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By Charles F. Park

Mining in the Pacific Coastal Region has passed through three stages of development. First came the gold rush days, a period when gold and silver were the objects of intensive search. Second was the development of the high-grade base-metal deposits and of the smaller and more refractory precious metal deposits. And third was the modern period that covers the discovery and development of the rarer metals, of large low-grade deposits, and of the industrial and nonmetallic minerals. Brief discussions of the salient geologic features of the region and of a few of the better known mineral deposits are given. The regional geology is favorable for continued exploration and discovery of new deposits and districts.

Jan 1, 1968

By W. F. Boericke, T. H. Garnett

The Wisconsin zinc district, or the Upper Mississippi lead and zinc district as it is also termed, lies in the southwestern corner of Wisconsin, and embraces adjacent portions of Illinois and Iowa. It includes Iowa, Grant, and Lafayette counties in Wisconsin, and Jo Davies country in Illinois. In Iowa, Dubuque formerly produced considerable lead, but there has been little mining there in recent years. The map, Fig. 1, shows the entire district, withroads, railways, streams, and the various towns, or "camps," around which the mines are clustered. The hatchwork indicates the areas in which lead and zinc have been mined. The district is about 60 mi. (96 km.) north and south and about 40 mi. (64 km.) east and west. Not all of the territory is mineral bearing, and there are considerable areas that are believed to be barren. The grouping of the mines is patchy and irregular, though certain broad zoncs of mineralization extend almost the full width of the district, as from Mineral Point west through Mifflin and Livingston, and from Shullsburg west through New Diggings and Hazel Green. It is worth noting that the best mines of the district have, to date, been found within 10 mi. ease or west of the fourth principal meridian line, thus lying within a long, narrow, north-and-south belt extending the length of the district. In a field as large as the Wisconsin, which has only within comparatively recent time been worked intensively for zinc, the chances are good for opening new and important orebodies in parts of the district not yet, or insufficiently, prospected. However; the prospecting has been most successful around, or adjacent to, the old lead diggings of nearly a century ago, and the camps that were well known then are still centers of activity. In their order of importance they are: New Diggings, Ben-ton, Mifflin-Livingston, Galena, Linden, Hazel Green, Shullsburg, and Highland. The district is one of the best farming districts in Wisconsin, with deep fertile soil. The farms are large and well improved, and the towns are modern and prosperous. Railroad facilities are good and proximity to Chicago is an asset. Mining is usually done on a leasing system of 10

Jan 1, 1920

By S. J. Hruska

Rate expressions for the formation of two-and three-dimensional nuclei on foreign substrates are developed, taking into account previously neglected contributions to the standard Gibbs free energy of formation of critical nuclei. The temperature dependence of critical super saturation data predicted using these expressions is in accord with data for cadmium on copper and sodium on CsCl. EXPERIMENTAL data on the heterogeneous nuclea-tion of metal crystals from the vapor phase1&apos;2 exhibit the temperature dependence predicted by a nucleation rate equation derived by Pound et al.3 In their treatment, the critical nuclei are visualized according to the Volmer4 model as cap-shaped (three-dimensional). Accordingly, it seems desirable to compare these data with a nucleation rate equation which is derived on the assumption of disk-shaped (two dimensional) nuclei. Further, Lothe and Pound5 have recently shown that the standard Gibbs free energy of formation of these critical nuclei contains a contribution which has heretofore been neglected. Thus it is necessary to re-examine these nucleation data using a rate equation which contains this contribution. The van&apos;t Hoff isotherm relates n(i), the concentration of nuclei of critical size i (i = number of atoms), to nil), the concentration of adsorbed single atoms: where standard Gibbs free energy of formation of critical nuclei given by is temperature insensitive and is the bulk free energy change/volume of transformed material], T = substrate temperature and k = Boltzmann&apos;s constant. Previously,3 was determined by considering only the contributions of bulk and surface free energies in transforming i atoms from the population nil) to a cluster of i atoms. It has been shown5 that this procedure does not take into account the free energy contribution arising from the multiplicity of sites, q, where the clusters can be situated. If this contribution, -kT In q/n(l),is added to iG3 [Note that this increases n(i) by a factor q/n(l).] Since the above does not affect the remaining terms in the rate expression of Pound et al., the details are referred to their paper. The resulting nucleation rate is If the experimental AGV and T values at some common value of are employed, a plot of vs T(ln C3/l + In p&apos;) should yield a straight line of slope k/B<p and intercept . The corresponding plots for / = 1 nucleus per sq cm sec and C3 = 1018 are shown in Figs. 1 and 2 for cadmium on copper1 and sodium on CsCl2 and the values of obtained therefrom are entered in Table I. It is apparent that the data yield reasonable straight lines with about the same scatter as found using the equation of Pound et al. When the configuration of minimum free energy for a nucleus is a circular monatomic layer, the standard free energy of formation is

Jan 1, 1963

By John F. Blandy

With the Report of Mining Statistics, for the year 1872, there was published a geological map of the United States and Territories. This is, I believe, the only map which represents the geology of Arizona, and is, as far as my observations go, correct. It is, however, on so small a scale as to be of little practical value to the miner. I know of no other maps, even of localities, of this Territory. The topographical maps are also on so small a scale as not even to serve as guides from place to place; the largest, that of Eckhoff and Ricker, being only 30 by 30 inches to represent a territory of 135,000 square miles. For these reasons, it makes it exceedingly difficult to describe the various mining centres in an intelligent manner, and equally so to examine such a hilly country as it is intended to describe in this paper. When I first came into this Territory I soon realized the troubles I had to encounter in trying to form an opinion, or even to get the needed information on the geological contour. I have, therefore, labored as best I could to get a topographical diagram of the section of country represented by the map which accompanies this paper.* The lines run by the Land Department up the valleys of the Aqua Frio, and those west of the Hassayampa, and connected east and west to the north of Prescott, enabled me to inclose correctly the space covered by the Bradshaw and Sierra Prieta mountain groups, but the territory covered by these mountains, and the most difficult part, I have had to fill up as best I could. I have met with such success as to meet the approbation of those most familiar with the country, and, with the map in hand, any one would he able to cross it in any direction. As there has not been a single line of survey made across it, this has been no small undertaking, and I have had to depend upon sights from prominent points with the pocket-compass, or, in the absence of that, to make observations, with watch in hand, and guess as near as possible the meridian direction. Rut one main wagon-road passes through the district, that from Prescott to the Peck mine.

Jan 1, 1883

By Wilfred P. Sykes

AT intervals in the course of history an event occurs which, though scarcely heeded at the moment, marks in retrospect the beginning of a new era in some one field of human activity. Such a happening is perhaps more readily spotted in the field of technology than in other realms of human endeavor. Here the span of years is relatively short and the records have been kept with some degree of precision. In the current scene of our social and economic drama the art and science of metallurgy is playing a major role. Off stage will be found the metallurgist in one guise or another aiding, he trusts, in the development of processes and products which will contribute to the happiness of his fellow men. The results of his efforts appear in the form of metallic substances known as alloys built up from any two or more of the wide variety of metals which have been extracted from the mineral deposits in the earth&apos;s crust. An alloy by virtue of its inherent physical properties may seem ideally suited for human use in a special way but until this material can be produced economically it will fail to attain a place of prominence as an article of commerce. In fact many commercial alloys are being continually replaced by new or modified compositions better suited to meet the increasingly severe demands of industrial service.

Jan 1, 1939

By Oswald J. Heinrich

THE great improvements which have been made in late years in the different systems and instruments used to perforate the crust of the earth for purposes of testing and exploring for mineral resources or for other reasons, by means of bore-holes of greater or less diameter and to greater or less depths, are manifold. It may therefore be of interest to make an impartial comparison of them, or of such as are most commonly used. Being well aware of the difficulties which are encountered in such a task, a reasonable allowance must be made in such a comparison. It is a rare instance when even two decidedly different systems or instruments have been used in the same locality, penetrating identically the same strata to the same depth. The diameter of a borehole as well as its greater or less depth must also be considered in regard to its cost per foot, etc. But for practical purposes, for ex¬ploration at least, we may assert this rule Any borehole, of whatever diameter, which allows the means of examining the strata most carefully and completely, will be sufficient for this purpose, but that one which will do it most economically and in the least space of time, must be considered the best for it. It will, therefore, partially depend upon circumstances, what system, in spite of other superiorities, may be the best in each case, and the following remarks may aid in deciding this question. To make the attempt here to review all that has been published upon the different systems and means of boring would be out of place. Reference can be had to the able publications treating upon this subject. A difference in this respect exists in regard to the use of the hollow rods in connection with the diamond drill, used for that purpose. The great future, which appears to be evident for this instrument, will be warrant enough for any one, who has had the opportunity to test it, to give his experience to the public. Only in this way can we bring this system to such perfection, as it seems to deserve and * The drawings illustrating this paper are one-half the size of the tools represented, with the exception of the instrument used to reverse the current in the bore-hole (Fig. 17), which is one-third the actual size.

Jan 1, 1874

By C. C. Hawes

SILICA is the main impurity in iron ore. It is intimately associated with the iron oxide, sometimes free but more often in the combined state, as a mineral silicate. Its separation and purification sometimes present difficult problems to the analyst. In the absence of any definite knowledge to the contrary, orthosilicic acid. H4SiO4, is supposed to be the only silicic acid made, all other forms, such as metasilicic acid, H2SiO3, representing different degrees of its dehydration. These acids are exceedingly weak but form the most stable compounds found in nature. They are known as the silicate minerals and are formed by the combination of the different metallic oxides

Jan 1, 1936

By D. W. Brunton

Discussion of the paper of D. W. Brunton, presented at the Spokane meeting, September, 1909, and published in Bulletin No. 33, September, 1909, pp. 837 to 855. WILLIAM&apos; KENT, New York, N. Y.:-The Institute may congratulate itself on the opportunity of reading the splendid address of President Brunton. It is au admirable summary of the progress that has been made in the mining and metallurgical arts in recent years. The paper rightly give&apos;s the chief credit for this progress to the aid which has been rendered to these arts by the advances in mechanics, chemistry, and electricity. It is notable that most of the headings in Mr. Brunton&apos;s address refer to the work of the mechanical engineer, the electrical engineer, and the chemist, rather than to that of the specialist in mining-operations. It seems that. the most successful mining engineer of the present day is the one who makes the most intelligent application of the inventions and designs of engineers and others who are not directly engaged in mining. A tabulation&apos; of the headings of the address, grouped as below, shows this most clearly. Work of the Mechanical Engineer-Rock-drills, hoisting-machinery, tramming, pumping, ventilation, dredging, sampling, concentration, briquetting, fume-recovery. Work of the Electrical Engineer-Electric machinery for hoisting, pumping, tramming, lighting and signaling, electric . transmission, electric smelting. Work of the Chemist and Metallurgist-Explosives, chlorination, cyanidation, roasting, lead-smelting, and copper-smelting. Work of the Geologist-Economic geology. Work of the Mining Engineer-Mine-mapping, surface-mining, timbering, tunneling; and planning and supervision of the work in general. The mining engineer of the present day, who is in responsible charge of a large plant, finds his chief work not in doing

Jan 1, 1910

By H. E. Kramm

(New York Meeting, February, 1919.) DURING the summer of 1911, I had the opportunity to study in detail the geological conditions of what is known in northern California as " Harrison gulch," in Shasta county. Though the district, as a whole, that is, the western part of Shasta and the eastern part of Trinity county, has contributed during the last 15 years a considerable share of the gold-production credited to Shasta county, very little is known of its geology, perhaps because the country is covered with a dense growth of brush which makes exploration and prospecting extremely difficult. Topographically the district presents a succession of ridges trending approximately N-S.; and alternating with deep narrow canyons. The drainage is partly into . the Sacramento, partly into the Trinity river. Climatic conditions in summer time are almost ideal. It is true, the thermometer may climb to 115°, but the air is dry and the heat is bearable, especially as the nights are always cool. It seldom rains during the summer months, and creeks and springs dry out towards the end of the summer. The winter is severe, lasting from November to April, and usually a thick layer of snow covers the mountains. By reason of the character of its gold-deposits, the region is known to miners as "the pocket country." It contains a series ?of eruptive rocks intruded into slates, cherts, limestones, and conglomerates. Dikes, laccoliths, and batholiths are frequent. In a day&apos;s ride it is possible to find all the common igneous rocks from the very acid to the very basic. Serpentines are especially abundant.. The sedimentary rocks are, as rule, broken and shattered as well as folded, and show the effects of intense metamorphism. ? Pocket-hunters " speak of the contact of diabase and slate as the ? pocket-contact." Some rich gold-pockets, however, have also been found in the diabase.

Jul 1, 1912

By Hermann Bach, Walther Hänig, Willi Gehrhardt, Ernst Theurich, Walter Langner

With the construction of the Magdeburg zinc works, the Georg von Giesche&apos;s Erben Mining Co. of Breslau has to a certain extent completed the program of reconstruction which it set as its goal after the boundaries of Upper Silesia were drawn by the Treaty of Versailles. During its history, covering.more than two centuries, zinc and lead mining has been its chief activity. Through the new boundaries established, it lost to Poland all its mines and smelters, including five distillation smelters. Of its extensive properties, there remained only an apparently unimportant and unexplored portion of the old Bleischarley ore field which, however, happily made possible the resumption of its old business. In 1925 the Deutsch-Bleischarley shaft-only a few kilometers from the old Bleischarley shaft—was sunk and developed, and in May 1926 production of lead and zinc ore was resumed. As facilities for smelting were lacking, the ore was at first delivered to the neighboring smelters, which had now become Polish. Realization of the plan to build its own zinc works had to be postponed at first for lack of capital. In the meantime, however, plans for the new works were worked out in all details. After extensive experimentation in a semicommercial pilot plant it was decided, at the end of 1928 and the beginning of 1929, to use the electrolytic process and, for economic reasons, to place the works at Magdeburg. With zinc at the approximate price level that had ruled since the Deutsch-Bleischarley mine had begun working, it was hoped that the plan could be completed in 1930 with the company&apos;s own resources. However, falling metal prices, already noticeable in 1929, made this impossible, and further postponement for a time became necessary. Finally, at the end of July 1933, the funds for building the works became available, in the form of a loan granted under the first employment

Jan 1, 1937

By William G. Kegel

Aside from having a usable product and good mining conditions, the greatest asset for a profitable coal mining organization is an effective mine maintenance program. The first step in acquiring this is the presence of good mechanics-men who have a desire to be mechanics and who want to know more about the design and control of the machines in their charge. The knowledge and ability to be found in a good mechanic is the result of ambition, curiosity, and determination. With these qualities as a start, the aspiring mechanic can launch his career if he begins learning all he can about mechanics, electricity, and hydraulics. The path is rough, but the goal is rewarding. Mining machinery probably absorbs as much or more abuse than any other heavy equipment in use today. And when one considers the conditions under which much of the repair work must be done, it can be seen that the mine operator needs the best of men and tools to perform the service. MOTORS AND POWER SUPPLY Mining machines, from their inception, have utilized the electric motor; and down through the years of mechanization, this power source has undergone many changes to better adapt it to the job. The first motors used were large, heavy-framed, open d-c motors (direct current), using a series or shunt winding. A motor having one or more field coils connected in series and themselves in series with the armature, is called a series motor (Fig. 1). The series motor had the advantage of quickly developing starting torque, and it was, and still is, the best motor for locomotive or shuttle car tramming service. The series motor, however, speeds up as the load is reduced and, if not properly controlled, can overspeed. The shunt motor, as its name implies, has one or more field coils in

Jan 1, 1973

By I. J. Demer, M. L. Holzworth, J. C. Kremer, P. A. Beck

For alloys which are in practice heat treated to obtain increased strength, such as steels, duralumin, copper-beryllium, and others, the treatment usually involves heating to a relatively high temperature. At such temperatures the grain size of the product is largely determined by grain growth. Even in metals and alloys annealed merely to relieve work hardening, recrystal-lization is generally followed by a certain amount of grain growth. Thus, effective grain size control, which is often of great practical importance in manufacturing processes, depends on the grain growth behavior of the material used. Despite its importance, grain growth has been the subject of few investigations of a fundamental nature. The term "grain growth" has been used to designate a group of related, but distinctly different, phenomena. The two most important and best known of this group are illustrated by the following example. Curve a in Fig I shows the increase of the average grain size of a copper-beryllium alloy, containing 2 pct Be and 0.15 pct Co, with increasing annealing temperature. The time of annealing was 2 hr. The grain size was quite uniform in all specimens. The results of a similar experiment with an alloy containing 2 pct Be and 0.31 pct Co are shown by curve b It is seen that for any annealing temperature below T, the grain size was smaller than. in the previous case. Grain growth became slower with the higher Co content. This "inhibiting" effect of the higher Co addition was associated with the appearance in the microstructure of fine, light blue particles of the CoBe phase. Up to temperature T, the structure of the inhibited alloy (curve b) was just as uniform as the structures represented by curve a. However, after annealing at T or at higher temperatures, the inhibited alloy showed some extremely large grains (much larger than the grain sizes developed by the uninhibited alloy with low Co content) mixed with the small grains according to curve b. The presence of these mixed or "duplex" structures is indicated in Fig I by the vertical lines branching off curve b. The type of grain growth occurring in uninhibited Cu-Be alloys (curve a) has been most frequently and best investigated in brass. This type has been designated as "normal grain growth,&apos;&apos; while the grain growth phenomena occurring in inhibited materials were, at times, referred to as "abnormal grain growth." However, since the latter term has been applied occasionally to the phenomenon of critical recrystallization, which also results in large grains although by an entirely different mechanism, in the present paper a different nomenclature has been adopted in order to avoid confusion. Typical of the grain growth in uninhibited metals and alloys is the continuous

Jan 1, 1949

By J. J. Jakosky

The strategic importance of the metallic minerals in our industrial economy, and the declining rates of discovery have focused attention on means of exploration for new mineral deposits. A consideration of exploration techniques leads to an attempt to evaluate the effectiveness of geo- physics as a tool for mining exploration. One means of evaluation will be to compare the use of geophysics in petroleum exploration with its possible uses in mining.

Jan 1, 1949

By G. H. Clevenger

(Continuing the discussion of the paper of James Johnston, presented at the New York meeting, February, 1914, and printed in Bulletin No. 85, January, 1914, pp. 107 to 133.) This paper cannot fail of being of great interest and value to all who are interested in the cyanide process, on account of the important developments which it records. Mr. Johnston is to be commended for the large amount of detail which he gives, and the company and its management for permitting the publication of data of this character, which while of great value to others could well be considered private property. It might be discussed from a number of standpoints: First, as an example of recent practice in mill and cyanide plant construction; second, the mill practice; third, the cyanide practice; and fourth, the new features in cyanide treatment involved. Perhaps a more vivid way of expressing it would be : First, the equipment or tools with which the various operations are carried on, are they the best and most efficient which could have been selected for their respective uses; and, second, is the best use in every case made of these tools? It may be well inquired is the highest possible recovery of silver made at the lowest cost per ounce recovered? For after all, the making of the greatest ultimate profit is inseparably associated with successful metallurgical practice; there must therefore be at all times a careful balance maintained between recovery and cost of obtaining it. I wish to call attention in a very general way to the equipment used and to an anticipation of questions which are bound to arise in this connection. However, the. bulk of my discussion will be confined to the presentation of certain additional data, together with a more or less general discussion showing the line of development which leads up to the present practice and .the applicability of certain features of it to similar problems elsewhere. There are a number of vital points of broad general interest involved in Nipissing low-grade practice upon which metallurgists will by no means be agreed to which I wish to call particular attention in the hope that it will lead to the presentation of data y others of practice in other districts which will&apos; assist in reconciling this divergence of opinion.

Jan 7, 1914

CONTENTS RUSSIA-R. C.-BECKSTROM 3 VENEZUELA-F. H. KAY 9 TRINIDAD-W. J. MlLLARD 20 RUMANIA-1. I. GARDESCU 26

Jan 1, 1932

By Jack F. Harang, P. B. Leavenworth

Development during the year 1941 on the Texas Gulf Coast resulted in the dis covery of 27 new fields as compared to 26 fields for the year 1940. Drilling.—During the year, 1405 wells were drilled. Of this number, 1031 were completed as oil wells with 375,000 bbl. daily of new production; 50 were com pleted as gas wells and 324 were failures. The most active area was Jackson County, where 375 wells were drilled and 336 of them accounting for 190,000 bbl. daily of new production. Types of Fields.—Of the 2 7 new fields, 14 are considered to be oil fields, 8 are listed as gas-distillate fields and 5 as gas fields. This may be compared to 26 fields found in 1940, of which 14 were oil fields and 12 gas-distillate fields. Producing Sections.—Frio discoveries retained their predominant position by having 10 Frio fields discovered in comparison to 6 fields in the Wilcox, 4 in the Yegua, 5 in the Miocene and 2 in the Jackson. In the previous year 15 Frio fields were found, 4 in the Wilcox, 2 each in the Yegua, Cook Mountain and Miocene, and I in the Jackson. Production.—Production increased over 1940 approximately 10 per cent, being 113,726,893 bbl. for the year 1941 and 104,127,247 bbl. for 1940. The statistics in Tables I and 2 include distillate and condensate as oil production because no separate reports have been compiled. It is hoped that this separation may be possible some day, but as a great many fields produce both oil and distillate and these arc commingled in pipe lines, separation of statistics will be more difficult than for other areas. New Fields Big Hill, Jefferson County.—Stanolind Oil and Gas Company&apos;s No. I George D. Anderson was completed as a gas well from a Frio sand at 8705 to 8720 ft., on Dec. 24, 1941, after having been drilled to a depth of 9500 ft. Additional development is being carried on but it is not possible to evaluate this discovery at this time. Brushy Creek Field, Lavaca County.— Shell Oil Corporation&apos;s No. I D. G. McManus was completed as the discovery well in the Brushy Creek field on Oct. 29, 1941, from a Wilcox sand through perforations at 7225 to 7230 ft., making gas and 180 bbl. of 59° gravity distillate. This well was bottomed at 10,998 ft. in the Wilcox. No statement can be made at this time as to the importance of this discovery. Chenango Field, Brazoria County.—J. N. Rayzor et al. completed their No. I Sarah J. Christian through perforations at 8564 to 8572 ft. in a Frio sand, for 453 bbl. of 37.7° gravity oil, on Feb. 6, 1941, after having drilled to 9564 ft. Several wells were drilled in this area during the year but failed to establish important production. This is considered a minor discovery. Clodine Field, Fort Bend County.—Providence Oil Company&apos;s No. I Hatfield was the discovery well of the Clodine field, being completed through perforations at 7499 to 7502 ft. for 108 bbl. of 51.2° gravity distillate, on June 19, 1941. The well was bottomed at 8090 ft. Several wells

Jan 1, 1942

By P. B. Leavenworth, Jack F. Harang

Development during the year 1941 on the Texas Gulf Coast resulted in the dis covery of 27 new fields as compared to 26 fields for the year 1940. Drilling.—During the year, 1405 wells were drilled. Of this number, 1031 were completed as oil wells with 375,000 bbl. daily of new production; 50 were com pleted as gas wells and 324 were failures. The most active area was Jackson County, where 375 wells were drilled and 336 of them accounting for 190,000 bbl. daily of new production. Types of Fields.—Of the 2 7 new fields, 14 are considered to be oil fields, 8 are listed as gas-distillate fields and 5 as gas fields. This may be compared to 26 fields found in 1940, of which 14 were oil fields and 12 gas-distillate fields. Producing Sections.—Frio discoveries retained their predominant position by having 10 Frio fields discovered in comparison to 6 fields in the Wilcox, 4 in the Yegua, 5 in the Miocene and 2 in the Jackson. In the previous year 15 Frio fields were found, 4 in the Wilcox, 2 each in the Yegua, Cook Mountain and Miocene, and I in the Jackson. Production.—Production increased over 1940 approximately 10 per cent, being 113,726,893 bbl. for the year 1941 and 104,127,247 bbl. for 1940. The statistics in Tables I and 2 include distillate and condensate as oil production because no separate reports have been compiled. It is hoped that this separation may be possible some day, but as a great many fields produce both oil and distillate and these arc commingled in pipe lines, separation of statistics will be more difficult than for other areas. New Fields Big Hill, Jefferson County.—Stanolind Oil and Gas Company&apos;s No. I George D. Anderson was completed as a gas well from a Frio sand at 8705 to 8720 ft., on Dec. 24, 1941, after having been drilled to a depth of 9500 ft. Additional development is being carried on but it is not possible to evaluate this discovery at this time. Brushy Creek Field, Lavaca County.— Shell Oil Corporation&apos;s No. I D. G. McManus was completed as the discovery well in the Brushy Creek field on Oct. 29, 1941, from a Wilcox sand through perforations at 7225 to 7230 ft., making gas and 180 bbl. of 59° gravity distillate. This well was bottomed at 10,998 ft. in the Wilcox. No statement can be made at this time as to the importance of this discovery. Chenango Field, Brazoria County.—J. N. Rayzor et al. completed their No. I Sarah J. Christian through perforations at 8564 to 8572 ft. in a Frio sand, for 453 bbl. of 37.7° gravity oil, on Feb. 6, 1941, after having drilled to 9564 ft. Several wells were drilled in this area during the year but failed to establish important production. This is considered a minor discovery. Clodine Field, Fort Bend County.—Providence Oil Company&apos;s No. I Hatfield was the discovery well of the Clodine field, being completed through perforations at 7499 to 7502 ft. for 108 bbl. of 51.2° gravity distillate, on June 19, 1941. The well was bottomed at 8090 ft. Several wells

Jan 1, 1942

By Kenneth S. Ritchie

THE discovery well of the world&apos;s -deepest oil producing structure, University 1-B of Group No. One Oil Corporation, in the Big Lake oil field, Reagan County, Texas, has had a remarkable record. The well is outstanding for the following reasons: (1) It is the world&apos;s pioneer well to produce. oil in commercial quantities from a structure 8500 ft. below the earth&apos;s . surface; (2) this well was the only. producer from the 8500-ft. pay for a period of 17 months and 24 days; (3) the flow of the discovery well has been free from-the customary changes at the casinghead, with the exception of putting on a back-pressure of 185 lb.; and, (4) the well&apos;s daily production of oil and gas increased rather steadily for 17 months and 18 days from an initial of 40 bbl. per day to a maximum of 2926 bbl. per day, and then six months later, after a period of decline and self-readjustment to subsurface changes caused by six more deep producers, the well set its real record for one day&apos;s production of oil at 2950 bbl

Jan 1, 1931

George A. Packard, Boston, Mass. (communication to the Secretary†):—The very interesting results obtained by Prof. Hofman and his assistants came to my attention when I had temporarily assumed charge of the metallurgical department of the Missouri School of Mines, and had found it, pending the completion of a new building, lacking a furnace in which to roast ore preparatory to the customary lead blast-furnace run. An attempt at lime-roasting had been already determined upon, but the use of a charge which would make a slag of definite composition was a new idea. The results following were obtained by Messrs. Aubrey Fellows, J. C. Long, E. R. Wash, and Dr. T. C. Tseung, under my supervision. It is regretted that the data are not more complete; but the work was done simply incidentally to securing the desired ore for the blast-

Jan 1, 1908

By AIME AIME

THE Fall Meetings of the Institute of Metals Division and of the Iron and Steel Division were held in Cleveland from Tuesday, Oct. 20, to Thursday, Oct. 22, as a part of the National Metal Congress. The registration at the technical sessions was something over 450 and the attendance at the joint dinner of the two Divisions on Wednesday evening taxed the capacity of the dining room. The president of the British Institute of Metals, W. R. Barclay, consulting metallurgist to the Mond Nickel Co., Ltd.; of London, was in attendance at several of the technical sessions and was one of the after-dinner speakers at the banquet. He commented on the desirability of greater international amity and cooperation in these troubled times and of the role that technical societies, such as the A. I. M. E. and his own British Institute of Metals, can and indeed are playing in bringing this to pass, with their membership and contacts reaching to all parts of the world. He also referred to the new reciprocal membership arrangements in effect between the A.I.M.E. and the British Institute of Metals.

Jan 1, 1936