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By Wilson D. Michell

The Magma copper vein trends east-west, dips 70" south, and cuts through a 6000-ft thickness of limestones, quartzites,. shale, diabase, and schist. The vein is itself a fault with a horizontal offset of 500 ft on the formation contacts in the two walls. There are two principal faults of large displacement and numerous smaller steep and flat faults that complicate the prediction of ore occurrence. A study of the geology, its systematic recording to facitliate ready reference, and graphic methods of interpretation of mineralization have aided the exploration, development, 2nd mining of the ore. In making predictions of the distribution of mineable ore bodies and their shape in critical areas, studies are made of "mineralization contours" and "mineralization trends," which are developed on a longitudinal section of the vein from variations in the concentration of the combined base metal content as shown by assays of available openings in the mine. Introduction This paper describes an example of geological work applied directly to mining and exploration problems in a deep vein deposit, and it is presented as being of interest especially to those engaged in working more or less similar veins. In 1944 to 1945 the writer spent a year as assistant to J. K. Gustafson in a thorough geological examination of the Magma mine. Much of the writer's subsequent independent work described in the present paper had its inception in ideas originated by Gustafson during that examination. Objectives of Geological Work at Magma Mine The objectives of geological work at Magma, as at operating vein mines of a similar nature, can be summarized as follows: 1. Direct assistance to the mining department by means of predictions as to the size, shape, grade, and location of ore bodies; by solution of fault problems and irregularities in the veins; by prepara-?ion of detailed ore-reserve estimates in specific areas; by keeping a complete record of the geology and assay results in the mine; and by guiding development work. In short, geology can aid in the realization of the prime purpose of the mining department, which is that of producing the greatest amount of ore in the most economical and expeditious manner possible. 2. Guidance for exploration, especially diamond drilling, in undeveloped areas of the mine. 3. Contributions to the understanding of the general geology of the deposit and its regional setting, including ore genesis, structure, and mineral relationships. Magma Ore Deposit The east-west trending Magma vein, dipping about 70" south, cuts through a 6000-ft thickness of concordant limestones, quartzites, shale, diabase, and schist, named in descending order. These

Jan 1, 1949

By L. S. Chabot

The bibliography of mining methods in the past few years has contained many articles dealing with the use of the diamond drill for blasthole drilling. In the Canadian mines, this method has been used with great success in stoping at Noranda, Aldermac, Waite Amulet, East Malartic and Sladen Malartic mines in the Province of Quebec. It has also been used at the Dorchester and Beattie gold mines in Duparquet, Quebec. The method has found useful application at Copper Mountain mine, British Colombia, and at Flin Flon mine in Manitoba. In the United States, the diamond drill blasthole method has been used at Cornwall Iron Ore Mines in Pennsylvania and at the Republic Steel Corporation magnetite properties in the Port Henry district of northern New York. In the Lake Superior iron district, the method has been used at the Anvil-Palms mine of Pickands, Mather and Co. at Bessemer, Mich., and is also used at the Book mine of the North Range Mining Co. at Alpha, Mich. Other companies in the district have also experimented in some degree with the method at some of their properties. This Paper is being offered as a prelimi- nary report on the use of the diamond drill method of stoping at the Book mine. Sufficient work has been done with it to prove its worth and it is the purpose of the article to present some results, operational details, equipment ideas and recommendstions which we have found in its use at our mine. Location and Description The Book mine is situated about a mile north of the village of Alpha, in the NE-NE1/4 and the SE-NE1/4 of set 12-42-33, between the Dunn mine and the Balkan-~~d~~~ mine, and about four miles southwest of the village of Crystal Falls, on the menominee Range of Michigan, The property was found to have ore near surface in sufficient quantities for open-pit operations and stripping was begun in the latter part of 1942 to prepare it for ore production in 1943. During 1943, 288,447 tons of direct shipping ore were produced from the open pit and 382,933 tons in 1944 While the mine was being operated as an open pit some 350,000 tons of lean ore were stockpiled for later treatment. This material is beilng treated in a washing and jig plant and concentrates are produced during the shipping season. The ore bodies at the Book mine are characteristic of the Menominee Range. They are found on the flanks of sharply folded anticlines which have a fairly steep pitch to the northwest. The open-pit operatiOns in 1943 and 1944 revealed two of these anticlinal structures. A detailed study and classification of the old diamond drill records, coupled with the information of some new holes drilled, has established the

Jan 1, 1949

By Leland Russell van Wert

In 1888, Howard,1' working at the Watertown Arsenal on the tensile properties of ferrous materials at various temperatures, noted the curious fact that the stress-strain diagrams of low-carbon steels tested within a certain temperature range (200" to 350" C.) departed more or less from the normal regularity of such diagrams as secured by testing at either above or below these temperatures. This same jagged appearance of similar diagrams for steels has been observed by at least one other investigator, and de Forest2 has reported similar irregularities in the tensile testing of some nonferrous alloys. Recently again, this anomaly in diagram contour has been shown in a most striking fashion, apparently because of its accentuation by the method of testing employed, by Dr. Albert Sauveur.~ He described (for nonaustenitie steels) two quite distinct types of torsional stress-time diagrams: (1) those with a regular and smooth outline, derived normally by testing at temperatures above 300" C., or below 200" C. (as, for example, Figs. 4a or e); and (2) those presenting a decided "stepped" appearance, which are invariably produced when twisting is done within the 200" to 300" C. range (examples, Figs. 5a and b). The torsion test brings out so much more sharply (and convincingly) the irregularities occurring at 200' and 300" C. than does the tensile test that they can no longer be considered as resulting from simply idiosyncratic or accidental and inconsequential causes. Clearly, from the temperatures involved, the "stepped" type of diagram, or more accurately, the peculiar manner of response to torsional stress which manifests itself in the diagram, is an aspect of the "blue-heat" phenomenon. One's curiosity, if nothing else, prompts an inquiry as to the nature and significance of these "steps." What do they mean? What causes them To these questions there are no completely satisfactory answers. The following experimental observations are offered as suggestions towards the solution of the problem.

Jan 1, 1931

By Edgar Schweitzer

The original Dorrance breaker of the Lehigh Valley Coal Co. was erected in 1883. The coal beds were clean and dry, consequently a dry preparation system was used, consisting of revolving cylindrical screens for sizing and hand-picking, to remove the few impurities from the run of mine coal. The picking or cleaning room contained long parallel rows of chutes with seats mounted on them, for the use of the breaker boy, who bent over the chute and picked out the refuse material from the coal as it gravitated down the chute. The introduction of dry mechanical pickers, of, the sliding frictional type, in the early nineties lessened the number of boys, but hand-cleaning on the coal and refuse discharge ends of the mechanical picker was necessary. The Pardee spiral pickers, which were brought out about 1900, were better than the gravity pickers and gradually replaced them. In 1912 the breaker was entirely remodeled, although the original frame was retained. The revolving screens were replaced by shaking screens, and Pardee spirals were installed on all sizes of coal from egg to pea coal, inclusive. Hand-picking still was necessary on the coal and refuse ends of the spirals, although the changes did result in a reduction of the former breaker force. As mining advanced, and the thick clean bed became exhausted, it was necessary to mine veins containing a high percentage of impurities, which complicated the preparation problem. The most serious difficulty was the increase in the quantity of damp or wet run of mine, which could not be fully cleaned on the spirals. When this quantity exceeded approximately 5 per cent. of the feed, it was necessary to send the excess of the wet coal to the company's Prospect colliery for wet washing. This plan worked well for a time, but as the amount approached 15 per cent., with the prospect of a further increase, the company considered the building of a wet-washing plant. The Dorrance breaker was the only dry-cleaning plant operated by the company. At the seventeen other collieries, wet washing was employed, and jigs, both plunger and pan, were used. All the practical methods used in the anthracite fields were investigated, and it was finally decided to adopt the Rheolaveur system. The decision was due largely to the experience gained from the the operation of a Rheo-

Jan 1, 1931

By Henry M. Howe

Many direct processes have been proposed for the treatment of oxidized ores of copper by reducing the copper oxide to the metallic state, and by separating it from its impurities by a subsequent fusion. The radical objection common to all the methods which have come to my notice, except those in which sulphur plays the prominent part, is that the very deoxidizing agent which effects the reduction of the copper oxide, inevitably reduces at the same time a very considerable part, if not the whole, of the iron which almost invariably accompanies copper in its ores. The result is that, when the ore is subsequently fused, a very great quantity of the already reduced iron separates from the slag along with the copper, alloying with it, and necessitating costly subsequent operations for its separation. Thus, at Perm, in the Urals," the product of the fusion of ferrnginous copper oxides is a mixture of one hundred and fifty-tive parts of highly cupriferous pig iron with two hundred and fire parts of very impure and ferruginous black copper, containing Pome 10 per cent. of' carbon and iron, though free from sulphur, and of course very difficult to refine. If, in order to avoid this reduction of iron to the metallic state, the reducing action be made feebler, it inevitably results that a considerable part of the copper as well escapes deoxidation; and, consequently, the slags are so rich that it becomes necessary to treat them subsequently in order to recover the copper which they contain. Thus,. in treating native copper, at Lake Superior, where the reducing action is purposely made feeble in order to prevent the deoxidation of the iron, the slags from the first fusion of the ore carry so much copper as to render it imperative to treat them again, which is done in a cupola. And yet, in spite of so far weakening the reducing action as to cause a notable slagging of the copper, a very considerable reduction of iron actually takes place. These are the two dangers which threaten the smelter of oxidized copper ores. If he wishes to avoid slagging his copper, he must have so strong a deoxidizing action as to reduce a great deal of his

Jan 1, 1879

By Franz Wever

ACCORDING to Tammann,1 the explanation of the effect of mechanical deformation in producing changes in the properties of metals is one of the most important problems of physical metallurgy, taking rank with the study of the constitution of alloy systems; and this problem has long attracted-the attention of practitioner and scientist alike. Its solution was not advanced materially until Tammann2 set up his translation hypothesis with its crystallographic basis, while other hypotheses, such as the amorphous metal hypothesis of Beilby3 and Rosenhain,4 have been shown by more intensive studies to be less and less satisfactory. The principles of the Tammann translation hypothesis have proved to be useful even up to today and in spite of all of the recent accumulation of experimental data, while the differences of opinion which have arisen relate to the extent to which the hypothesis accounts for the observed changes in properties and to what extent further assumptions are necessary. Stimulated by the proposals of Tammann, there soon developed a lively experimental activity which aimed at the elucidation of the structural or crystallographic changes produced by the mechanical deformation of metals. Parallel movements of crystal "blocks" along definite crystal slip planes had already been observed by lowing and Rosenhain5 in 1900, in metals which had been moderately deformed but without shedding light on the crystallographic nature of the processes accompanying more severe deformation. The solution of this important problem was not advanced until a much later date, or until the methods of X-ray crystal analysis had become available. Shortly after the discovery of the diffraction of X-ray by crystals, symmetrical diffraction effects were

Jan 1, 1931

ONE of the problems that confronts the chronicler of the Porphyry story is to determine the date from which Morenci should be regarded as one of the group. The mines have the distinction of being the first operated in Arizona for copper. A small smelter was in operation as early as 1873 and in the eighties two smelters accounted for a substantial production ranging from 3,000,000 to 6,000,000 lb. per year. The first concentrator was built in 1886, but the ores were principally oxidized, and direct smelting ore still supplied most of the production. As early as 1893, the mining of somewhat leaner porphyry ores, containing copper in the form of the sulphide mineral, chalcocite, was commenced; but these still were of comparatively high grade and the concentrators were plants of 100 to 400 tons daily capacity. Moreover, the backbone of operations was still the production of rich oxidized ores for direct smelting. They assayed 10 to 15 per cent copper and the sulphide milling ores assayed 3 to 4 per cent. A significant comment appears in the Copper Handbook for 1908. Speaking of the Arizona Copper Co., Ltd., which was to become the most important component of the present Morenci enterprise, the editor, Horace Stevens, says: "A tremendous amount of ore is in sight, ore reserves . . . being estimated at 10,370,600 tons . . . " It seems fair to infer from this that the property was not yet regarded as an immense low-grade mine, but that the copper content of perhaps 70 lb, to the ton made an ore of "medium " grade even according to the standards of the time. Although the concentrating ore was typical of that in the porphyry group of mines (except for its greater richness), no one seems to have the least inclination to take from Utah the

Jan 1, 1933

By Eugene Coste

ALTHOUGH some of the observers who first paid especial attention to the occurrences of oil and gas in the strata (such as Hunt in 1859, Andrews in 1861, Winchell in 1865, Mendelejeff in 1876, Höfer in 1876, Minshall in 1881, and I. C. White in 1883) seem to have been impressed with the fact that oil and gas deposits were connected with the disturbances in the rocks caused by their upheaval,1 yet, with the exception of Mendelejeff, and possibly Andrews, these observers do not appear to have understood what is really the one essential factor in the occurrence of oil and gas in the strata: viz., the faulting, uplifting, fracturing, fissuring, and jointing always accompanying even slight rock disturbances, and in certain districts (petroliferous provinces)2 allowing solfataric hydrocarbon emanations to force their way up from the interior and to reach and impregnate the porous portions of sediments subjected to the disturbances. Instead of this simple explanation to account for the observed connection between petroleum deposits and rock disturbances, most of the observers mentioned above, and many others who have followed them on the name lines since, have entirely reversed the problem. To them, instead of the dissemination of gases from fissures into the sediments, it presented the accumulation and concentration, according to anticlinal or other geologic structures, of oil and gas originally present throughout the whole mass of the strata where they were produced by the decomposition or distillation of organic remains. Whether this important problem involves accumulation from sources within the oil-bearing strata themselves, or infiltration and dissemination from outside sources, may be easily determined if all preconceived ideas are put aside and the established facts only are considered.

Jan 9, 1914

By T. A. Rickard

Our Transactions contain two notable papers descriptive of the stamp-milling practice of the Black Hills and of Grass Valley, namely, the elaborate and complete treatise of Prof. H. 0. Hofman, on " Gold-Milling in the Black Hills,"" and the paper describing the North Star mill, by E. R. Abadie, its superintendent. Having visited and examined the stampmills of both localities, I venture to offer here such comment as more recent information or a different point of view has suggested.†

Jan 1, 1896

By M. L. Fuller

During the last several years many papers have appeared dealing with the structure of highly polished metal surfaces. The awakening of interest in this subject is due to the applicability of the electron diffraction technique to the study of surfaces. The original theory of Beilbyl considered the surface of polished metals as of the nature of a supercooled liquid or a vitreous, amorphous solid. The electron diffraction effects from polished metals have been interpreted by rnany to be a direct experimental proof of the correctness of the Beilby theory. This interpretation has been strongly opposed by others, so that at the present time the subject is in an uncertain and controversial state. In the present paper new, and hitherto unpublished, electron diffraction effects from polished zinc are desrribed. These observations indicate that the polished surface of zinc is crystalline. Published Work Many papers2""10 have interpreted the electron diffraction evidence as proof of the Beilby amorphous theory. All investigators agree that highly polished metals give rise to two diffuse diffraction haloes, similar to those obtained by the diffraction of X-rays in liquids and vitreous solids. It is this similarity that leads to the amorphous-layer interpretation of polished metals. Strangely, the interatomic distances calculated from these haloes are very similar for the various metals investigated, in spite of a rather wide range of such distances in the crystalline and liquid states. The calculated atomic sizes are, furthermore, smaller than are experienced in the normal states of the metals. In spite of these anomalies, the amorphous-layer interpretation has been adhered to by many. One investigator, S. Dobinski," differs from the others in his experimental results. By polishing under benzene in order to avoid the possibility of oxidation, Dobinski obtains diffuse haloes of radii different from those previously obtained. He thus obtains a more rational quantitative correlation of the diffuse haloes with the amorphous-layer theory.

Jan 1, 1939

By H. M. Howe

(Read at. the Lake George Meeting, October, 1878.) MANY direct processes have been proposed for the treatment of oxidized ores of copper by reducing the copper oxide to the metallic state, and by separating it from its impurities by a subsequent fusion. The radical objection common to all the methods which have come to my notice, except those in which sulphur plays the prominent part, is that the very deoxidizing agent which effects the reduction of the copper oxide, inevitably reduces at the same time a very considerable part, if not the whole, of the iron which almost invariably accompanies copper in its ores. The result is that, when the ore is subsequently fused, a very great quantity of the already reduced iron separates from the slag along with the copper, alloying with it, and necessitating costly subsequent operations for its separation. Thus, at Perm, in the Urals,* the product of the fusion of ferruginous copper oxides is a mixture of one hundred and fifty-five parts of highly cupriferous pig iron with two hundred and five parts of very impure and ferruginous black copper, containing some 10 per cent. of carbon and iron, though free from sulphur, and of course very difficult to refine. If, in order to avoid this reduction of iron to the metallic state, the reducing action be made feebler, it inevitably results that a considerable part of the copper as well escapes deoxidation ; and, consequently, the slags are so rich that it becomes necessary to treat them subsequently in order to recover the copper which they contain. Thus, in treating native copper, at Lake Superior, where the reducing action is purposely made feeble in order to prevent the deoxidation of the iron, the slags from the first fusion of the ore carry so much copper as to render it imperative to treat them again, which is done in a cupola. And yet, in spite of so far weakening the reducing action as to cause a notable slagging of the copper, a very considerable reduction of iron actually takes place. These are the two dangers which threaten the smelter of oxidized copper ores. If he wishes to avoid slagging his copper, he must have so strong a deoxidizing action as to reduce a great deal of his * Rivot, Prineipes Généraux du Traitement des Minerais Métalliques, i, p. 79.

Jan 1, 1879

By J. L. Jernegan

In a former paper laid before the Institute, entitled Lead and Silver Smelting in Chicago, I endeavored to give a description of the manner in which argentiferous lead ores from the far West were treated in that city, and also described the method employed in the desilverization of the silver-lead produced from the ores. It will perhaps be remembered, that very siliceous ores, principally from the Emma mine, Utah, containing over 40 per cent. of silicic acid, were then being treated at the works of the Chicago Silver Smelting and Refining Company in the reverberatory furnace, with the use of metallic iron, in the form of borings, as a precipitating medium for the lead ; and that the extraction of the silver from the resulting bullion was effected by the Balbach process. The Swansea Works, also the works at Brighton, just outside of this city, and those of S. P. Lunt, were at that time treating ore of a similar character by the same method. The inadequacy of the process for the ores then under treatment was, in a manner, pointed out by me in the paper above referred to. Since the time of its writing, many and important improvements have been made in the metallurgical treatment of western ores in Chicago. Most ores are now roasted previous to reduction, and the latter operation is conducted in the shaftfurnace instead of the reverberatory. Such is the fact at least at the Swansea Works, the largest in the city, and here it was where the first steps were taken in this direction. In selecting these works as the subject of this paper, I am in hopes that the description given of the varions metallurgical operations, as they are there now conducted, will serve to give an idea of the improvements introduced

By George J. Young

The nature of slimes handled in the treatment of gold- and silver-ores has been discussed in technical literature to a considerable extent. The subject of slime-filtration from the practical worker's stand-point has also received much comment, arid scattered through the literature of the subject are descriptions of many slime-filtration installations. Articles of this nature serve a valuable purpose and assist materially in the design of new and the improvement of old plants. The subject of the physics of slime-filtration has been touched upon to only a slight extent. The underlying principles are worthy of niore intensive study and experimeritation than they have received, and the main purpose of this paper is to present the results of such study and experimental work as will serve to make clear in part at least many of the principles which control the filtration of slime. Nature of Slime. Much has been written concerning an accurate definition of the term "slime," but no comprehensive definition seems to be gcnerally accepted. The reason for this is clear. A slime consists of at least three different substances, each, when separated, possessing distinctly different physical and to a certain extent chemical properties. These substances are extremely fine sand, a colloidal material which may bc and generally is in a coagulated condition, and a colloidal material which is in a non-coagulated condition. Suspending a slime in a relatively large volume of water by shaking and allowing sedimentation to take place, results in the fine sand settling out with comparative rapidity, followed by the coagulated material, which settles niuch more slowly and finally a certain portion remains

Jan 1, 1912

By P. W. Guild

DURING 1956 the application of geology and related scientific disciplines to the search for new mineral deposits went forward on an ever widening front. Spurred on by record-breaking consumption of many of the established commodities and new uses for minerals and metals that were hardly known a few years ago, the profession is figuratively leaving no stone unturned in the effort to insure that adequate raw material supplies will be avail- able for the future. More money was spent and more people were engaged along more lines of research than ever before. A huge project to map much of the Canadian Shield area by photogeologic methods stands at one extreme; application of isotope ratios to ore finding stands at the other; between them the more traditional techniques are being increasingly refined. In the Fiftieth Anniversary volume of Economic Geology, published late in 1955, Alan Bateman sketches the development of fundamental concepts as recorded in the pages of the journal over the first five decades. An additional 24 review articles cover individual aspects of the field and constitute a base for further advances.

Jan 2, 1957

By A. E. Outerbridge

I had the honor to present to the American Institute of Mining Engineers at the Pittsburg meeting, February, 1896, a paper having the foregoing title, in which I said : " It has generally been accepted as a fact that cast-iron, under the influence of repeated shocks, becomes brittle, and will finally break under a blow which otherwise it would have withstood. It will probably surprise metallurgists, therefore, to learn that experiment disproves the supposed fact, and establishes exactly its opposite. " The result of about a thousand tests of bars of cast-iron of all grades, from the softest foundry mixtures to the strongest car-wheel metal, enables me to assert with confidence that, within limits, cast-iron is materially strengthened by subjection to repeated shocks or blows." Three tables were appended showing increase of strength

Jan 1, 1905

By L. G. Westgate

PART I.-AREAL GEOLOGY§ PIOCHE lies 240 mi. southwest of Salt Lake City, in southeastern Nevada, 19 in. west of the Nevada-Utah line. It is at the end of a branch line (33 m.), which connects at Caliente with the Los Angeles and Salt Lake division of the Union Pacific System. Its commercial relations are with Salt Lake City and Los Angeles, chiefly with the former. The surrounding area is part of the Great Basin, an arid region of alternating mountain range and intermont plain, the latter floored with outwash from the mountains. About Pioche the plain varies between 4700 and 6000 ft. above sea level. The town lies in a valley at the east base of a low northwest-southeast range (the Pioche Hills) 12 miles in length, which rises about 1000 ft. above the adjacent flat. West of the. Pioche Hills is a higher north-south range consisting of two parts: to the south the Highland Range, between Bennett Pass and Stampede Gap; to the north the Bristol Range, from Stampede Gap to Bristol Pass. This double range reaches altitudes of 8000 to 9000 ft., or more, (the highest point, Highland Peak, is 9395 ft.) and rises some 2500 ft. above the surrounding plain. It is continued in lower hills to north and south. Smaller ranges rise from the flat west of the Highland and Bristol ranges. The area studied and shown on the map (Fig. 1) is covered by 3 one inch to the-mile topographic sheets: the Highland Range, the. Bristol Range, and the Panaca, the latter mapped in part only. The sedimentary rocks of the district include Paleozoic limestones, sandstones and shales, Pliocene tuffs, and modern wash. Igneous rocks are represented by intrusive dikes and stocks and by extensive lava flows of mid-Tertiary time.

Jan 1, 1927

By Robert W. Pack

Sooner or later in the development of any natural resource it becomes highly desirable to know the quantity of this resource in the country as a whole, as well as of the part that is being developed, for the general course and conduct of the development work must be governed, to some extent, by the total supply available. An accurate estimate of the quantity of any natural resource is difficult to make; yet if one is diligent enough one can obtain a pretty accurate idea of the quantity of marketable timber, the acreage of tillable land, or the horsepower that may be developed from the streams, for these are things that may be measured. But any attempt to estimate the quantity of some mineral in the ground appears to enter the realm of imagination and it seems that the estimate can be nothing more than a blind guess. It may appear to be especially futile to attempt to determine the quantity of oil and gas that is available in the ground, for these minerals are so vagrant that even if the quantity now available should be known quite exactly, the quantity that will eventually be obtained may be much less, for certain losses in the extraction of both oil and gas are unavoidable, and just what these losses will be cannot be predicted. Though necessarily inaccurate, estimates of such mineral reserves are, however, of distinct value, for they summarize the existing knowledge of the deposits of the mineral and thus enable those who are interested in some industry that depends in one way or another on this mineral to formulate a rational commercial policy. Some time ago, when the price of gasoline suddenly rose in a rather spectacular manner, the writer was one of the U. S. Geological Survey geologists called upon to help to estimate the quantity of oil that could be obtained in the United States, for the fear had become widespread that perhaps the rate of increase in the price of gasoline was a measure of the rate of depletion of the supply of petroleum. It thus became his

Jan 1, 1918

By E. T. Dumble

(San Francisco Meeting, September, 1915) THE history of the several petroleum deposits of Texas and Mexico, or of the sediments in which they now occur, if the deposits are not indigenous to such sediments, is known in a general way only, but it nevertheless casts strong light on the conditions surrounding them and is of great importance in the search for and exploitation of then. The petroleum deposits of Texas are separable into two main divisions: 1. The deposits of northwestern Texas, which are directly connected with the Oklahoma fields to the north, and have no representatives at all in the Mexican area. 2. The deposits of the coastal area, which extend into Louisiana on the east and connect with those of the Mexican coast to the south. Early in the Pennsylvanian period a series of bituminous shales and limestones were laid crown over a broad area in Texas, Arkansas, and Oklahoma. These are known as the Bend series in Texas, the Caney shales in Oklahoma, and the Fayetteville beds in Arkansas. Following their deposition an uplift occurred, forming the Lampasas geanticlinal, which runs northeastward from the old Paleozoic land area of the Llano region toward Red River. The Bend series is petroliferous in places and has furnished a few producing wells on each side of the Lampasas uplift. This uplift forms the barrier and. dividing line between the two divisions of the Texas petroleum deposits. To the west of it, in waters which were the southern extension of the interior continental seas, in connection with the sediments and coal beds of the Pennsylvanian and Permian, great quantities of petroleum were deposited either as oil or as "potential petroleum." These sediments have been subject to very slight disturbance, and only very gentle folds. are found, with no signs of volcanic action in any part of the area. The conditions, therefore, indicate that the greater part, if not all, of the oil in this area is indigenous to the beds in which it is found.

Jan 8, 1915

By C. H. Herty

The results of a study of the open-hearth process from the physicochemical viewpoint are given. This study includes experimentation in small laboratory furnaces and in standard 100-ton furnaces. The behavior of manganese, carbon and phosphorus are quantitatively explained. The action of "residual" manganese is discussed with reference to its relation to iron oxide dissolved in the metal. The solubility of CO in steel and its relation to dissolved FeO and carbon is given. The equation for phosphorus elimination has been tested out on a 200-ton furnace and the results are given in the text. The effect of temperature and slag composition on the elimination of metalloids in the basic open-hearth process has been qualitatively understood since the early days of steel making. The quantitative effect has, however, only recently been brought to attention. The effect of slag composition has received more attention than that of temperature, primarily because the range of finishing temperatures in the basic open-hearth process is small compared to the large variations found in the composition of the slag at different periods during the process, and to the variations occurring with the use of raw materials of different degrees of impurity. The effect of slag composition on the elimination of metalloids has been studied by Styril from the thermochemical standpoint. This method is open to serious errors, in that thermochemical data at 2900' F. are very inaccurate and in many cases completely lacking. Feild2 has calculated equilibrium constants from the rate at which the metalloids are eliminated. The effect of slag viscosity on rate of elimination will affect the constants calculated by this method. Whitely,a Colcough4 and others have used slag compositions as the basis for calculation of constants by which the extent of elimination may be calculated.

Jan 1, 1926

By Albert E. Ketler

Introduction – The introduction of computerized monitoring and control (M/c) equipment into the U.S. coal mining industry may prove to be of truly revolutionary proportions in the 801s.Many of you are aware that the British have developed and have been using such sophisticated M/C equipment for performing production and safety related tasks in their coal mines for nearly a decade. The benefits of M/C systems in the mining industry are usually separated into those which improve productivity, and hence make money for the company, and those which improve safety, and hence cost money. The economic benefits of M/C are startling for the production related functions such as for monitoring and controlling conveyor belts, de-watering pumps, electrical power distribution, and the like. It doesn't take much analysis to show that hundreds and even thousands of tons of coal don't get mined every time a belt shuts down or when power is out due to circuit breakers tripping for any number of reasons. A flood, caused by a malfunctioning pump which goes undetected for lack of feedback monitoring of pumping parameters, can destroy literally millions of dollars worth of mining equipment. The M/C system would be justified or not based on whether or not the productivity benefits balanced the cost within a timespan commensurate with the return on capital philosophy of the company. The safety related benefits are easily underestimated or ignored completely and the purpose of this paper is to under-score some of these benefits, as well as to review the application of M/C to the coal mining industry. The companies involved are Transmitton Ltd of England and Minetics Corp of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. Transmitton is probably the most experienced manufacturer of M/C equipment in the world having some 200 installations to its credit. Minetics is the marketing and manufacturing arm for Transmitton in the U.S.A. and is responsible for all aspects of distribution and service. Plans are underway for manufacturing of the Transmitton hardware for U.S. sales to be transplanted into U.S. subcontractors by 1981. Thus our coal mining industry will benefit from British technology, but without the delays and additional costs usually involved in international shipments.

Jan 1, 1981