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By Albert W. Deurbrouck

The performance of four sand cones was evaluated by the Bureau of Mines in three preparation plants that utilized cones in various flow schemes. The cone at plant A was a simple two-product one that provided clean coal and refuse. Plant B had two cones; one cone made a primary separation and the other a secondary separation. The primary cone separated salable coal from heavy rejects. The secondary cone separated a low-ash metallurgical coal and an intermediate-ash product suitable for plant fuel or steam markets. In plant C the sand cone was equipped with a middlings draw Which continually removed an intermediate specific-gravity product below the surface of the cone. The three primary separations of raw coal effected between floats and sinks were excellent. The recovery efficiencies for the plus 1/4-inch material ranged from 99.8 to 97.6 percent, the error areas ranged from 19 to 23 square centimeters, and the probable errors in specific gravity ranged from 0.033 to 0.024. The performance data of the two secondary separations varied from excellent in plant B, where the separation was on a par with the primary separations, to somewhat inferior in plant C, where the secondary separation was effected at the middlings draw.

Jan 1, 1965

By Leonard F. Heising

Domestic production of Metallurgical-grade manganese has contributed such a small percentage of the United States industrial demands that areas known to contain large tonnages of low-grade manganese ore have been investigated by the Bureau of Mines to reduce this country's dependence on foreign ores. A major source of low-grade manganese is the Cuyuna iron range in Minnesota. The entire Cuyuna iron range is covered by an overburden of glacial drift that, in some places, reaches depths of 200 feet or more. Prospecting and exploration must be guided by geophysical methods, drilling results, or projections of exposures found in operating mines because there are no outcrops near the productive parts of the range. Past drilling for the purpose of outlining iron ore generally was confined to the highly oxidized zones. Much of the manganese with which the Bureau of Mines is concerned occurs in thin-bedded unoxidized iron formations, too low in iron content to have been of interest to those seeking commercial iron ore. The primary objective of the core-drilling reported here was to obtain cores of different classes of manganiferous rocks and to determine whether or not the samples were amenable to beneficiation.

Jan 1, 1959

By D. W. Boley

This report contains the results of an analysis of the Logan oilfield, Hocking County, Ohio, and predicts the recovery of oil from the Clinton sand by waterflooding. Core analyses, electrical and radioactivity well-survey logs, reservoir-fluid analysis, and geologic and production data were used for this study. Considered in the evaluation were the reservoir geometry, depth, lithology, continuity of the rock properties, fluid saturations, fluid characteristics, rock wettability, and relative permeability-fluid saturation relationships. The study indicates that a properly engineered waterflood should recover approximately 135 barrels per acre-foot of effective sand. The predicted recovery warrants the initiation of a pilot waterflood in this field.

Jan 1, 1965

By T. M. Romslo

The Lake Shore property, located in the early 1880's, contains copper-bearing deposits that have been developed by surface excavations, underground workings, and churn-drill holes. Operation of the property ended in 1929 with a total recorded production of 280,000 pounds of copper. The property is near the foot of the Slate Mountains, which are made up mainly of probably the Pinal formation of pre-Cambrian age. In the mine area there are a few outcrops of granite, which is exposed over a large area east of the property. Other outcropping rocks on the property are limestone, quartzite, and diabase. The limestone and quartzite probably are the Mescal and Troy formations of pre-Cambrian and Cambrian age, respectively. The predominant copper mineral is chrysocolla, a hydrous silicate that occurs mainly as fracture filling in bedded schist. It is also, the principal copper mineral in the shear zone at the schist-granite contact and in limestone southeast of the main workings. Investigation of the Lake Shore property by the Bureau of Mines included both topographic and geologic mapping, exploratory drilling, and metallurgical test work. One diamond-drill, hole and five churn-drill holes were completed for a total of 2,872.5 feet. Drilling started January 19 and was completed May 13, 1949.

Jan 1, 1950

By Mark Sheppard

This paper is the second of a series recording the results of tests made at various quarries throughout the United States to determine, (1) the relation between the size gradation of feed to, and product from, primary crushers; (2) the particle shape of crushed product; (3) the differences in gradation and particle shape produced by different tries of primary crushers; and ( 4) the differences in gradation and particle shape caused by crushing different kinds of stone. Primary crushing has received comparatively little attention in the technical literature in spite of tine fact that the design of the whole crushing plant should be correlated to the performance of the primary crusher.

Jan 1, 1938

BIBLIOGRAPHY Allen, C.A, Analyses of Utah Coals, United States Bureau of Mines Technical Paper 345, 1925, pp. 90. Allen, J.E. and E.M. Baldwin, Geology and Coal Resources of the Coos Bay Quadrangle, Oregon, Oregon Department of Geology and Mineral Industries Bulletin 27, 1944, pp. 160. "Aluminum Boom Raises Productivity", Coal Age, Vol. 82, No.6, June, 1977, pp. 103.

Jan 1, 1978

By Sidney Katell

This report covers the period January 1962 through December 1962; it is a continuation of the series that began with the publication of Information Circular 7516 in October 1949. Also, it is the fourth in a series of reports prepared under a cooperative agreement between the Bureau of Mines and the American Association of Cost Engineers. The agreement provides for the publication of an annual cost bibliography with the work load evolved in the preparation shared equally. Tile abstracted articles, concerned with all facets of cost engineering in the field of chemical and petroleum plants and related subjects, are from tile following sources:

Jan 1, 1963

By Sidney Katell

This report covers the period January 1962 through December 1962; it is a continuation of the series that began with the publication of Information Circular 7510 in October 1949. Also, it is the fourth in a series of reports prepared under a cooperative agreement between the Bureau of Mines and the American Association of Cost Engineers. The agreement provides for the publication of an annual cost bibliography with the work load evolved in the preparation shared equally. The abstracted articles, concerned with all facets of cost engineering in the field of chemical and petroleum plants and related subjects, are from tile following sources: 1. American Association of Cost Engineers Bulletin. 2. Bureau of Mines Information Circulars. 3. Bureau of Mines Reports of Investigations. 4. Chemical Engineering. 5. Chemical Engineering Progress. 6. Chemical Week. 7. Coal Age. 8. Coal Utilization. 9. Cost Engineering. 10. Hydrocarbon Processing and Petroleum Refiner. 11. Industrial and Engineering Chemistry. 12. Nucleonics. 13. Oil and Gas Journal. 14. Petroleum Management. 15. World Oil.

Jan 1, 1963

By L. C. IlsLey

A list of permissible mine equipment approved by the Bureau of Mines before January 1, 1940, was published in Bureau of Mines Information Circu- lar 71103. Information Circular 71584, published as a supplement thereto, listed equipment approved during the calendar year 1940. The present list contains the information given in those two circulars, as well as approvals issued during the calendar year 1941. It embraces electrically operated air compressors, coal drills, conveyors and loading machines, electrical equipment for mine fans, mining machines and trucks, mine pumps, rock- dust distributors, room hoists, storage-battery gathering and haulage locomotives, storage-battery power trucks and shuttle cars, mine telephones, junction and distribution boxes, electric cap lamps, flame safety lamps, electric hand and trip lamps, electric flood lamps, flashlights, methane detectors, and single- and multiple-shot blasting units. The equipment listed is not approved by the Bureau of Mines until found by inspection and test to comply with minimum standards of safety as outlined in "schedules" prepared upon the basis of many years of ex- perience in dealing with safety problems confronting the coal-mining in- dustry. The use of such equipment in mines that are known to be gassy,. as well as in those that may become so, is earnestly recommended in the interests of safety. This circular is published so that the industry may be kept informed as to the many types of machines, devices, and lamps that are available for reducing explosion and other hazards incidental to coal mining.

Apr 1, 1942

By Mark Sheppard

This p aver is the second of a series recording the results of tests made at various quarries throughout the United States to determine, (1) the relation between the size gradation of feed to, and product from, primary crushers; (2) the particle shape of crushed product; (3) the differences in gradation and particle shape produced by different types of primary crushers; and (4) the differences in gradation and particle shape caused by crushing different kinds of stone. Primary crushing has received comparatively little attention in the technical literature in spite of the fact that the design of the whole crushing plant should be correlated to the performance of the primary crusher.

Jan 1, 1938

By Murray Jacobson

Data obtained by the Federal Bureau of Mines on the dust explosion hazard in air are presented for 220 samples of agricultural products. Information is given on ignition temperature of dust clouds and layers, minimum explosive concentration, minimum electrical energy for ignition, explosion pressure and rates of pressure rise, amount of inert dust required to prevent flame propagation, and, in a few instances, the permissible oxygen concentration in an atmosphere to prevent ignition by spark and by heated surface. The effects of particle size and source of sample on explosibility are shown. The relative ignition sensitivity, severity of explosion, and overall explosibility of the materials are characterized by empirical indexes. This report contains Ma obtained by the Bureau in laboratory studies on the explosion hazards of agricultural dusts. Recognition of the dangers will encourage adoption of adequate measures to prevent ignition and explosion during preparation, processing, and utilization of the materials. Agricultural products constitute one of the largest groups of materials used in America. More than 260 million tons of various grains, much of which now exists in dust form, was grown in 1958.6/ Over 600,000 tons of the annual production of 200

Jan 1, 1961

By William Y. Mo

This report presents preliminary results of a study undertaken to investigate quantitative characteristics of the demand for steel mill products and its major end-use components. The major end uses included in the study are the steel mill products used in construction, in automobiles, in producer durables, and in consumer durables. The main objectives of the research underlying this study are as follows: (1) To formulate and estimate the empirical demand relations for steel and the four major end uses in the United States; (2) to measure and calculate the responsiveness of the U.S. per capita steel consumption with respect to the changes of the steel and other nonferrous metals prices; (3) to determine and quantify the relative importance of the underlying demand explanatory factors in contributing to the average year-to-year increases (or decreases) of the U.S. per capita steel consumption; and (4) to adapt and use the estimated demand relations in making projections of the U.S. future demand for steel and the major end-use components. After extensive preliminary investigation, three versions of simple linear demand relations are selected and estimated by means of ordinary least squares (OLS) method. The annual data for the period 1947-65 are used in the estimation. Direct and cross price elasticities of demand are computed for each of major end uses. The relative importance of demand explanatory factors in contributing to the average year-to-year changes of U.S. per capita steel consumption are also calculated. For making projections, a simple autoregressive time trend model is used in estimating the future values of independent variables. Since the estimated demand relations are valid for projections only if the estimated parameters can be assumed to be unchanged in the future, and consequently, the projections derived in the study should be interpreted accordingly.

Jan 1, 1970

By O. C. Blade

A summary of the characteristics of motor gasoline for the winter 1951-52 is presented in table I, and for comparison, a similar summary for the winter 1950-51 is shown in table 2. Trends of some of the more important characteristics over a period of years are shown in figures 1 and 2. The results of this survey show that octane numbers have risen slightly since the summer of 1951 but are below the record levels of the winter of 1950-51. The fractions of a unit change since the summer preceding have resulted in the research and motor-method octane values being virtually the same as the figures for the survey of summer 1950. In volatility characteristics the winter gasolines have changed very little. Average Reid vapor pressures are 10.5 pounds for both grades of fuel compared to 10.4 and 10.5 pounds for premium and regular-price gasolines, respectively, of the winter of 1950-51.

Jan 1, 1952

By Stephen Krickovic

A degasification experiment was conducted in a Pocahontas No. 3 coalbed mine in Virginia. It involved (1) drilling holes in the coalbed in the out-side headings of a set of five being developed in virgin area, and (2) con-ducting a methane emission rate study as mining progressed and additional holes were drilled. Degasification from all drill holes except the longest in each of the outside headings and the first three drilled (excluding the in-situ pressure hole), was erratic and inconsequential in methane emission rates. The two longest holes liberated 66 and 79 cfm of methane, which is significant for the coalbed, but such quantity lasted a relatively short time; the first three were uniform but low in methane emission.

Jan 1, 1972

By E. C. Lane

This paper on the physical and chemical properties of crude oils from California fields is one of a series of reports on the oil-producing districts of the United States. The paper includes a short discussion of results, tabular data, and individual analyses of 16 California crude oils. Analyses of other oil from California have been published in Reports of Investigations 25954/, 26085/, 28466/, and 30747/. The samples were obtained by members of the San Francisco office of the Bureau of Mines. The collecting of the samples vas facilitated by the courtesy of representatives of oil companies in California.

Jan 1, 1937

By E. C. Lane

This paper on the physical and chemical properties of crude oils from California fields is one of a series of reports on the oil-producing districts of the United States. The paper includes a short discussion of results, tabular data, and individual analyses of 16 California crude oils. Analyses of other oil from California have been published in Reports of Investigations 25954/, 26085/ 28466/, and 30747/. The samples were obtained by members of the San Francisco office of the Bureau of Mines. The collecting of the samples vas facilitated by the courtesy of representatives of oil companies in California.

Jan 1, 1937

By Jr. Sillers

This is the third report of investigations dealing with the application of electrolytic manganese to steel-foundry practice and the seventh in a series of reports dealing with tests to establish the technological acceptability of electrolytic manganese in the iron and steel industries. The work was carried out by Metallurgical Division of the Bureau of Mines as part of an extensive program for the development and utilization of domestic ores. The electrolytic manganese used in the tests was produced by the Bureau at its Boulder, City, Nev., pilot plant by the process developed by the Bureau of Mines.

Jan 1, 1949

By W. H. Ode

Because trade increased among various nations after World War II, the Coal Committee of the Economic Commission for Europe established a Classification Working Party in 1949 to develop an International system for classifying coal. Although national classification systems existed, they had been developed in accordance with characteristics of domestic coals without reference to coals of other countries. Terms for describing similar or identical coals differed in each nation. This caused confusion in evaluating coals shipped in international trade and also hampered exchange of technical information on problems of coal utilization. Experts4/ participating in the classification project early in their work agreed that two systems should be formulated, one for the higher rank coals or so-called "hard" coals in European terminology and the other one for the lower rank coals, the latter designated mainly as brown coals and lignites in the various countries. Rank refers to the degree of metamorphism (progressive alteration) in the natural coalification series from lignite and brown coal to anthracite. The system for classification of hard coals was published late in 1956 as a document of the United Nations.5/ Results of a study for applying this system to American coals were published in 1958.6/

Jan 1, 1960

By Jr. Reed

Cassiterite was discovered in Coosa County, Ala. in 1880 by Judge John S. Bentley. Since that time intensive surface prospecting has revealed the presence of cassiterite in pegmatite bodies that occur in a zone about 20 miles long and 3 miles wide. Numerous trenches and test pits and several shafts were sunk, and one attempt was made to nine and concentrate the cassiterite commercially. The problem of a domestic tin industry and the question of the extent of the Alabama tin deposits have long been of public interest and concern. The deposits have been examined by numerous geologists and several governmental agencies, including the Geological Survey of Alabama, the Geological Survey and the Bureau of, Mines. of the Department of Interior, and others. The Bureau of Mines and the owners of the properties, Charles A. Dean and Robert A. Russell, investigated the Coosa County tin deposits under a cooperative agreement from October 1, 1948, to June 10, 1949. Sixteen hand trenches totaling 527 linear feet and 33 machine trenches totaling 6,780 linear feet were dug. Two shafts wore sunk for a total of 72 feet, and 44.4 feet of drifting was done. Thirty-one diamond-drill holes totaling 2,776 feet were drilled.. Four hundred thirty samples, representing 1,192.6 linear feet, were taken for assay and wore analyzed by the Southern Experiment Station at Tuscaloosa, Ala.

Jan 1, 1950

By J. W. Miller

Depletion of coals most suitable for metallurgical fuel has nude necessary a general survey of coking-coal reserves in the United States. These investigations were begun in 1948 at the joint request of the Munitions Board, Department of Defense, and a number of coal companies. This report, which is one of a series, by counties, describes the preparation characteristics of the coals of Letcher County, Icy. From these data it is possible to determine: (a) Which coals either as mined or after beneficiation by conventional preparation are suitable under present standards for producing metallurgical coke, (b) which coals require special and more intensive treatment in preparation than is now practiced, and, (c) which coals cannot be upgraded by known commercial preparation methods to metallurgical fuel standards now accepted.

Jan 1, 1955