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By Jan Wolf

The iron ore industry presently utilizes two types of de-posits. The first are the high grade deposits generally located in remote areas and, secondly, the low grade de-posits which are normally found nearer to the steel-making centers. The high grade deposits produce a direct shipping ore which has an iron content which may be close to the maxi-mum 70% of Fe. These deposits have reserves which are ex-pressed in billions of tons. The ore needs little or no up-grading and where this is performed is restricted to ore washing. With the large demand for iron ore pellets, plus a national drive to perform as much of the upgrading as possible in the native country, there is a trend to erecting pellet plants at the mine location~ Large iron ore suppliers such as Australia, Brazil, Venezuela and Liberia already have pellet plants in operation, and there are new plants projected or expansion projects under study. The low grade ores are mined at locations closer to steel mills such as in Minnesota, Michigan and Canada. These low grade ores require methods of beneficiation to obtain a commercially accept-able product with the modern beneficiation techniques it is no~, possible to produce iron ore pellets of 68% Fe and 4.5% silica from ores containing as low as 26% Fe. Figure 1 gives a general picture of the types of iron ores and their beneficiation. The final product of the high grade ore is a coarse concentrate, sinter product or pellets. The final product of the low grade ores is pellets and, in some cases, coarse concentrates.

Jan 1, 1971

By M. M. Rajkovich, L. Adams, J. J. Zaluski, S. Gardner

In 1998, Kentuckians for the Commonwealth filed an Administrative Petition with the Kentucky Natural Resources and Environmental Protection Cabinet to designate 8,903 +/- hectares (22,000 +/- acres) on Black Mountain, which contains the state’s highest point, as unsuitable for mining. A fast track legislative process was triggered which could have "taken"100 million tons of coal reserves or, in the alternative, imposed severe restrictions on mining. Even with all parties represented by reasonable individuals, this process can be extremely cumbersome and expensive. The legal and technical preparation for this unusual hearing process as well as issues and strategies of the negotiated resolution are reviewed.

Jan 1, 2000

By P. E. Damon

An arsenal of isotopic techniques is avail-able that can date the full range of hydrothermal ore deposits. The following are prerequisites for ideal results: (1) Careful collection of samples that are related to the event in a field and process context; (2) Optical examination of the component selected for dating to be sure that it has not been altered; (3) Careful preparation of a pure component of the sample selected for dating; (4) Precise and accurate measurement; (5) Knowledgeable interpretation of the data with reference to decay systematics, properties of the component analyzed as well as the field context and thermochemical environment of the ore process.

Jan 1, 1992

By X. P. Zheng

Barium fluorphlogopites were synthesized in the laboratory in order to investigate the effects of composition and crystal parameters on surface properties and floatability. The negative surface charge of mica is determined by the barium content, the crystal cell volume, the distance between layer structure and the Ba-O bond length. The higher barium content, the larger the cell volume and distance between the layer structure and the longer the Ba-O bond, the more negatively charged the surface is and hence the more easily adsorbed to cationic collectors. When an anionic collector (sodium oleate) is used, barium oleate forms on the mica surface and hence chemical adsorption occurs.

Jan 1, 1993

By Karin Bäppler

A new polyhalite fertilizer mine is currently being developed in the UK by Anglo American Crop Nutrients. The project includes the construction of a Mineral Transport Tunnel almost 37 kms long to house a conveyor belt that will move polyhalite from the production shaft at the mine to a materials handling facility at the port. The project sets a new standard in terms of an ultra-long tunnel drive and sustainable, environmentally friendly and efcient material transport. The paper highlights in particular the . m diameter TBM in use for the construction of the ultra-long tunnelling section.

Jun 23, 2024

By Kyle Kittle, Kyle Knaeble, Albert Ruiz, Gregory Raines, Ryan Gewargis

The Chimney Hollow Reservoir Project (CHRP) is located southwest of Loveland, Colorado. CHRP is a component of the Windy Gap Firming Project, operated by the Municipal Subdistrict of the Northern Colorado Water Conservancy District. The inlet/outlet tunnel (IOT) for CHRP contains a reinforced concrete lined alve Chamber with PC membrane waterproong that was ecavated via seuential ecavation method to a diameter of feet. The IOT was ecavated using both drill and blast and road header with ground support consisting of steel sets, rock bolts, wire mesh and shotcrete. The IOT will withstand 300 feet of water head and rock ll surcharge load from the dam embankment constructed over the tunnel.

Jun 23, 2024

By T. V. Ramey

Heap leaching in certain parts of the world, such as Chile's Atacama Desert, brings unique design problems in the form of possible large differential settlements of the foundation soils due to the dissolution of salts in northern Chile the soils often contain very high concentrations of soluble salts (nitrates, potassium, magnesium, and common sodium). When a leak in the liner occurs, the escaping solution dissolves these salts and triggers differential settlement. If the settlement is great enough, the geo-membrane tears, the leakage increases, triggering more differential settlement. The nitrate plants have experienced many occurrences of this phenomenon where a brine pond will undergo a sudden and complete loss of the impounded liquors. The authors present a simplified technique to quantify the differential settlement resulting from dissolution and provide a method which can be used to select a geo-membrane with suitable flexibility under axi-symmetric (multi-axial) load conditions to tolerate the predicted settlement. (This paper was previously published for Randol Gold Forum 1996 [Ref. 6]).

Jan 1, 1997

By H. C. Harrell

The Tennessee Valley Authority began employing geophysical well logging for foundation investigations in October 1973. Since that time more than 3,000 holes have been evaluated for engineering purposes. The Tennessee Valley Authority has not actively used geo-physical well logging for exploration of construction materials, but we feel that much of the information derived from geophysical logs for foundation exploration is applicable to the construction materials industry. This paper will then discuss geophysical logging as applied to foundation engineering and, by implication, the feasibility of use in construction materials exploration. The use of geophysical logging and percussion drilling instead of coring has greatly expanded TVA's data acquisition capabilities and has also resulted in substantial savings in time and money. Economical boreholes are obtained through the use of large percussion track drills (Figure 1). This equipment is capable of drilling through the overburden, setting steel casing on the top of rock, and drilling the rock beneath the casing. Holes as deep as 400 feet (121.9 m) have been drilled by this method.

Jan 1, 1977

By J. L. Watson

n the U.S., lead has been produced via blast furnace processing for over a century, and the slags from that pyro-metallurgical process have been accumulating on industrial sites over that extended period. Lead blast furnace slags typically contain both lead and zinc compounds in an iron-silicate matrix, and it appears highly likely that such materials will have to be processed in the near future to meet with EPA regulations. Thus it is appropriate to investigate possible processing routes to render the slags non-hazardous and simultaneously to recover metal values to partially off-set the inherent high cost of processing such materials. There are two major processing alternatives: one being pyrometallurgical and the other hydrometallurgical. The research reported here investigates leaching/solution purification/recovery processes for lead and presents experimental data for the treatment of lead blast furnace slags from S.E. Missouri. The results of the research suggest that both lead and zinc can be removed effectively from the slag, and that metallic lead can be recovered directly from the organic extractant utilized for solution purification.

Jan 1, 1995

By K. T. Brashear, N. Ripepi

"Over recent years, specifically following the MINER Act of 2006, an increasing number of manufacturers of underground mine seals in the United States have begun using a form of pumpable cement or shotcrete to create barriers separating the working and abandoned sections of underground coal mines. This seal material, while generally considered to be homogenous and solid, contains a network of microcracks, voids, and delaminations. Generally, it has been assumed that methane (CF4) leakage around these seals is a result of movement around the boundary interface between the seal and surrounding strata. Using a perfluorinated tracer compound, perfluoromethyl-cyclohexane (PMCH), the movement of gases can be monitored through seal material to observe how gases move though the material, both intact and with faulting in the material. This paper documents two large experiments where the movement of PMCH was monitored in the field, along with modeling confirmation using 3D visualization software. INTRODUCTION According to a report in 2007, there were over 14,000 active mine seals in underground U.S. coal mines alone (Zipf, Sapko, & Brune, 2007). These seals are used for both ventilation and safety purposes, to direct the flow of air away from the abandoned area of the mine and to help eliminate the propagation of explosions that can occur on the outby side of the mine seal. The atmosphere on the outby side of these seals typical consists of low levels of methane that have the potential of producing leakage along the face of the seal on the inby side. Methane leakage around mine seals has historically been attributed to the permeability between the seal and mine interface (McPherson, 1993). According to the United States Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) between 2003 and 2012 an average of 17 deaths occurred annually in underground bituminous coals mines. The only time during the ten-year period where the fatalities were higher than the average was in 2006 and 2010, years which had three major explosions occurring in underground coal mines in West Virginia and Kentucky. Two of the explosions were propagated through the mine by seal failure or methane leakage around newly poured seals (Light, et al., 2007) (Gates, et al., 2006). These recent events, and new regulations regarding seal strength (MINER Act), have created a need to monitor the condition of underground mine seals. BACKGROUND Measuring the permeability of solid materials, such as concrete or seal materials, can be a valuable tool in the field of non-destructible testing (NDT). By using an inert gas, such as nitrogen, injecting the gas into a solid structure, and measuring the resultant flow rate and pressure differential, this can provide valuable information about the structure. Studies have shown permeability can be affected by the stresses applied to the structure, as well as temperature and moisture (Choinska, Khelidj, Chatzigeorgious, & Pijaudier-Cabot, 2007) (Abbas, Carcasses, & Olliver, 1999)."

Jan 1, 2015

By Reynold Q. Shotts

One often sees in the papers, in these days of ecological consciousness, estimates of the quantity of land that has been "devasted," "ruined," or "destroyed," by surface or strip mining, especially for coal. One feels sure that coal miners must have been the first to discover the art of excavation and that the public didn't know of its existance until five or 10 years ago! Estimates of the acreage vary widely with most of them sounding somewhat unreal. One estimate of 175,000 acres in Alabama appeared in one newspaper article and the implication was that all of this was mining for coal. The question was raised anew last summer when the author began working on a land use estimate utilizing aerial photographs, a preliminary project to the Alabama Earth Resources Technology Satellite (ERTS) contract presently being fulfilled. One land use category was barren or waste land and aside from some sand beaches in the two coastal counties in Alabama, recently strip mined land constituted most of that category. It quickly became apparent that old stripping was very hard to detect so that estimates from aerial photographs are not accurate. With regard to relatively new stripping, a thin veneer of reflective dirt washed over the countryside may result in a considerable overestimate of the excavated area. Actually, there is a way to estimate the area excavated by strip mining using published Bureau of Mines figures. At least three sets of data are needed: (1) Coal production figures, (2) average thickness of coalbeds mined, and (3) an accurate recovery figure.

Jan 1, 1973

By Sunfangze Liu, Xumeng Chen, Yongjun Peng

Efficient separation of naturally hydrophobic gangue, such as talc and carbonaceous materials, from sulphide minerals in flotation is becoming a significant challenge in many processing plants due to the need to process lower grade and more complex ores. Considering the hydrophobic nature of these gangue minerals, prefloating them at the beginning of the flotation circuit in the absence of collectors and rejecting the concentrate is a common practice to remove these gangue minerals. However, sulphide minerals, such as chalcopyrite, can become naturally floatable due to surface oxidation and therefore may float together with naturally hydrophobic gangue. In this study, a new approach was developed to maximize the prefloat of hydrophobic gangue while minimizing the loss of sulphide minerals. The new approach introduced a prefloat cleaner stage where sulphide minerals recovered to the prefloat concentrate was depressed and separated from other hydrophobic gangue minerals at a low pulp potential with the prefloat cleaner tailing fed back to the main sulphide flotation circuit. Flotation tests were conducted using chalcopyrite and organic carbon. The results show that the proposed approach can significantly reduce the loss of valuable minerals in the prefloat flotation without affecting the reject of naturally hydrophobic gangue. Applying pulp potential control at the prefloat cleaner flotation stage also reduces the consumption of reducing agents while minimizing the effect of reducing agents on downstream rougher flotation.

Nov 23, 2020

By R. Brändle, R. Luis-Fonseca, R. Cornejo, G. Fischer, G. Von Rickenbach, J. Jarufe

Rock damage around underground excavations has been an important hazard in mines and tunnels. Rock dilation generates buckling that needs to be contained before it causes damage to equipment or safety concerns to mine workers. In seismically active mines, rockburst occurrence has been widely recognized as one of the most important hazards in deep mines and tunnels. While there is a wide range of cases where rockburst hazard can be mitigated through dedicated excavation sequences, reentry procedures or exclusion zones, there are still many situations where large unexpected rockbursting may occur, relying only on rock support as the last mitigation measure to prevent production and safety losses. Considering the previous situations, surface support as mesh, plays a major role containing the failed/ejected rock and providing a safe working environment to the underground operations. While there have been considerable achievements in improving mesh resistance, with more than 26Kj/m2 of energy dissipation capacity, there is still a lack of research in the overlapping mechanism and load transfer between contiguous mesh elements. This paper presents the state of the art in static and dynamic analysis of welded and rolled mesh overlaps, based on experimentation carried on by Geobrugg in their Research Center, leaving clearly established that the difference in meshes is not only in levels of energy absorption, but also concluding that in the case of high resistance rolled meshes overlapping is not necessary and the transmission of stresses can be fully guaranteed by using suitable connecting elements. All these characteristics, supported by operational advantages as light weight and mechanized mesh installation, provides a considerable improvement in safety and productivity, improving the economic value of the project

Apr 26, 2022

By J. D. Decker, T. E. Norman

Introduction Grinding is the reduction of ore and similar raw materials to particle sizes below the practical limits of commercial crushing ma¬chines. This size is about 36 in. (1 cm), in most cases, although some finer crushing machines are in regular use. The feed size to grinding machines may range upward to S in. in rod mills, and 12 in. or more in autogenous mills. The finest particle sizes produced in mineral processing operations result from grinding. Ordinary grinding of brittle materials is the result of impacting, rolling, and abrasion of heavy bodies, moving freely under the influ¬ence of gravity. These falling and rolling grinding bodies, which are usually of metal, must be much heavier and larger than the ore parti¬cles they break. This weight relationship is usually in excess of 100: 1. The sustained fall of the grinding bodies is obtained by placing them, together with the rock particles they grind, in a rotating drum or cylinder with horizontal axis, called a tumbling mill. The mill is nearly half full of grinding bodies and ore particles, which may be fed into one end and exit from the other through hollow trunnions which usually serve as the mill bearings. The mill lining must be thick to absorb wear and rough to prevent excessive slippage of the charge. The breakage of brittle rock or ore is accomplished by compression. The compression may be a rapid impact, from the fall and roll of a grinding ball, or it may result from the relatively slow and constrained motion as in a jaw crusher. Breakage by shear is a secondary result of the compressive motion. Ordinary rock has an extremely heterogenous structure with innumerable zones of weakness in which cracks, fractures, and breakages can form. When a rock is subjected to com¬pression it deforms. If the compressive force exceeds a certain critical value an incipient crack appears in the most fragile zones of weakness. This crack tip may first form on the particle surface or in its interior. When the first crack tip forms the compressive stresses immediately surrounding it flow to it, and this concentration of forces extends the crack and splits the rock. Other adjacent cracks may form during this extremely rapid process. Because of the nature of brittle particles, the work done in breaking them consists essentially of the work input required to compress them to the point at which the first crack tip forms. Breakage requires no appreciable additional energy input be¬yond that required for the deformation, since the stress energy already imported to the rock flows to the crack tip and extends it to breakage. Types of Tumbling Mills The general term tumbling mill includes the rod mill, ball mill, pebble mill, autogenous mill, and tube mill. It is of cylindrical or cylindro-conical shape and rotates about its horizontal axis. Rotational speed, liner type, and size and shape of tumbling media are selected to provide the desired operating conditions for the specific grinding application. Openings are provided through the mill ends for feed and discharge of the material being ground. A common feature of tumbling mills is the use of tumbling media

Jan 1, 1985

By Jens Classen, Martino Gatti

"GENERAL PROJECT DATAThe Sparvo Tunnel is part of the “Variante di Valico” project, a new 65km (40mi) highway link between Bologna and Florence, designed to renew the existing A1 route which connects Bologna and Florence. It is composed of 2 x 2,5km (1,55mi) twin tunnels excavated inside a complex geological context, characterized by the presence of a series of surface landslides and methane gas.The inclination is 2,6 % and the minimum radius is 1.400m (4.600ft). The two tunnel tubes were excavated by a 15,6m (51ft) diameter EPB-TBM from summer 2011 to summer 2013. The internal diameter of the concrete lining is 13,6m (44,5ft), made up of precast concrete segments 2m (6,5ft) long and 70cm (28”) thick, being the largest and heaviest segments ever produced. Excavation went smooth apart from initial problems concerning clogging problems and a main bearing damage of the TBM, which are discussed in a further paper during the congress. No structural damage was observed until the end of the TBM drives.SITE OBSERVATIONS DURING THE POST-EXCAVATION PHASEThe first evidence of the stress state of the segmental lining appeared on November 20, 2013 inside the northern tube (1st drive). Ring No. 884 showed obvious signs of overstress, resulting in spalling and crushing of the concrete, and the subsequent bending of the reinforcement, as visible in figure 1.At this time the tunnel invert was already partially backfilled, and construction traffic was running through the tunnel. First safety measures included closing of the tunnel, and initial measurements of the displacements."

Jan 1, 2016

The Putnam Coal Mine, at design capacity, will be the third largest underground bituminous coal mine in the world and will feature the world's longest single flight belt conveyor. Construction is now in process; initial mining will commence in early 1969 and design capacity will be reached in 1971. I'm Jerry Workman, Assistant Mining Manager for the Coal Group of the Mining and Metals Division of Union Carbide Corporation, and I am acting as Project Manager for installation and start-up of the Putnam Mine. The Putnam Coal Mine reserves are located in south-central West Virginia and contain approximately 27,000 acres of prime Pittsburgh No. 8 coal; reserves are sufficient to support a 3.5 MM tons per year operation for over 30 years. The mine portal area is located some six miles inland from the Kanawha River. The river loading facility is located approximately 156 miles by way of river from the market.

Jan 1, 1968

By E. A. Barrett, L. L. Rethi

Throughout all segments of the United States mining industry, 163 independent contractor employees were fatally injured between 1990 and 1997. Factors that contributed to these injuries were identified after reviewing descriptive information contained in Mine Safety and Health Administration fatality reports for each of the incidents. Thirty-three unique contributing factors were identified and multiple factors were noted for each fatality. Those most frequently discerned were "failure to follow `standard operating procedures"', (35% of the fatalities), "poor positioning of employee" (26% of the fatalities) and "failure to maintain equipment" (23% of the fatalities). Contributing factors were then associated with the accident and job classifications of the victims. Factors having the highest frequencies in the top five accident classifications where most fatalities occurred were as follows: powered haulage - "failure to maintain equipment"; machinery - "poor positioning of employee"; slip/fall of person - "inadequate fall protection" and "failure to wear safety line"; electrical - "equipment contact with power line"; and falling/rolling/sliding rock - "poor positioning of employee. " Among the job classifications in which most fatalities occurred, leading contributing factors were as follows: truck driver - "failure to follow standard operating procedures" and "poor positioning of employee"; laborer/utility man/pumper - "poor positioning of employee"; mechanic/ repairman and welder - "failure to follow standard operating procedures." Recommendations for utilizing contributing factor information as a basis for safety training are proposed. Training programs may be developed that inform independent contractor employees of factors which, in the past, have contributed to fatal injuries in their job classifications. Then, by combining this information with contributing factors identified in "related" accident classifications, a truly focused training intervention that addresses very specific workplace hazards may he developed.

Jan 1, 2002

By Roger M. Buckeridge, Charles D. Reese, Silvio M. Martino, William T. Carey, Ansel H. Graham

FUNCTIONS OF RAIL HAULAGE SYSTEMS The principal application of rail haulage in under¬ground mining is in the movement of ore or coal pro¬duction from near the mining areas out to a processing plant. In some cases, such production haulage may end at a shaft pocket or slope belt conveyor transfer station, depending on the type of mine and the geo¬logical placement of the mineral being mined. Main-Line Haulage The basic reasons for choosing main-line rail haul¬age are high-tonnage production per shift and long haulage distances. The choice between rail and other systems, such as belt conveyors, is not easy and requires an integrated study of many factors: tonnage, distance, grade, product size, number of producing areas, ore reserve, safety, capital cost, operational and maintenance cost, and the mining system. Projecting a main-line rail haulage system for com¬parison with other systems requires a choice of many variables which are interrelated. The project must start with consideration of the mining system, tonnages per day, distances and grades, and loading and dumping conditions. Rail mine cars of different sizes and types are studied. High tonnage demands consideration of wider track gages. A suggested minimum for metal mines is 914.4 mm (36 in.); for coal mines, 1066.8 mm (42 in.). The choice of the train size should be governed by tonnage per shift, physical factors of loading and dumping, cycle time, and the number of trains that can be operated and safely controlled. After the size of the train is determined, the type, size, and specifi¬cations of the locomotive can be selected. The loco¬motive may be trolley, battery, or diesel; selection guides are discussed elsewhere in this chapter. The advantages of rail main-line haulage are high tonnage capacity, flexibility, reliability, safety, low operational and maintenance cost, and dual usage of the system (supply haulage, for example). The dis¬advantages are high capital investment, high installation cost, the requirement for more maintenance facilities, and restriction to certain ore reserves and mine pro¬jections. Supply Haulage Supply haulage is a basic requirement of any mine, but the type and volume of supplies vary with the type of mineral being mined, the mining methods, and the size of the mine. A mine developed for rail main¬line haulage gains supply haulage through the addition of a secondary track system to extend the main line closer to the producing areas. Additional haulage equipment, generally smaller, is also added. It is neces¬sary to design into the rail system more switch bypass points and train control systems. The track system standards demanded by rail main-line haulage con¬tribute to the reliability and efficiency of the supply haulage function, whereas a supply track system to supplement other haulage systems often suffers from poorer track and installation standards. When belt conveyors are chosen for production haulage, a rail supply haulage system is often installed rather than using rubber-tired vehicles for supply haul¬age. The conditions of the seam or ore body create these items for consideration: haulage grade of more than 6% favors rubber-tired vehicles; longer haulage distances favor rail; difficulty in maintaining a smooth roadway favors rail; and movement beyond the end of a rail system generally requires rubber-tired vehicles, making a single system rather than a dual system attractive. Although operation of a supply haulage system may be concentrated on a single shift of a multiple-shift mining operation, proper planning and supervision are required if the haulage is to be efficient. Often the newer personnel at a mine are assigned to supply haul¬age which may add to the difficulty of obtaining maxi¬mum efficiency. Supply haulage by rail offers the advantages of high reliability, lower maintenance, and high efficiency over long distances. The disadvantages are less flexibility, high installation costs, and rubber-tired vehicles for use beyond the inby end of track often required. Personnel Movement The efficient and comfortable movement of the miner to and from his work area has a significant effect on his daily output. Minimizing man-trip time also becomes more and more important as hourly wages increase. Personnel are generally moved over a rail system by one of three methods: a specialized personnel carrier to which a certain number of men who work in a certain area are assigned; a combination vehicle, used to carry personnel but also capable of being used as a light supply/utility locomotive during a working shift; and man-trip cars towed by a supply locomotive. The first and second methods are used in coal mines where long distances make speed and comfort important. The third method is more common in metal mines. Equipment Movement As mining equipment technology has advanced, many mining machines and their subcomponents have grown in size. This trend requires careful planning for adding specialized carriers to handle the movement of larger equipment. Continuous miners, longwall equipment, raise borers, and ventilation equipment are examples of machines which may be difficult to move and which require special handling. The selection of the weight, speed, and operating characteristics of supply locomotives used to move equipment is important. Larger mines may often justify a special group of loco¬motives for this application.

Jan 1, 1982

By David Kress

Grinding mills, both autogenous and ball can be powered by several basic means. The three methods used today are girth gear drives, gearless drives and trunnion coupled reducers. This paper will focus on the first of these methods -girth gear drives. The girth gear drive has been used on thousands of mills which continue to operate successfully. These drives are noted for their simplicity and low cost. In the past, the horsepower capacity of girth gears has been slow to keep up with the horsepower increase required by the mill builders, particularly since the advent of the SAG mill. Gear manufacturers had capacity for 2000 HP mills in the 1950's, 5000 HP in the 1960's and 6500 horsepower in the 1970's. The 70's and 80's brought dual pinion girth gear drives which allowed mill sizes beyond 10,000 horsepower. Gear manufactures who could not keep up with the pace of the horsepower demands and the quality and reliability demanded by the mill builders and users have fallen by the wayside.

Jan 1, 1991

By O. V. Bush

Most governments recognize that energy efficiency represents a partial solution to reducing global capital shortages and environmental crises that threaten to seriously impede economic growth. Much of the United States and many foreign countries are embracing the concept of Integrated Resource Planning (IRP) which incorporates Supply Side Management (SSM) and Demand Side Management (DSM). Since SSM comes at twice to three times the cost of DSM, it makes economic sense to employ the energy conservation techniques of DSM. This paper will explain these concepts and some of the incentives being put forward by governments and utilities to promote DSM.

Jan 1, 1995