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PAST AND PRESENT CHAIRMEN OF DIVISIONS Institute of Metals Iron and Steel Mineral Industry Industrial Minerals Year Division Petroleum Division Division Coal Division Education Division Division 1918 W. M. CORSET 1919 " 1920 W. H. BASSETT 1921 " 1922 W. B. PRICE RALPH ARNOLD 1923 E. DEGOLYER 1924 G. B. ELLIOTT 1925 F. JULIUS FOHS 1926 P. D. MERICA 1927 11 JOHN. M. LOVEJOY 1928 S. SKOWRONSKI A. W. AMBROSE RALPH H. SWEETSER ' 1929 " J. B. UMPLEHY G. B. WATERHOUSE 1930 ZAY JEFFRIES C. V. MILLIKAN W. J. MACKENZIE HOWARD N. EAVENSON 1931 SAM TOUR C. E. BEECHER F. M. BECKET 1932 C. H. MATHEWSON EARL OLIVER F. N. SPELLER THOMAS G. FEAR C. H. FULTON 1933 T. S. FULLER W. E. WRATHER JOHN JOHNSTON ELI T. CONNOR " 1934 J. L. CHRISTIE H. D. WILDE, JR. L. F. REINARTZ " T. T. READ 1935 W. M. PEIRCE HARRY H. POWER A. B. KINZEL JOHN T. RYAN SAMUEL H. DOLBEAR 1936 E. H. DIX, JR. HALLAN N. MARSH C. E. WILLIAMS EUGENE MCAULIFFE WILLIAM B. PLANK OLIVER BOWLES 1937 A. J. PHILLIPS M. ALBERTSON FRANCIS B. FOLEY J. B. MORROW " CHESTER A. FULTON 1938 R. F. MEHL G. B. CORLESS J. T. MACKENZIE PAUL WEIR FRANCIS A.THOMSON J. R. THOENEN 1939 R. H. LEACH W. H. GETS J. HUNTER NEAD C. A. GIBBONS " M. M. LEIGHTON 1940 E. M. Wise T. V. MOORE F. T. SISCO C. E. LA WALL W. R. CHEDSEY W. M. WEIGEL 1941 D. K. CRAMPTON E. A. STEPHENSON C. H. HERTY, JR. JULIAN E. TOBEY " PAUL M. TYLER 1942 CARL E. SWARTZ HARRY P. STOLZ E. C. SMITH NEWELL G. ALFORD A. F. GREAVES-WALKER B. L. MILLER

Jan 1, 1942

PAST AND PRESENT CHAIRMEN OF DIVISIONS Institute of Metals Iron and Steel Mineral Industry Industrial Minerals Year Division Petroleum Division Division Coal Division Education Division Division 1918 W. M. CORSET 1919 " 1920 W. H. BASSETT 1921 " 1922 W. B. PRICE RALPH ARNOLD 1923 E. DEGOLYER 1924 G. B. ELLIOTT 1925 F. JULIUS FOHS 1926 P. D. MERICA 1927 11 JOHN. M. LOVEJOY 1928 S. SKOWRONSKI A. W. AMBROSE RALPH H. SWEETSER ' 1929 " J. B. UMPLEHY G. B. WATERHOUSE 1930 ZAY JEFFRIES C. V. MILLIKAN W. J. MACKENZIE HOWARD N. EAVENSON 1931 SAM TOUR C. E. BEECHER F. M. BECKET 1932 C. H. MATHEWSON EARL OLIVER F. N. SPELLER THOMAS G. FEAR C. H. FULTON 1933 T. S. FULLER W. E. WRATHER JOHN JOHNSTON ELI T. CONNOR " 1934 J. L. CHRISTIE H. D. WILDE, JR. L. F. REINARTZ " T. T. READ 1935 W. M. PEIRCE HARRY H. POWER A. B. KINZEL JOHN T. RYAN SAMUEL H. DOLBEAR 1936 E. H. DIX, JR. HALLAN N. MARSH C. E. WILLIAMS EUGENE MCAULIFFE WILLIAM B. PLANK OLIVER BOWLES 1937 A. J. PHILLIPS M. ALBERTSON FRANCIS B. FOLEY J. B. MORROW " CHESTER A. FULTON 1938 R. F. MEHL G. B. CORLESS J. T. MACKENZIE PAUL WEIR FRANCIS A.THOMSON J. R. THOENEN 1939 R. H. LEACH W. H. GETS J. HUNTER NEAD C. A. GIBBONS " M. M. LEIGHTON 1940 E. M. Wise T. V. MOORE F. T. SISCO C. E. LA WALL W. R. CHEDSEY W. M. WEIGEL 1941 D. K. CRAMPTON E. A. STEPHENSON C. H. HERTY, JR. JULIAN E. TOBEY " PAUL M. TYLER 1942 CARL E. SWARTZ HARRY P. STOLZ E. C. SMITH NEWELL G. ALFORD A. F. GREAVES-WALKER B. L. MILLER

Jan 1, 1943

By T. F. Witherbee

Discussion of Mr. Baker's paper, read at the Lake Superior Meeting, September, 1904. MR. T. F. WITHERBEE, Durango, Mexico (communication to the Secretary*) : Mr. Baker's paper is very instructive in that it shows how furnace-derangements sometimes originate from apparently slight causes. In 1896 a similar burning through of the lining occurred at the Mayville furnace of the Northwestern Iron Co., Mayville, Wis., in exactly 38 days from the time the furnace was blown in. At that time I attributed it to the fact that the bell was carried several inches to the front side of the furnace, the length of the versed side of the arc described by the lever, thus dumping a little more of the charge on the back side, which made the front side of the furnace-charge more open and consequently increased the circulation of the furnace gases through it. After reading Mr. Baker's description, I believe that possibly a little more ore was charged on the back side of the hopper, due to the fact that it was nearest to the elevator. This unequal charging, however, was unconsciously done, as the fillers were both honest and faithful. The illustration of the burned lining of Furnace No. 1, given in Fig. - of Mr. Baker's paper answers very well for the Mayville furnace. It shows that in both cases the destruction of the lining was largely due to faulty construction, in that there were no cooling-plates in the angle of the bosh and in one or two courses of brick above it, where I believe they are-more in demand than anywhere else in the furnace. The presence of these cooling-plates at the angle of the bosh would have obliged the current of the hot gases to turn the corner and would have prevented them from following the angle of the bosh com¬pletely through the lining and shell.

Mar 1, 1905

By P. H. G., Durville

ANY metal which contains even a small percentage of aluminum possesses certain peculiarities of appearance and properties which are exhibited both when the metal is melted and after it solidifies. Pure aluminum, or an alloy containing a small proportion of aluminum, can be melted without flux-except for a layer of charcoal-because a film of aluminum oxide and metal forms at the surface of melted aluminum. Although very thin, this film is air-proof, and it prevents the metal underneath from oxidizing. This oxidized film does not move easily on account of its toughness and high surface tension. One very important point in connection with this process of still casting has not been strongly enough stressed, namely, that the same kind of surface film with the same peculiarities forms over the surface of all melted alloys that contain even a small proportion of aluminum. Experienced foundrymen know how desirable it is to cast aluminum under its "skin" or under the surface of the film which tends to remain still. In the case of red copper, when in fusion, the surface shows pure copper only. This' is due to the fact that liquid copper constantly absorbs the copper oxide which forms on the surface. By closely examining melting copper the oxide can be seen dissolving in the bath, and going into solution just as pulverized sugar dissolves in water. When copper is cast in the open, either in wire bars or cakes, the surface of metal exposed to the air is covered by a film of black oxide that cannot be absorbed by the metal.

Jan 1, 1927

By G. A. Savanick

Borehole (slurry) mining, where a tool incorporating a water-jet cutter and a downhole slurry pump mines phosphate through a borehole, was field tested in northeastern Florida as part of a US Bureau of Mines program to increase the domestic availability of critical minerals. About 1.5 kt (1700 st) of phosphate ore were mined at 23.6 t/h (26 stph) from a depth of 76 m (250 ft). The borehole was filled with water during mining for roof support and to assist slurry pumping. Underwater cutting was enhanced with an air-shrouded water jet. Mined cavities were backfilled to prevent subsidence after abandonment. Roof subsidence during mining was avoided only when the cavity was filled with water. Environmental monitoring before, during, and after mining included hydrological studies and measurements of water quality. Significant water quality changes occurred only in the zone being mined and were confined to the immediate area of the borehole.

Jan 1, 1986

By B. L. Sackett

LEAD smelting has been an important industry in Utah for many years. The first lead smelting was done, over 60 years ago, at the Rollins mine in Beaver County, by burning heaps consisting of alternate layers of wood and high-grade carbonate ore. The lead thus obtained was. molded into bullets. With the development of. the mines, the problem of cheaper handling of the ore became important. The only outlet for this ore was Swansea or the Atlantic Coast but to ship to either cost $150 per ton or more for treatment and handling. From 1864 to 1871, experimenting was done with blast, Scotch hearth, and reverberatory furnaces, with the blast furnace surviving as, the standard plant. The first crude furnaces were circular or hexagonal in shape, and were made of adobe and stone, which quickly burned out. They were small, about 2 1/2 ft. in diameter, and smelted from 3 to 10 tons. in 24 hr. The metal had to be tapped from the bottom of the crucible, necessitating a shut down of the furnace during this process. This pro¬cedure caused salamanders to form around the tap hole when the furnace was started again, which frequently resulted in freezing. The campaign lasted until a tap of bullion was made. The first successful plant of the crude stone type was operated in 1870. From 1870 to 1872, there was a smelter building craze in the state. During that period, about 20 furnaces were built, chiefly near the mines, and their operation was limited and sporadic. The work was then placed in the hands of trained metallurgists, who standardized on the rectangular form of furnace. In 1871, Daggett, at the Winnamuck mine in Bingham, installed water-jackets around the smelting zone of the furnaces. These furnaces were circular; the diameter at the tuyere line was 3 ft. 6 in. and at the charge floor 5 ft. 3 in. The height from tuyere line to charge floor was 14 ft., height of tuyere line above top of crucible was 3 ft. 8 in. Fur-

Jan 8, 1925

ENGINEERS AVAILABLE (Under this heading will be published notes sent to the Secretary of the Institute by members or other persons introduced by members.) Technical graduate, aged-31, with experience as surveyor, chemist with a sulphur company, practical miner, and as chief engineer of an iron mining company, desires a position as mining engineer or superintendent. Speaks French and German. No. 165. Member, aged 31, married, graduate Yale and Massachusetts Institute of Technology, six years' experience in coal and iron mining, from engineer to general superintendent, desires position with large coal or iron company. Will go anywhere. References. . No. 167. Member, technical graduate, with experience as machinist, chemist, construction engineer, and manager-of mines in the United States and Mexico, desires position .as mine superintendent or manager. Speaks Spanish. No. 168. Member, technical graduate, aged 26, with experience as engineer, mine foreman, assistant superintendent for a pyrite mining company. Experience includes diamond drilling, shaft sinking, underground work, milling of pyrites, and mine accounting. No. 169.

Jan 12, 1914

By George C. Stone

Since the Troy meeting I have received several additional results of analysis of the same sample of spiegel, which I give below: P. I know only by correspondence. His methods are : for results Nos. 47, 48 (13.03, 13.26) dissolve In hydrochloric acid, evaporate, oxidize with nitric arid, filter from silica, separate iron as basic acetate, precipitate manganese as sulphide, dissolve in hydrochloric acid; and precipitate as carbonate. No. 49 (13.72) was obtained by Eggertz's method. Nos. 50, 51 (13.10, 13.10) were dissolved and oxitfized as before, the iron precipitated by oxide of zinc, filtered and washed four times with cold water; and the manganese titered hot with permanganate. P. regards these two results as low. Nos. 52, 53 (13.75, 13.69) were dissolved and treated like the last two, the precipitated iron was again dissolved, separated, and titered as before; the results are the sum of the manganese joined in both

Jan 1, 1884

By McHenry Mosier

SUMMARY MERCURY is one of the strategic metals of which the supply has been raised from critical uncertainty to more than enough for essential demands. Work by the Bureau of Mines has contributed substantially to increased production of mercury in the United States and to consequent accumulation of Government stocks. Other contributing factors have been higher prices for mercury and Government loans to operators. The Bureau has undertaken 13 exploration projects, 10 of which have been completed. This work has comprised 28,376 ft. of several types of drilling and 23,798 lin. ft. of surface trenching, and has indicated commercial ore containing 34,800 flasks of mercury and marginal ore containing 26,200 flasks, a total of 61,000 flasks; equivalent, respectively, to domestic production for 8 months, 6 months, and 14 months. As Government stocks are now adequate, domestic production (currently at the rate of 50,000 flasks per year) is gradually being curtailed through Government control of labor and operating supplies.

Jan 1, 1944

By CHARLES SIMENSTAD

COAL preparation, or coal washing, is not a new subject to the Pacific Northwest. Most of the coals mined in this state smaller than lump, and nearly all such sizes mined on the Pacific slope of the Cascade mountains, require washing before marketing. A large proportion is being put through some washing process, but coal washing in this state, has not reached the efficiency it is practicable to obtain. In fields where the coal, as mined, contains less impurities, where working conditions make it practicable to eliminate some of these impurities under- ground, or where a large proportion of the run-of-mine coal is lump, coal preparation does not present the problem it does in our local field. Here the coal is associated with considerable impurities and the slack, or steam sizes, aggregate about 80 per cent. of the output. Therefore, approximately 80 per cent. of the coal mined must be washed to become a valuable fuel. Washing then becomes a major operation, as hand picking of the 20 per cent. of lump is a standard and comparatively simple operation. Some coal beds here are so interstratified with bone, of a more or less massive nature, that hand picking of lump is not economically efficient. In such cases the coal must be crushed fine enough for it to be freed from the bone, so that the two may be separated. Coal cleaning in this field, therefore, must receive skilled attention to purify this fuel and raise its stand- ard. Without greater efficiency in cleaning, the importation of coal from outside the state will be even greater than in the past.

Jan 1, 1926

By Clyde Williams

IF you would allow me some liberties, I would restate the title of this talk as "Scientific Research, Our Greatest Resource," because that title would represent more clearly a present-day conception of the metals and minerals situation. It is a subject worthy of careful consideration. Canada and the United States are so similar and interdependent in their national economies that, in the following discussion, examples of conditions in the United States may be interpreted to apply to Canada as well. Moreover, it is a striking fact that the per capita value of mineral production in Canada and the United States in 1940 was almost the same. Therefore, in the consideration of this subject, I have made no attempt to differentiate between the two countries. Consumption of the world's mineral resources in the last few decades. and particularly during World War II, has been so enormous as to require some form of magic to ensure the continued progress of civilization in the face of a diminishing supply of these resources which are so critically essential. As C. K. Leith pointed out, in 1941, indus-

Jan 1, 1947

By AIME AIME

Maurer's review summarizes quite thoroughly the various theoretical developments and experimental findings that contribute to the knowledge of rock mechanics in drilling. This discussion supplements Maurer's paper by including generalities that either have been incompletely treated in his review, or formulated from new considerations by the discussant and from hitherto unpublished experimental data. These generalities are associated with the observation that all mechanical methods of rock drilling essentially comprise a sequence of indexed, concentrated loadings on the bottom of the hole being drilled.

Jan 1, 1967

By AIME AIME

IN many countries the lack of liquid petroleum supplies has centered interest upon the hydrogenation of coal and coal tars for the preparation of motor fuel. In the United States, hydrogenation has been of greater interest for grading up low-value petroleum fractions to the more valuable volatile fuels and for the preparation of a variety of premium products, including aviation gasolines, solvents, Diesel fuels, and lubricating oils. Chemically, the basic reason for this process is that, as shown in Table 1, the ratio of hydrogen to carbon (H/C ratio) in available raw materials is quite different from that characterizing the products sought.

Jan 1, 1936

Lieut. Louis J. Brunel, now in France, was commissioned on July 27, 1917, as Second Lieutenant in the Engineers Reserve Corps, assigned to the 7th U. S. Engineers, Dec. 10, 1917, and has been with the American E. F. since Mar. 26, 1918. He was assigned to the staff of the General commanding the 5th Field Artillery Brigade, as Engineer Officer, on Aug. 6, 1918. E. Ross Housholder writes that "the record for pontoon bridge building was broken Sept. 25, 1918, by Section A, Co. 4, 5th Engineer Officers' Training School, at Camp Humphreys, Va., of which I am a member. The time was 15 min. 11 3/5 seconds. We then proceeded to break the record for dismantling in 9 min. 57 1/5 seconds. The length of the bridge section was 200 ft. The post band was sent out to meet us, and we feel proud of this record. I have met quite a few A. I. M. E.

Jan 11, 1918

By William E. Ford, Edward Salisbury Dana

1. Normal Class (25) Barite Type 2. Hemimorphic Class (26) Calamine Type 3. Sphenoidal Class (27) Epsomite Type Mathematical Relations of the Orthorhombic System Crystallographic Axes. - The orthmhombic system includes all the forms which are referred to three axes at right angles to each other, all of different lengths. 296 Any one of the three axes may be taken as the vertical axis, c. Of the two horizontal axes the longer is always taken as the b or macro-axis * and when orientated is parallel to the observer. The a or brachy-axis is the shorter of the two horizontal axes and is perpendicular to the observer. The length of the b axis is taken as unity and the lengths of the other axes are expressed in terms of it. The axial ratio for barite, for instance, is a : b : c = 0'815 : 10 : 131. Fig. 296 shows the crystallographic axes for barite.

Jan 1, 1922

By AIME AIME

The American Society of Mechanical Engineers.-The semi-annual meeting of the American Society of Mechanical Engineers will be held in Detroit, Mich., June 23-26. A session will be devoted to hoisting- and conveying-machinery; and many other subjects will be treated in professional papers, among which are . Clutches (with special reference to automobile clutches); The Thermal Properties of Superheated Steam; The Horse-Power, Friction-Losses, and Efficiency of Gas- and Oil-Engines; A Journal-Friction Measuring-Machine; A Simple Method of Checking Conical Pistons for Stress, and The By-Product Coke-Oven. The usual receptions will be held and excursions will be made to manufacturing plants, the slip-building yards, and various points of interest in and around Detroit. Among the excursions' planned is one to the University of Michigan at Ann Arbor. The Gas-Power Section of the Society will hold a session, and the Society for the Promotion of Engineering Education and the Society of Automobile Engineers will hold meet-

Jan 5, 1908

By W. H. Bassett

W H. BASSETT was elected first vice-president at . the executive session of the new Board on Tues- day afternoon. Karl Eilers, H. Foster Bain, Thomas T. Read, and H. A. Maloney were respectively re-elected as treasurer, secretary, assistant secretary and assistant treasurer. The new Executive Committee will consist of W. H. Bassett, Chairman, and Richard Peters, Jr., H. C. Bellinger, E. De Golyer, Edgar Rickard. The Finance Committee will be J. V. W. Reynders, Chair- man, Henry Krumb and H. G. Moulton. George D. Barron was reappointed Chairman of the Admissions Committee, and F. Julius Fohs put in charge of the Papers and Publications Committee.

Jan 1, 1929

By N. H. Jensen

SINCE the sixties, Utah has been one of the leading metal mining states of the Union. During the last fifteen years its mines have supported the largest smelting center in the world. Its rank as a metal producing state is reflected by its 1924 production which had a value in excess of $65,000,000 making it the leading silver producing state, third in both copper and lead and sixth in gold production. During the past year, metallurgical developments for the recovery of zinc contained in lead ores has made rapid progress so that the future zinc output will be of substantial importance. The largest silver mines of the nation and the world's largest open cut copper mine are within its borders. Settlement of Utah started in 1847, with the advent of the "Mormons," and originally the area of the state was much greater than now. The first metal mining

Jan 1, 1925

By R. M. Brick

EDUCATIONAL benefits for veterans of World War II have largely removed one of the two former barriers to a college education for everyone, namely financial means and intellectual capacity. This latter limita¬tion has not kept privately endowed institutions from increasing 50 to 100 percent in size of student body, even after applying moderately rigid entrance standards. Growth of some land-grant universities, which cannot well exercise such restrictive judgements, has been even greater. After a weary board of admissions, subject to student, alumni, faculty, and even political pressures, has admitted double the former number of freshmen, the university's worries really begin: to find laboratory, classroom, and instructional facilities. If this were a one- or two-year problem, the answer would be simple: double up, hold night classes, particularly of laboratories, rent space, and have instructors work 24 class or contact hours a week instead of twelve (it takes usually two to three hours of outside work by the instructor for one hour in class). However, most engineering school faculty men are worn out now from four to five years of "accelerated" (frequently downward!) programs and they couldn't continue teaching in a way satisfactory to their own consciences on

Jan 1, 1947

By Evan Bennett

ALMADEN is Arabic for "the mine." The definite article is properly used, for no mercury mine in the world compares with it for richness and volume of ore, produced and potential. After more than twenty centuries of exploitation, intensive throughout the last lour, ore from Almaden is about five times as rich as that of its closest competitor. We drove to the mine one April afternoon, across Don Quixote's plains of the Mancha, up the bleak, arid valley of the Rio Valdeazogue where we passed tenth century Moorish workings and their ruined castles. At dusk, we came to the Hacienda de Castilseras, a large farm where Almaden miners work their land on off days. Then we drove through the whitewashed, well-ordered town to the Castillo de la Direccion where we were challenged at the iron gate by two picturesquely costumed Guardias Jurados.

Jan 1, 1948