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By S C. Dominy

Gravity amenable gold ores are those that after comminution produce liberated particles, composites and/or carriers that can be recovered by gravity separation means. Recovery depends upon mineralisation type and the comminution and concentration method used. Any in situ ore with more than 20 per cent of gold greater than 100 µm in size is likely to have a strong gravity recoverable component. A less traditional approach is where the gold is sulfide-locked and the gold carrier plus any liberated gold is recovered via continuous gravity recovery following fine crushing. Specific tests are undertaken to determine the level of gravity amenable gold within a deposit. The principal methodology is the gravity recoverable gold (GRG) test, which consists of three sequential liberation and recovery stages. For continuous gravity recovery (CGR), the sample is fed over a laboratory Wilfley table to simulate continuous recovery of the gold. Tails from the feed can be progressively re-ground and re-tabled to develop a grade-recovery curve. Primary geology and gold particle size-distribution have a strong effect on the mass of sample required to provide representative results for both tests. Where low-grade ore contains very coarse gold, substantially larger sample masses are required. Experience has shown that GRG and CGR values can vary throughout an orebody, particularly within different geological-grade domains. A testing regime must consider sample frequency and support.

Sep 5, 2011

By A Giblett, B Putland

This paper provides a simple guiding framework for grinding circuit optimisation, focussing on common themes in past optimisation success stories, the conditions for success and techniques that can be employed to identify and define opportunities. Many significant grinding circuit improvements have been reported for operating plants, based on recurring themes such as the optimisation of mill feed size, mill liner design, process control, critical size, grinding media and classification. The paper condenses these experiences into a set of simple questions for the operator to ask, and provides guidance towards identifying and achieving the optimisation goals.CITATION:Giblett, A and Putland, B, 2018. The basics of grinding circuit optimisation, in Proceedings 14th AusIMM Mill Operators' Conference 2018, pp 129–140 (The Australasian Institute of Mining and Metallurgy: Melbourne).

Aug 29, 2018

By C Mann, S Swapp

"The mining industry is often challenged with the task of evaluating narrow vein open pit deposits. A realistic mineable solution from optimisation needs to accurately represent mining dilution and the practical limitations of mining equipment. Open pit dilution is driven according to mining method and fleet selection as this dictates the ‘selective mining unit’ (SMU) that can be practicably mined.Common evaluation methods represent dilution by:a mathematical dilution assumption addition of a dilution skin reblocking of the model to an appropriate SMU.This paper will explore an alternative method of applying dilution by adapting an underground stope modelling tool. By considering an SMU as a stope, automatic stope shape creators such as Datamine’s Mineable Shape Optimiser (MSO) can be used to create wireframes for each mining unit over the entire deposit. Using these wireframes, the model can be subblocked and assigned as either ore (inside the wireframe) or waste (outside the wireframe) prior to optimisation.The MSO process considers SMU geometry and a depth specific value-based cut-off. The result is an optimised solution for the deposit based on practical and achievable mining constraints rather than one based on generalised modifying factors.To evaluate the economic impact of the methods above, results have been costed and scheduled and a comparison of operating cash flows made.Citation:Swapp, S and Mann, C, 2016. Optimisation Improvements for Narrow Vein Open Pit Deposits Using Mineable Shape Optimiser, in Proceedings Ninth AusIMM Open Pit Operators' Conference 2016, pp 50–59 (The Australasian Institute of Mining and Metallurgy: Melbourne)."

Nov 15, 2016

By Wright JK, Turner RE, Batterham RJ, Morrison AL

Simulation can play an important role in the design, optimization and control of complete industrial processes, the most appropriate method depending on the particular application. Most commonly, process models or simulators are means of representing the process which are either purely mathematical or physical. Mathematical models, however, almost invariably need to be based to some extent on experimental data or require experimental verification before they can be used with confidence. Ways in which experimental and mathematical modelling techniques can be combined to best effect are discussed, with reference to the simulation of iron ore induration and direct reduction processes. A novel method is presented for the simulation of direct reduction shaft furnaces. Small scale apparatus has been developed in which ore or pellet samples are subjected to the changing environment of the industrial process. The time dependent conditions (solid temperature and gas compositions) are provided by a mathematical representation of heat transfer and the conservation of mass and energy in the process Simulated.

Jan 1, 1986

By T Atchison

In-pit crushing and conveying (IPCC) systems have come under growing scrutiny as a perceived mitigation to fuel and equipment price fluctuations, labour shortages and the need to move everincreasing volumes of material. Individual vendors and delivery organisations are now offering a sometimes confusing array of systems, particularly for the dig and dump side operations.One system does not suit all operations. This paper seeks to document the factors that should be considered in assessing the suitability of different IPCC systems, with a focus on dig side equipment layouts in particular. These factors include the productivity of the systems, interactions with the drill/blast and bench operation sequence, the ease of relocation, flexibility to changes in the reserve, scalability and compatibility with other elements of the system.

Jul 11, 2011

By G R. Ballantyne, A N. Mainza, M S. Powell, M Evertsson

Quantifying the performance of a comminution circuit relative to the potential that can be achieved is a standard requirement in justifying operating practice (the stick) and seeking operational upside (the carrot). Historic measures tend to focus on performance relative to laboratory design tests that provide a direct measure of specific grinding energy, such as the Bond Work index; or use dropweight breakage tests calibrated to a substantial database of operating sites, such as the SMC methodology. Although of value, such approaches are flawed in significant aspects. The assumption is that the laboratory prediction is correct and the single sample it is based on is representative. The database benchmarking methods are, by definition, locked into current average operating practice. These approaches do not illuminate upside; can ‘punish’ operations that are actually more efficient, such as grinding finer than standard operation; and reward poor operation that may comfortably produce a coarser grind than optimal for recovery or excess slimes that reduce recovery and increase water consumption and tailings volume. The authors present a set of established and easily applied measures, that draw together daily operation, highlight areas of opportunity and inefficiency, use simple samples and data, and can be used to provide the ‘size of the prize’ in pursuing specific areas of process improvement. These tools include size specific energy (SSE), overall operating effectiveness (OEE) which includes product quality, theory of constraints, and links this to the end objective – maximising the efficient production of valuable metals. Feeds into objective function driven by economics – financial return, energy, environment.

Aug 24, 2022

By B Prasad, M P. Roy, P K. Singh, C Drebenstedt

Blasting operations play a pivotal role in the overall economics of opencast mines. The blasting subsystem affects all the other associated subsystems, ie loading, transport, crushing and milling operations. Fragmentation control through effective blast design and its effect on productivity is a challenging job for the practicing blasting engineer due to inadequate knowledge of actual explosive energy released in the borehole, effect of varying initiation practice in blast design and its effect on explosive energy release characteristic. This paper describes the result of a systematic study on the impact of blast design parameters on rock fragmentation at two mines in India. Both the mines use draglines and shovel-dumper combination for removal of overburden. Despite its pivotal role in controlling the overall economics of a mining operation, the expected blasting performance is often judged almost exclusively on the basis of poorly defined parameters such as powder factor and is often qualitative, which results in a very subjective assessment of blasting performance. Such an approach is a very poor substitute for accurate assessment of explosive and blasting performance. Forty-seven blasts were conducted with varying blast designs and charging patterns and their impact on the rock fragmentation are documented. A high-speed camera was deployed to record the detonation sequences of the blasts. The efficiency of the loading machines was also correlated with the mean fragment size obtained from the fragmentation analyses.CITATION:Singh, P K, Roy, M P, Drebenstedt, C and Prasad, B, 2015. Blast design parameters and their impact on rock fragmentation, in Proceedings 11th International Symposium on Rock Fragmentation by Blasting, pp 755–762 (The Australasian Institute of Mining and Metallurgy: Melbourne).

Aug 24, 2015

By D Andrew, G Stanway, P Mahoney, C Griebel

The iron ore mining industry is currently going through an adjustment from high to more moderate growth as China’s economy transitions from capital-intensive investment to a more services-oriented economy. We are now witnessing a renewed focus on productivity improvements and cost savings as planned expansions are completed. Despite the scale and importance that the mining industry plays in the global economy, innovation literature is generally more targeted at faster-moving industries with shorter innovation timeframes and lower capital requirements. To fill this gap, VCI set out to understand the state of innovation in the mining industry in 2014. This State of Play report aims to give an objective appraisal of the strengths and weaknesses of innovation in mining. The report has three sections covering both the structure and delivery of innovation in mining:Ecosystem – focused on understanding how the iron ore mining innovation ecosystem system works, including the roles of large and small miners, service companies, researchers and governments. Our recommendations focus on what is required for the system to work well and improve the level and quality of innovation in the industry.Strategy – how do companies define their innovation strategy in relation to their corporate strategy? How are these related to prevailing global and industry trends? How do they communicate this with their business? How successful are they? These are among the questions that this section attempts to answer. Our recommendations are pitched at the executive leadership of iron ore mining and service companies.Delivery – focused on how companies develop and deliver innovation, looking at the success of different structural options, leadership and culture, partnerships and the best approaches to change. Recommendations are aimed at improving outcomes within the iron ore mining value chain, including the role that suppliers play.CITATION:Stanway, G, Mahoney, P, Andrew, D and Griebel, C, 2015. Understanding the state of innovation in the iron ore industry, in Proceedings Iron Ore 2015, pp 631–646 (The Australasian Institute of Mining and Metallurgy: Melbourne).

Jul 13, 2015

A broker relies heavily on mineral valuations and independent experts' reports to provide the fundamental information, both technical and commercial, which provides the basis of estimating the sharemarket value of securities and underlying assets. It is important to appreciate the significant variance that can occur between the market value and other types of valuation at a particular point in time. In general, most experts' reports and valuations seek to provide estimates of technical/fundamental or ""fair"" value which correspond to the Corporations Law and accounting standards requirements. They do not usually attempt to estimate (stock) market values and it is usually and quite correctly the broker's task to estimate market values on the basis of a technical appraisal and consideration of all other commercial, market and financial influences. Therefore ideally, an independent experts' report or information memorandum will include material relating to commercial and management aspects of a company as well as detailed technical reviews and fundamental valuations. Wherever sensible cash flow projections can be made, cash flow-derived valuations, usually based on discounted cash flow (DCF) calculations, remain the preferred valuation methodology. Brokers in general would not argue with this preference. However, there is a paucity of examples of valuations where alternative methods are applied as a check on the reasonableness of a DCF-based estimate.

Jan 1, 1994

By R Dimitrakopoulos, K Kawahata, L Montiel

A method that optimises mining complexes that are comprised of multiple processing destinations, open pits and underground operations is presented. Mining, blending, processing and transportation decision variables are simultaneously optimised while accounting for geological uncertainty. The method uses a simulated annealing algorithm at different decision levels to generate a stochastic-based extraction sequence and processing policies. A case study shows its ability to generate a higher net present value while facing a reduced amount of risk when compared to traditional optimisation methods.CITATION:Montiel, L, Dimitrakopoulos, R and Kawahata, K, 2014. Globally optimising open pit and underground mining operations under geological uncertainty, in Proceedings Orebody Modelling and Strategic Mine Planning Symposium 2014, pp 201–212 (The Australasian Institute of Mining and Metallurgy: Melbourne).

Nov 24, 2014

Papua New Guinea has a long history of mining, with gold being produced from deposits on islands in the south east of the country over a hundred years ago. Before the Second World War, the mining and dredging of gold made the Wau-Bulolo area a

Jan 1, 1994

By N Kawashima, R St C Smart, A M. Robertson

This paper focuses on a case study at a base metal mine located in a tropical semi-arid area of Western Australia (WA). It is demonstrated that understanding the geochemical nature of the mine tailings forms an integral part of innovative management strategies developed throughout the life-of-mine (LOM) when planning for mine closure. The tailings are currently stored at an above-ground valley fill tailings storage facility (TSF) and one option for long-term management under consideration is leaving the tailings in situ at mine closure and covering using the concept of an enhanced æstore and releaseÆ cover system.Extensive geochemical and mineralogical studies have found that the geochemical behaviour of the tailings in the TSF is significantly more benign than initially predicted. The sulfide content of the tailings is primarily pyrrhotite, which can be acid-forming, acid-neutral or acid-consuming depending on a number of factors including redox conditions. Tailings pore water at depth is pH neutral with excess alkalinity, low concentrations of dissolved metals and elevated sulfate concentration.Recent geochemical tests on tailings samples indicate that a reduction in the acid potential and a corresponding increase in the neutralising potential of the tailings, through partial removal of pyrrhotite at the ore processing stage, has the potential to further reduce the long-term risk of potential impact to the environment from any TSF seepage. The current work program investigates whether partial removal of pyrrhotite is feasible and secondly, whether this approach is necessary to produce a significantly better outcome at mine closure.CITATION:Robertson, A M, Kawashima, N, Smart, R St C and Schumann, R, 2012. Understanding tailings geochemistry - Continuous learning and innovation when planning for mine closure, in Proceedings Life-of-Mine 2012 , pp 287-292 (The Australasian Institute of Mining and Metallurgy: Melbourne).

Jul 10, 2012

By A Jewbali, R Perry, R Inglis, L Allen

"The use of conditional simulation to characterise mine plan uncertainty is increasing for the assessment of risk in mining projects. While the development of grade uncertainty profiles is relatively straightforward and can be validated using standard geostatistical techniques, the addition of geological uncertainty to evaluate total risk remains problematic. Some of the problems associated with geological uncertainty methods include the clustering of data in favourable geologic units, difficulty in training image definition and the inability to address change of support issues for categorical variables. Despite these obstacles, the importance of geological uncertainty as a contributor to total uncertainty has prompted Newmont to explore and evaluate the use of various techniques (and combinations of techniques) on different deposit types.Two orogenic deposits of different geological complexity were selected for the study: Subika, a shear zone-hosted deposit, and Merian, a deposit containing gold mineralisation associated with quartz vein zones and stockwork within which are found higher-grade quartz breccia zones. Newmont trialled various categorical simulation approaches to determine the applicability of these methods for each deposit type and the effect of parameter choice on the width of the uncertainty interval. Some of the techniques that were trialled include multiple point statistics methods, sequential indicator simulation using local probabilities as well as variations of these methodologies.The goals of this study included: gaining an understanding of which techniques may work best in which deposit types gaining an understanding of the intricacies of each method gaining an understanding of the effect that each method has on total uncertainty analysis.This paper presents a comparison of the various techniques and makes recommendations for their use in uncertainty analysis.CITATION:Jewbali, A, Perry, R, Allen, L and Inglis, R, 2014. Applicability of categorical simulation methods for assessment of mine plan risk, in Proceedings Orebody Modelling and Strategic Mine Planning Symposium 2014, pp 85–98 (The Australasian Institute of Mining and Metallurgy: Melbourne)."

Nov 24, 2014

By I Canbulat, A Mcquillan

This paper presents a parametric analysis showing the impact of virgin in situ stresses on a shallow (less than 100 to 150 m) high slope in a jointed sedimentary rock environment. Slope stability is assessed at varying ratios of slope orientation and horizontal stresses. The results of this study indicate stress conditions should be included in stability assessments of excavated slopes, particularly where structure is orientated perpendicular to the direction of horizontal stress. Some consideration of stress state is applied in deep open cut pits (eg those with planned excavations of 400–1200 m) (Myrvang et al, 1993; Stacey et al, 2003; de Bruyn et al, 2014; Kozyrev et al, 2015). Dodd and Anderson (1972), Kalkani and Piteau (1976), Lee (1978), Coulthard et al (1992), Noorani et al (2011) have studied the effect or horizontal stress and its impact on slope stability, showing that tensile stresses tend to develop at the crest of the slope, with larger tensile zones for higher horizonal stresses and steeper slope angles (Stacey, 1970, 1973; Sjoberg, 2013). However, the consideration of virgin stresses on shallow slope stability is less frequent (Lynch et al, 2005; Dight, 2006; Lucas, 2006; Sjoberg, 2013). This has led many geotechnical engineers to believe the impact of virgin in situ stresses on open cut slope stability is minimal and not worth time or consideration in modelling, or their effects on slope stability are still poorly understood (Stacey et al, 2003; Sjoberg, 2013).

Nov 29, 2022

By R Yang

This paper presents a fragmentation model for large production blasts in an open pit or underground environment. The paper shows that the particle velocity is directly related to pressure, strain, and strain rate and so it can be considered as driving force and mechanism of rock fragmentation. This is supported by the fact that a vibration with a larger peak particle velocity (PPV) generates larger disturbance in rock and so finer fragmentation or more blast damage than a low PPV. The crack distribution in rock from impact is based on findings from previous researchers (Seaman, Curran and Shockey, 1976; Liu and Xu, in press). The fragmentation size is calculated at three-dimensional grid points within a blast. The fines and oversized blocks are calculated explicitly – the fines generated close to blastholes and big blocks far from boreholes are modelled naturally. The multiple blasthole fragmentation (MBF) model takes surveyed irregular geometry of the free face of a blast as the calculation boundary. The MBF can model fragmentation with over one million grid points. Examples of the model’s field comparison are also included.The PPV at a calculation grid is estimated based on the same approach used for the near field non-linear vibration model (Yang and Scovira, 2007). The method is based on the dominant charge for a calculation grid point, non-linear charge weight superposition within a charge and from multiple charges, strain wave broadening, and amplitude attenuation with distance from a charge segment. The blasthole confinement affected by earlier firing charges is also taken into account.The MBF model inputs from blast design, such as: location and orientation of each blasthole, stemming length, blasthole diameter, multiple decking, bench height, initiation sequence, etc. It models the effect of the delay and its scatter in each blasthole on fragmentation and has a statistical modelling capability for geological random variation on attenuation of particle velocity wave. The wave reinforcement due to instantaneous waves arriving or diminishing cooperative contribution due to long delay intervals between charges is also simulated.The results are displayed in 3D volumetric plots, contour of fragmentation in cross-sections, and size passing curves for a whole blast or a region of the blast.CITATION:Yang, R, 2015. A multiple blasthole fragmentation model – its concept, formulation, capability and field comparison examples, in Proceedings 11th International Symposium on Rock Fragmentation by Blasting, pp 177–186 (The Australasian Institute of Mining and Metallurgy: Melbourne).

Aug 24, 2015

By Twemlow GL

The accounting profession in Australia and overseas has taken up the responsibility of setting standards specifically relating to the minerals and energy industries. Australia led the way with AAS7 Accounting for the Extractive Industries. This statement was issued in 1976 and amended 1977..It largely deals with accounting for preproduction expenditure and uses the term "economically recoverable reserves". It does not require disclosure of reserve quantities or values in balance sheets or as supplementary information in financial statements. The United States accounting profession in 1982 finally resolved an accounting standard in the same area as AAS7-SFAS69 Disclosures About Oil and Gas Producing Activities. It applies only to oil and gas producers, but has extensive disclosure requirements, including proved oil and gas reserve quantities. Current developments indicate that Great Britain is about to follow the US example. At this time in Australia, AAS7 or some other statement relating to the extractive industries has not been issued as an approved accounting standard by the ASRB. Standards issued by the ASRB are binding in law.

Jan 1, 1987

By V Ser, R Crosbie

To date, Anglo American Research Laboratories (AARL) has carried out several projects, based on the techniques developed in AMIRA International LimitedÆs (the mineral industries research association) AMIRA P9 project, to develop models for several Anglo Base Metals flotation plants. Further detailed analysis of the data which was generated has realised additional benefits: the various hydrodynamic measurements were useful in comparing cell operating parameters to literature sources, while the laboratory batch tests give an indication of plant recovery potential. A detailed cell by cell mass balance, which is a critical feature of the modelling process, is in its own right a valuable diagnostic tool. Several examples of how this can be used to highlight potential improvement areas in the plants are presented. The added understanding gained from sampling each cell is clear and this is shown to more than compensate for any necessary modifications needed to allow sampling to take place. The model fitting process generates an ore floatability distribution, which is used in the JK SimFloat simulation package to assess the effect of possible changes to each of the circuits. An example of an actual circuit change as a result of this approach is presented. The current limitations of and the potential improvements to the modelling process are also briefly discussed. Future models will be extended to include enhanced size and mineralogical information where the basic models suggest this has potential to improve understanding.

Jan 1, 2005

By R Hargreaves, C Morley

The authors often see problems on mine sites that are due to insufficient feedback between technical discipline silos as the realities on the ground fail to inform the models and plans used to drive resource exploitation. Resource modelling, reserve definition, life-of-mine planning, short-term mine planning and scheduling, mine operations and beneficiation operations are all processes that inform each other, but in many instances feedback between these processes occurs in an ad hoc way and only after problems have come to light.Universal reconciliation uses a multidisciplinary approach across the entire mining value chain to identify both opportunity and loss of value and to maximise operational performance. This paper will look at the operational effectiveness of universal reconciliation and will outline the important elements that make it successful, including how to map out the detail underpinning modelling, planning and execution processes. We do this by documenting the physical processes, logical work practices, organisational roles and responsibilities, data origin and quality, working assumptions and information management practices at an operation. The results quickly show how misinformation and assumption causes suboptimal decisions to be taken, where inefficiencies exist and what the opportunity is to remedy these issues.A universal reconciliation study opens up an opportunity for stakeholders to reassess how the operation should be run and how operational effectiveness should be measured. Clear envelopes for reconciliation become obvious and questions about the practicality and data quality can be addressed.A reconciliation code of practice is a key element of a successful universal reconciliation project and the authors outline the important aspects that will provide an operating model, showing the effectiveness of the resource and reserve modelling, the practicality of the mine planning and scheduling practices, how well the mine operations team are executing these schedules and how effective the processing area is given what it is fed. Most importantly, a system that allows operations time to react before the losses become systemic and that is based on identifying early warnings from hard data when these processes start to wobble is outlined. Finally as a case study, the revenue and cost benefits resulting from universal reconciliation diagnostic projects for nine mine sites is documented.CITATION:Hargreaves, R and Morley, C, 2014. Universal reconciliation – a multidisciplinary approach across the entire mining value chain to identify loss of value and maximise operational performance, in Proceedings Ninth International Mining Geology Conference 2014 , pp 411–420 (The Australasian Institute of Mining and Metallurgy: Melbourne).

Aug 18, 2014

By D Tanzil, H Jones

Every mine will close! Charting a profitable course through mine operations to acceptable mine completion requires that risk and opportunity management planning of the mine life begin as early as possible in the life cycle. Management targets and metrics are required to identify and navigate the course to successful mine completion based on economic, social and environmental criteria. This paper outlines the application of The Metrics NavigatorÖ principles to the life cycle of a mine site. In general, metrics are required to make key strategic ideas apparent, transforming those ideas into a manageable set of quantitative measures that guide communication and decision making. For example, the chemical industry has established metrics that focus on the life cycle impacts of its products and eco-efficiency of their processes. Other industry sectors have focused attention on workplace and community well-being outcomes. These management metrics are necessarily organisation-specific, aligned to stakeholdersÆ expectations and the strategic outcomes sought, as well as the cause-and-effect relationships underlying key issues. Recently, the Global Environmental Management Initiative (GEMI), a consortium of multi-national companies, developed The Metrics NavigatorÖ. The guidance document provides a structured process for assessing and developing metrics for key environmental, social, and economic issues based on business and stakeholder perspectives. It incorporates best practices learned from the chemical and other industry sectors and has since been applied to develop metrics that guide life cycle strategies. The paper examines how the life cycle of a mine site could benefit from experiences in other industry sectors where sustainability metrics have guided strategy. It considers the potential application of The Metrics NavigatorÖ process to the life cycle of a hypothetical Australian mine site using the processes that have been successful in other industry sectors.

Jan 1, 2009

By C D. McCullough, M Gerner

Rarely do opportunities arise allowing closure of a mine site to be planned as a key beneficial land use asset within a new urban growth area; particularly so well prior to cessation of mining.Pit lakes are common mine closure legacies for many open cut mines and may form in open cut mine voids extending below the water table upon closure. Mine closure guidelines increasingly require post-mining land uses of equivalent capacity to premining conditions and that minimise long-term post-mining liabilities and maximise benefits to stakeholders and the environment. However, risks presented by pit lakes are regularly neglected in closure planning or are not able to be addressed to allow beneficial end use of the lake or surrounding land.This paper describes strategic planning initiated by quarry owners ten years before mining ceases. In liaison with the planning agencies, the planned closure of a large 100-year-old limestone quarry pit will form a lake on mine completion, with a well-considered beneficial end use in an urban setting in mind. The quarry pit and adjoining land at Batesford South about the edge of the City of Greater Geelong, Victoria, Australia. Geelong is experiencing growth pressures that necessitate development of a new growth area from about 2025.A multidisciplinary expert team assessed the constraints, opportunities and feasibility of rehabilitating the quarry and pit lake and developing the surrounding land as Geelong’s next urban growth area.The concept is exciting and demonstrates that a former mine site could become a valued home to about 40 000–45 000 people. About 30 per cent of the land will also be developed as an ecological riverine corridor including the pit lake that will become a regionally iconic lake as the centrepiece of an urban development.Our paper outlines technical challenges and how these can be met to achieve closure and beneficial use that meets the social, economic and environmental expectations of contemporary urban planning.CITATION:Gerner, M and McCullough, C?D, 2014. Planning for the future – development of beneficial end use from a quarry pit lake, Victoria, Australia, in Proceedings Life-of-Mine 2014 , pp 99–112 (The Australasian Institute of Mining and Metallurgy: Melbourne).

Jul 16, 2014