of the critical temperature and pressure. The bubble-point and dew-point lines, as well as the percentage liquid lines within the two-phase region, were determined by visual observations in glass apparatus. Apparatus An arrangement of the apparatus is given in Fig. 1, showing the Jerguson gauge A with glass windows B. Pressure was supplied by the

Jan 1, 1940