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By R. L. Balmer

This information circular, which describes the methods and costs of sinking a small underground shaft with steel supports at the Keystone mine of American Smelting and Refining Co., near Crested Butte, Colo., is one of a series being prepared by the Bureau of Mines on current shaft-sinking practices in various mining districts of the United States. Preparations for sinking a combined exploration, development, and production shaft from the lowest level of the Keystone mine began early in 1957. This vertical, three-compartment, 6-1/4-by 16-foot rectangular shaft was to be sunk in separate stages or lifts so as to correspond with the progress of an associated lateral exploration and development program. The first section of the shaft was collared and sunk to a depth of 209 feet between September 1957 and April 1958. Because of the depressed base-metal market, the mine was shut down as soon as the initial phase of the exploration and development program had been completed and before any deeper sinking could be attempted.

Jan 1, 1962

By R. V. Ramani

The industrial hygiene and safety aspects with internal combustion engines in mining systems is truly interdisciplinary and encompasses many fields such as mine ventilation, exhaust gas and particulate analyses, mine atmospheric environment monitoring, mathematical modeling of generation, dilution and dispersion of pollutants in ventilation systems, and engine testing and approval. This bibliography, therefore, is a compilation of references from interdisciplinary sources pertaining to diesels and related areas. Related areas are defined as those concerned with: (i) mine ventilation system design and operation; (ii) description, measurement, modeling and monitoring of mine atmosphere contaminants, and (iii) tests, standards, selection procedures, and operational practices for internal combustion engines in underground mines. References cited from source materials span the years 1900 to early 1977. Total number of references cited is 511. Subjective criteria governed the definition and selection of references. Therefore, this bibliography is not claimed to be all-inclusive nor does it purport to be an exhaustive search of all sources.

Jan 1, 1977

By Wilbert J. Huff

[This is the fifth of a series of annual reports of the explosives Division, Bureau of Mines, United States Department of the Interior.3/ It deals particularly with work done during the period July 1, 1939, to June 30, 1939. The writer and the respective unit leader to whom credit is indicated have directed the various studies outlined.]

Jan 1, 1940

On June 20, 1972, Ocean Energy was awarded Contract No. H0220055, entitled Portable Task Luminaire System Development. Initially, this was a 12 month program consisting of three phases: Phase I -- Design of the Luminaire System and Battery Chargers, Phase II -- Fabrication of Prototype Units, Phase III -- Fabrication of Production Prototype Units and Battery Chargers. In addition to developing the Portable Task Luminaire System, however, this contract was amended a number of times in the course of the program to include the development of a Low Coal Portable Task Luminaire, a Rib Mounted Luminaire System, and a Machine Mounted Luminaire System, all based upon the same high frequency fluorescent lighting and safety technologies involved in the Portable Task Luminaire. This report covers the activities of this program as amended, and includes the development and fabrication of all of the systems. This report constitutes the final fulfillment of the contract.

Jan 1, 1974

By E. A. Mihok

A pilot plant for treating mine drainage by neutralization with limestone was designed, fabricated, and operated by the Bureau of Mines. The process consists of (1) producing a very fine (minus 400-mesh) limestone slurry, (2) mixing the slurry with the mine water, (3) aerating the resulting mixture to remove carbon dioxide and precipitate iron, and (4) separating the solids from the liquid by sedimentation. A mine discharge of pH 2.8, containing 1,700 ppm total acidity, 36 ppm ferrous iron, and 360 ppm total iron, was treated at rates from 300 to 400 gpm. The treated water ultimately reached a pH of 7.4 and contained no detectable iron. The resulting sludge compacted to approximately one-third the volume of sludge from mine water neutralized with lime. The advantages of the limestone process, compared with the conventional lime process are as follows: Widespread distribution and lower cost of run-of-mine, indigenous limestone; simplicity of plant design; reduced hazards and plant operating and maintenance costs accruing from the use of a less reactive chemical agent; higher solids concentration of the precipitated sludge; and no deleterious effect caused by accidental overtreatment. While total process costs could not be determined, it is conservatively estimated that the cost of treating mine water by the limestone process is one-third to one-half the cost of the lime process, depending on the characteristics of the water to be treated and the availability and quality of limestone used.

Jan 1, 1968

By Philip W. Holland

This Bureau of Mines report discusses the results of three independent reconnaissance geochemical surveys conducted in the vicinity of the Bush Dome reservoir in the Bureau-owned Cliffside field near Amarillo, Tex. The surveys consisted of (1) determining the helium content of area ground waters, (2) determining the helium content of area soil gases and ground waters, and (3) determining the helium content of soil gases collected on a grid sampling pat- tern in the Cliffside field area. The native natural gas in the Cliffside field contains about 1.8 percent helium. To date, approximately 54 billion cubic feet of gas containing approximately 39 billion cubic feet of helium has been injected into the center of the Bush Dome structure. The research work, which was completed under contracts, was done to determine if helium concentration levels in ground water and soil gas could he used as an indication of the presence of helium in a subsurface natural gas accumulation. Results of the surveys were positive in that helium-in-water and helium-in- soil-gas anomalies were detected in portions of the Cliffside field area. All helium analyses were performed by mass spectrometric techniques.

Jan 1, 1979

By J. Kruttschnitt

This paper, describing the mining operations at Mount Isa Mines, is one of a series covering mining methods and costs being published by the United States Bureau of Mines. The Mount Isa property has been in operation since June 1931; during this period operations have changed from the production and treatment of carbonate ores to the mining, milling, and smelting of sulphide ores. This change involved revision of ore-extraction methods. Stoping methods have been designed to apply to parallel lodes ranging from 10 to over 100 feet in width and dipping at 50° to 60°. The hardness and strength of the ore and enclosing wall rocks, together with the strength and thickness of the country rock between lodes, have permitted the selection of a sublevel stoping method for mining the sulphide ores.

Jan 1, 1937

By J. J. Forbes

The activities of the Bureau of Mines include the development and testing of self-contained oxygen breathing apparatus and other devices for respiratory protection, the development and tasting of devices for detecting dangerous or noxious mine atmospheres, and the training of men in the mineral industries in the use and care of this equipment to enable them to render effective service in mine rescue and recovery operations following mine fires and explosions, or under other conditions where irrespirable gases may be found in mines or mining plants. The first use of self-contained oxygen breathing apparatus for com- bating mine fires and explosions in the United States dates back about 30 years. Previous to that time, exploration for any distance ahead of fresh air was virtually impossible without great risk to life; moreover, the men called upon to render service at mine disasters were not well-versed in the properties and physiological effects of gases likely to be encountered. It was also impossible to work ahead of fresh air to restore ventilation, and if many stoppings were blown out by an explosion, air had to be introduced into whole areas or sections at once without knowledge of the conditions ahead; moving an explosive mixture of methane and air over live fire had to

Jan 1, 1938

By H. G. Wolfhard

The propagation of explosions through short cylindrical channels has been investigated by the Bureau of Mines. In the experimental apparatus set up by the Bureau, a single such channel formed a connection between a small explosion vessel in which a gaseous explosion was initiated and a larger, partly enclosing, explosion vessel filled with suitable gaseous mixtures; the larger vessel permitted observation to determine if an explosion was induced therein by mass, energy, and species transfer through the channel, as a result of tie initial explosion, It has been found that transmission of flame through to channel is not an essential to induce the second explosion, for hot gases from an extinguished explosion are able to ignite cold combustible mixtures in the larger vessel. The schlieren patterns of flames or hot burned gases emerging from a channel into the explosion chamber were photographed. These show, in most instances, that vortexes of hot gas ejected from the jet into the cold explosive mixture are responsible for ignition. The study has practical significance in problems of rendering electrical equipment safe for use in potentially flammable atmospheres, INTRODUCTION The propagation of flames through cylindrical or annular channels has practical importance in flameproofing electrical equipment and for flame traps. Much practical work has been done to determine the minimum safe breadth of flanges and the maximum safe gap between the flanges that will permit venting an electric motor without allowing flames to pass.

Jan 1, 1959

By J. T. Popp

This Bureau of Mines study reviews the geological factors that affect methane in the Beckley coalbed in southern West Virginia, including overburden, coalbed structure, type of and changes in lithology above and below the Beckley coalbed, and presence of fractures in the coal and rock adjacent to the Beckley. Depending on the depth, the Beckley coalbed emits from 216 to 520 ft3 of methane per ton of coal mined, and the Bureau estimates that methane emission in a deep, extensively developed mine in this area may exceed 3,000 ft3 per day per ton of coal mined. Average face cleat and butt cleat trends in the Beckley coalbed measured underground are N 33° W and N 53° E, respectively. Close cleat spacing con¬tributes to the friable nature of the Beckley and provides easy movement for methane and water. Because rider coals, splits, and carbonaceous shales may contribute methane to mine emissions, predictions of methane emission based on gas content of the Beckley coalbed alone may be conservative. Beckley coalbed reserves in the study area are 234 million tons. The gas content of the Beckley coalbed averages 407 ft3/ton, and the coalbed gas reserves are 108 billion ft3.

Jan 1, 1976

By Arnold M. Lansche

DOMESTIC OUTPUT of white arsenic, As2O3, was derived entirely as a byproduct of smelting arsenic-containing copper ores by The Anaconda Company at Anaconda, Mont., and American Smelting and Refining Company at Tacoma, Wash. Arsenic metal was not produced. Consumption, and Uses.-Most of the white arsenic produced in 1964 was consumed in manufacturing lead and calcium arsenate insecticides. In the 12 year period since 1951 the production of lead arsenate insecticide has varied between 7,800 tons and 4,900 tons, indicating that lead arsenate has maintained its position in competition with organic insecticides.

Jan 1, 1965

By N. E. Hanna

The current list of permissible explosives includes 124 different brands. Fifteen of these are gelatinous, and the rest are the more commonly used granular ammonium nitrate type. Their rates of detonation range from 1,300 to 5,600 meters per second, and the weights of 1-1/4 x 8-inch cartridges range from 86 to 244 grams. The list of permissible blasting devices includes 1 Cobra, 2 Hydrox, and 9 Cardox models. All of these devices are based on discharge of high-pressure gas from a pressurized shell in a shothole. INTRODUCTION To be approved for use in underground coal mines in the United States, explosives and blasting devices must pass certain schedule tests prescribed by the Bureau of Mines. The explosives listed here were tested under Schedule 1-G,3 which has since been replaced by Schedule 1-H;4 the blasting devices were tested under Schedule 26A.5

Jan 1, 1962

By E. L. Singleton

This Bureau of Mines investigation was initiated to study and establish some of the chemical and physical characteristics of the condensed Mno-Si02 system. To prevent oxidation of the manganous ion, I atmosphere of purified helium was used in the furnaces. Solidus-liquidus curves and invariant points were established from melting-point determinations and were supplemented from data obtained by the static-quenching method. Experimental findings and data are for the intermediate compounds of tephroite and rhodonite with their respective eutectics represented at 25.5 and 37.2 weight-percent silica. Tephroite melts congruently at 1,347° C., and rhodonite melts incongruently at 1,286° 8.. A metastable transformation was determined to exist at the 1,347° C. isotherm, the congruent melting point of tephroite. A composite X-ray-diffraction pattern was formulated for synthetic rhodonite. This investigation contributes fundamental data leading toward a better understanding of the more complex slag systems.

Jan 1, 1962

By James W. Reil

A test series of small, precisely-controlled and thoroughly-monitored production blasts was conducted at two quarries. In each series, all variables except delay were kept constant, as much as practically possible. The first aim of the study was to determine the effect of local geology on ground vibration. The second aim was to test several hypotheses relating the effect of millisecond delay intervals to fragmentation and ground vibration. A resonant frequency of ground vibration was shown to be related to the thickness of the overburden, in accord with a model proposed by Gupta (1961). Since the overburden geology creating this resonant vibration cannot usually be changed, two methods were tested to choose delays such that blast vibrations would destructively interfere. These were shown to be effective in modifying both the peak particle velocity and response spectra of ground vibration. The delay interval chosen also affects fragmentation, primarily in massive rock, with an optimum relief between holes of 2 ms/ft. Strain gage records indicate a possible mechanism consistent with this information.

Jan 1, 1985

By William L. Rice

This Bureau of Mines Open File Report on nickel is one of a series of minerals availability commodity deposit abstracts. Nonconfidential information from the Minerals Availability Program data base covering domestic and foreign nickel properties and deposits has been abstracted for use in this report. Abstracts include applicable data on location, published reserves and resources, geology, mine and beneficiation systems, and operation information.

Jan 1, 1984

The Leuna Factory of the I. G. Farbenindustrie A. G., situated near Merseburg, is the biggest heavy-chemical plant in Germany and produces a very wide range of products, mainly based on hydrogen or hydrogen and carbon monoxide. Its principal products are ammonia, synthetic petrol derived from the hydrogenation of brown coal, and synthetic alcohols made from hydrogen and carbon monoxide. The plant was first, visited on April 21, 1945, by a team including E. Cotton, V. Haensel, E. B. Peck, P. K. Kuhne, H. M. Weir, L. L. Hirst, W. W. Odell, G. U. Hopton, H. Hollings, J. F. Ellis, and H. G. Simpson. It was again visited on May 8-24, 1945, by a combined British and American team consisting of R, Holroyd, M. A. G, Banks, D. A. Howes, A. J. V. Underwood, R. A. Taylor, W. F. Faragher, H. Schindler, and J. G. Allen. This team was later joined by J. F. Ellis and R. J. Morley. A third visit with particular reference to catalyst manufacture was made by W. F. Faragher and W. A. Horne, and the notes of these latest investigators have been taken into account in preparing the report. This report was edited by Dr. R. Holroyd.

Jan 1, 1946

By L. Douglas Smoot

This research program was a theoretical and experimental study to improve understanding of the mechanisms of flame extinguishment in methane-coal dust-air-suppressant mixtures. This final report is a summary of work conducted during this grant, sponsored by the Bureau of Mines. Work under this new grant closely followed a recently completed contract for the Bureau of Mines that was conducted at this laboratory, and results of the earlier contract are also summarized in this report, as required in the grant work statement. The experimental effort was concentrated on supplementing the limited data available to describe laminar flames in methane-coal-air-suppressant mixtures. The theoretical effort was devoted to developing a comprehensive model that could be used to explain and extrapolate the experimental data. Selected for study were the following flames: Methane-air; methane-air plus KHCO , KNO3, K C204, KBr, Al203 or Monnex; methane-coal dust-air; coal dust-air with size, volatiles content, and concentration as variables, and coal dust-air plus KHCO3, KN03, KBr, NaCl or CaC03.

Jan 1, 1978

By Edward Keller

The work covered by this report was undertaken at the request of Dr. J. A. Holmes, late Director of the Bureau of Mines, to whom the writer had been recommended by C. W. Goodale and E. P. Mathewson, of Butte and Anaconda, Mont. The director's offer was accepted for the honor it conferred and for the useful results that might be promulgated by the work in the technical field covered. The investigation was facilitated by permission to visit various works and sometimes by contributions of important definite information on a given subject. It is therefore with pleasure that acknowledgment of courtesies is made to the following corporations and gentlemen: Anaconda Copper Mining Co., Raritan Copper Works, Baltimore Copper Smelting & Rolling Co., United States Refining Co., American Smelting & Refining Co., B. B. Thayer, A. C. Clark, A. L. Walker, William H. Peirce, E. A. Cappelen Smith, H. H. Alexander, F. C. Newton, S. Rolle, R. "V. Deacon, N. W. Pierce, O. C. Martin, C. N. Sappington, James K Thomson, W. G. Derby, and the assistants of the writer, K. 1V.McComas and W. L. Raup. In this report considerable space has been devoted to general and theoretical principles on the ground that under modern conditions the best results in any field of activity can be attained only with the aid of an adequate knowledge of the best theories underlying the practice. The diffusion of such knowledge in the field of sampling metallic metallurgical materials appears to have been quite insufficient, and it is felt that when the principles involved are once thoroughly comprehended their universal application will be appreciated, so that it will make no difference whether pig iron or gold bullion is offered for test. It may further be noted that a discussion of the theories underlying practical methods is placed under the caption "Practical Sampling," with the idea that no one can be a practical sampler unless he is capable of analyzing his methods. No attempt has been made to advocate anyone method, but it is hoped that the analyses of all of the methods in use will show where each may be correctly and safely applied. The fact that it is possible to demonstrate the theoretical correctness of several methods indicates the invalidity of the claim that any single one of them is the standard.

Jan 1, 1916

By S. J. Rodgers

This report presents the results of in-mine studies to determine the severity of dust sources in conventional mining operations. Three underground coal mines were surveyed using gravimetric samplers and GCA RAM-1 continuous dust monitors. Two additional mines were surveyed using only GCA RAM-1 monitors. Data on dust control methods were acquired during the survey, also. The results indicated that cutting/drilling and loading out were the dustiest operations during a conventional mining cycle. Roof bolting, shot firing and product transport were less severe dust sources.

Jan 1, 1983

By W. C. Blanchard

Time Domain Reflectometry (TDR) is a remote sensing technique using active backscatter. This technique is applicable to the testing for faults and multiple partial faults on cable. The battery operated hardware developed on this con¬tract has tailored this technique for testing of mining equipment trailing electrical cables. The processing of-t-he back-scatter is accomplished using a microprocessor. The visual output from the hardware to the operator is; the type, magnitude and distance to the cable fault in a numerical format. This greatly simplifys the use of this techniques for the operator.

Jan 1, 1980