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By John Fritz

MEMBERS of the American engineering societies who were in London and Paris during the last days of. June and early July were present at many interesting gatherings. The official delegates of the Founder societies were the specially honored guests of the foreign engineering societies, but other American engineers took part in the meetings. The members of the delegation were: Arthur S. Dwight, Charles F. Rand, William Kelly, representing A. I. M. E.; Ambrose Swasey (general chairman of deputation), Ira N. Hollis, Jesse M. Smith, representing A. S. M. E.; F. B. Jewett, A. E. Kennelly, G. O. Squier, representing A. I. E. E.; Charles T. Main, Robert A. Cummings, John R. Freeman, D. C. Henny, representing A. S. C. E.

Jan 1, 1921

The Mineral Industry, Published by McGraw-Hill Book Co, New York, N Y. The Mineral Industry is an annual review of the mineral industry It is a standard and complete reference on the mineral industry for the year covered Through the cooperation of the A I M E its publication in 1933 was made possible Mineral Industry for 1930 contains sections devoted to the production, consumption, trade, market, uses and technology of the following headings: Abrasives, aluminum and bauxite, antimony, arsenic, asbestos (b), asphalt, barium and strontium, chromium (b), coal and coke, cobalt (b), copper, diatomite, fluorspar, gold and silver, graphite, gypsum, iron and steel (b), lead, magnesite, manganese, mica, molybdenum, nickel, petroleum and petroleum products, phosphate rock (b), platinum group metals (b), potash, precious and semiprecious stones (b), quicksilver, radium (b), uranium and vanadium, slate (b), sodium salts, sulfur, pyrite, sulfuric acid, talc and soapstone, tin, titanium and zirconium, tungsten (b), zinc, minor metals, minor nonmetals, ore dressing and coal washing (b). Sections marked (b) have appended a bibliography of recent literature on the subject. Each section is written by an acknowledged expert. Other volumes contain similar material Prices -The Mineral Industry, 1892-1930, vols. 1 to 39. Complete sets of this work, uniformly bound, except vols 25 and 26,

Jan 1, 1933

Accessions AMERICAN ELECTROCHEMICAL SOCIETY, TRANSACTIONS, vol. 33. Bethlehem, Pa. 1918. AMERICAN ASSOCIATION OF PETROLEUM GEOLOGISTS, BULLETIN, vol. 2. 1918. (Gift of the Association.) AMERICAN YEAR BOOK: 1915. Edit by Francis G. Wickware, New York. 1919. (Gift of D. Appleton & Co.) ANNUAIRE DE LA HOUILLE BLANCHE FRANCAISE. ` By M. Auguste Pawlowski. 2d year. 1918-1919. Paris. (Gift.) BLACK DIAMOND, Vol. 60, Jan.-June, 1918; vol. 61, July-Dec., .1918. (Gift.) Chicago. CANADIAN MINING INSTITUTE, TRANSACTIONS, vol. 21. 1918. Montreal, Quebec. COMPTES-RENDUS DE L'ATHÉNÉE LOUISIANAIS, vol. 4, No. 3. (Gift of Wm. Beer.) EFFICIENCY OF NATURAL GAS AT Low PRESSURES. Abst. of testimony of Samuel S. Wyer before the Corporation Commission of Oklahoma, February 4, 1919. Printed by Empire Gas & Fuel Co., Kansas City, Mo. GEOLOGICAL. INSTITUTION OF THE UNIVERSITY OF UPSALA, BULLETIN. Edit. By Hj. Sjögren. vol. 14, 1917; vol. 15, 1916; vol. 13, pt. 2, 1916. (Gift.) HYDROGENATION OF OILS. Catalyzers and catalysis and the generation of hydrogen and oxygen. By Carleton Ellis. 2d edition. New York. 1919. (Purchase.) INSTITUTE OF METALS, JOURNAL, vol. 26. No. 2. Edited by G. Shaw Scott. London. 1918.

Jan 6, 1919

Two sessions during the recent AMC Mining Convention in Los Angeles, September 23-26, served to update industry personnel on the status of health and safety regulations in the US. As reflected by the American Mining Congress resolution on mine safety and health, "Based on experience with the federal Coal Mine Health and Safety Act of 1969 and the federal Mine Safety and Health Act of 1977, (AMC) does not believe that laws designed to force compliance with regulations through the imposition of criminal or civil penalties will result in safer mines. (AMC) feels that the government's participation will be much more productive if greater emphasis is placed on research, training, and inspections aimed primarily at assisting operators and employees in recognizing and eliminating hazardous conditions and practices.

Jan 11, 1979

Escalating energy costs and tough environmental standards were two major factors affecting the minerals processing area in 1978 For the most part, new startups and research and development initiatives were directed toward improving process dynamics, investigating alternative processing strategy, and lowering unit costs. In the flotation area, the trend to larger machines continued. Scientific investigation of the modeling and process control of flotation was apparent, as was the research and development of new flotation reagents.

Jan 5, 1979

By Charles R. Keyes

A COMPLETE transformation has taken place in the boras industry during the year 1908. A most remarkable factor in this radical change in method of producing the crude borates has been its removal from the realm of industrial chemistry to the field of mining. With the development of extensive deposits of borate-minerals interstratified in thick sequences of Tertiary clays and sands, their winning becomes a strictly mining-enterprise, of the same kind and of the same certainty as the digging of coal or iron-ore. The major supply of the world's production of commercial borax now comes from the United States. While formerly all of the boric salts of commerce were laboriously extracted from the waters of saline lakes of the arid regions, or from the bottom-salts of desiccated ponds, it later was largely slowly leached from ancient desert shales and clays. During these periods the borax industry was a very hazardous and expensive vocation.

Oct 1, 1909

By Samuel B. Christy

As is well known, the ore at New Almaden is cinnabar. Native quicksilver occurs also; but, as a rule, in small quantities only. Pyrite occasionally accompanies the ore. Bitumen is quite common,

Jan 1, 1885

CONTENTS PAGE INTRODUCTION AND ACKNOWLEDGMENTS. By George M. Fowler 2 Question 1-Is Structural Deformation of Some Character Always Necessary for the Migration of Mineralizing Solutions, Especially in Limestone or Other Dense Rock? DISCUSSION by: A. M. Bateman 10 S. F. Kelly 15 C. H. Behre, Jr 8, 13 G. B. Langford 13 T. M. Broderick 11 H. E. McKinstry 6 R. H. Clarke 13 D. H. McLaughlin 8 J. D. Forrester for M. H. Gidel . . . 4 W. H. Newhouse 13 G. M. Fowler 2, 6, 11 R. H. Sales 6 L. C. Graton 11 Edward Sampson 12 R. D. Hoffman 10 J. S. Stevenson 7 I. B. Joralemon 11 L. B. Wright 2 Question 2-What Are Some of the Chemical and Physical Characteristics in Cer¬tain Beds within a Limestone Formation that Determine Their Favorable or Unfavorable Aspects as Reservoirs for Ore and Other Introduced Minerals? DISCUSSION by: G. W. Bain 17 G. M. Fowler 21 C. H. Behre, Jr 21 L. C. Graton 18 J. S. Brown 16 G. F. Loughlin 18 E. L. Bruce 19 R. H. Sales 19 R. H. Clarke 20 A. K. Snelgrove 20 Question 3-Are There Any Criteria by Which One Can Determine When Min¬ing Operations Have Reached the Roots of an Ore Deposit? DISCUSSION by: J. M. Boutwell 29 G. B. Langford 29 T. M. Broderick 28 G. F. Loughlin 25 E. Y. Dougherty 27 R. H. Sales 24 G. M. Fowler 22 F. A. Thomson 26 I. B. Joralemon 22 Edward Wisser 30 General S. F. Kelly 35 References 36

Jan 1, 1940

On Sept. 22 to 26, the Institute will hold its 120th meeting in Chicago. The program arranged provides for technical sessions on: Mine Taxation, Non-ferrous Metallography, Coal and Gas, Milling, Oil, Industrial Organization, Geology, Non-ferrous Metallurgy, Mining and Local Resources, Iron and Steel, Symposium on Sulfur Coals, Symposium on Pyrometry. Inspection trips have been arranged to: Gary Steel Plant. La Salle District: Zinc smelters, coal mines, cement works, America's first permanganate plant, many varied industries, scenic trips. North Chicago and Milwaukee: Mining-machinery manufacturing plants, tungsten and molybdenum reduction plants. East Chicago and Whiting: Lead refinery, oil refinery. Franklin and McCoupin: Coal fields. Chicago: Nearly every kind of metallurgical and manufacturing industry. MONDAY, SEPT. 22d Morning Registration, Non-ferrous Metallurgy, Coal and Gas. Afternoon Coal and Gas Milling Industrial Geology, etc. Evening Smoker. TUESDAY Morning Gary. Afternoon Gary. Iron and Steel. Evening Oil, Iron and Steel.

Jan 9, 1919

By William Campbell

(Cleveland Meeting, October, 1912.) [SECRETARY'S NOTE.-To avoid repetitions of foot-notes, references to authorities are made in the paper by means of figures, referring to a numbered list in the appendix.-J. S.] I. INTRODUCTION. IN the olden days the making of alloys was au art, and the secrets of the craft were jealously guarded. To-day it has become a science, though the old ideas in regard to the secrets and formula are dying hard. Modern progress may be attributed to scientific research and testing of materials, and the substitution of chemical analytical control for " cook-book " methods. We know to-day a great deal about the constitution of alloys, the reasons of the change in structure and physical properties by heat and mechanical treatment; and this new knowledge is due for the most part to the physical chemist and metallographist, who have shown us that alloys are simply solutions, and as such obey definite laws. The application of the theories of solutions and of the phase rule tells us what ought to happen when our alloys are in a state of equilibrium. The working-out of the temperature-composition diagram (thermal diagram) for numerous alloys has thrown a light on the structure and constitution which has dispelled most of the darkness in which we labored before the advent of metallography. The work began with the determination of the freezing-point curves, and here the research of Le Chatelier,1 Gautier,2 Roberts-Austen,3 and the other pioneers broke the ground. Next the physical chemists, Tammann,4 Rooseboom,5 Bancroft,6 and their colleagues, showed us the complete thermal diagram and its meaning. Then the researches of Heycock and Neville 7 on the Cu-Sn series and of Shepherd 8 on the * Associate Professor of Metallurgy, Columbia University in the City of New York.

Dec 1, 1912

By E. A. Anderson

In 1918 the American Society for Testing Materials held a symposium2 on what was then known as season cracking. The sessions included six papers, all on brass. During the ensuing 26 yr., many new workers have come into the field and several other metals have been found subject to failure by stress-corrosion cracking when the right combination of stress and environment is achieved. It is not surprising, therefore, that the present symposium has brought forth 29 papers covering alloys of seven important metals. The phenomenon of stress-corrosion cracking is not necessarily confined to these seven metals. Dix3 has stated, "Indeed, it is probable that ingenious investigators can find solutions which will stress-corrosion crack any known metal or alloy." Mears, Brown, and Dix4 have indicated that stress- corrosion cracking failures are not necessarily limited to metals but may include the plastics. It is to be expected that the increase in the number of metals known to crack in service and the general emphasis on such failures at a symposium such as this will alarm many to whom the subject is un- familiar. Such alarm is not justified by the record. It is true that stress-corrosion

Jan 1, 1945

McCulloch, Leon.-Experiments with Sherardizing. Discussed by Fred. L. Wolf, Willis M. Peirce, Jesse L. Jones, O. W. Storey, David R. Kellogg, William H. Finkeldey, L. H. Marshall 2 Bassett, W. H. and Davis, C. H.-Spectrum Analysis in an Industrial Laboratory. Discussed by C. S. Brainin, C. H. Davis, W. H. Bassett, George K. Burgess, George K. Elliott, Leonard Waldo, Keivin Burns 8 Roast, Harold J. and Pascoe, Charles F.-Arsenical Bearing Metals. Discussed by Jesse L. Jones, William A. Cowan,. William K. Frank, William M. Corse, Harold J. Roast 10 Bain, Edgar C.-Crystal Structure of Solid Solutions. Discussed by Ancel St. John, Edgar C. Bain, Paul D. Merica 14 Peirce, Willis M.-Studies on the Constitution of Binary Zinc-base Alloys. Discussed by George K. Burgess, Willis M. Peirce, D. H. Ingall, J. L. Haughton, K. E. Bingham 16 Webster, William R.-Application in Rolling of Effects of Carbon, Phosphorus and Manganese on Mechanical Properties of Steel. Discussed by George B. Waterhouse, J. O. Liebig, Ralph H. Sweetser, H. T. Morris, F. D. Carney, W. P. Barba, John H. Nelson, George K. Burgess 19 Barba, W. P. and Howe, Henry M.-Acid Open-hearth Process for Manufacture of Gun Steels and Fine Steels. Discussed by W. J. Priestley, Haakon Styri, C. T. Patterson, Harry Brearley, W. P. Barba, George F. Comstock, Alexander L. Feild 24 Kellogg, David R.-Electrolytic Deposition of Iron for Building up Worn or Undersized Parts. Discussed by Jesse L. Jones, William Blum, C. R. Hayward, George K. Burgess, C. P. Perin, David R. Kellogg 33 McQuaid, H. W. and Elm, E. W.-Effect of Quality of Steel on Case-carburizing Results. Discussed by H. J. French and L. Jordan, W. J. Priestley, M. H. Schmid, A. E. White, H. J. Stagg and S. C. Spalding, Henry S. Rawdon, J. S. Vanick 35 Phillips, Arthur and Davenport, E. S.-Malleableizing of White Cast Iron. Discussed by Samuel Epstein, H. A. Schwartz, A. E. White, R. S. Archer.... 58 Priestley, William J.-Effect of Sulfur and Oxides in Ordnance Steel. Discussed by Harry T. Morris, William J. Priestley, C. P. Perin, James H. Gray, W. P. Barba, Haakon Styri, Frank D. Carney, W. L. Harbrecht, George F. Comstock, E. J. Janitzky 67

Jan 5, 1922

By R. C. de Lange

An improved replica technique is developed for a nondestructive study of the nucleation and growth of fatigue cracks. Three different growth stages of a fatigue crack were observed. An initial stage of high growth rate is followed by a long period of very slow growth, until finally a third period of high growth rate leads to fracture. THE metal-fatigue process is of a very complex nature. The experimental approach towards fatigue is susceptible to many minor influences which, together with the unavoidable scatter in testing results, makes the interpretation a matter of extreme care. The generally accepted fact that, in a homogeneous material, the fatigue cracks start at a free surface indicates that surface studies may contri-but in an essential way to a better understanding of the fatigue mechanisms. Indeed metallographic observations of the fatigue phenomena have been very fruitful in the last decade. The study of extrusions, intrusions, and persistent slip bands has contributed much to the present knowledge of the early processes in fatigue.' The drawback of the current metallographic techniques lies in the fact, however, that either observations of fatigue phenomena had to be made in a destructive way after an only partly executed test or a sequence of observations on the same test bar was only possible on notched specimens.2 4 In both cases an uncertainty exists as to the nucleation and growth of the fatigue crack in an unnotched test bar, where the crack can start at any place of a large area and develops in a test bar, which is macroscopically

Jan 1, 1964

By N. J. Sather

The history of the Bunker Hill mine dates back to August 26, 1885, when Noah S. Kellogg found the outcrop of the Bunker Hill orebody on the hillside of Milo Gulch above the present town of Wardner, Idaho. A small concentrator was erected in 1886, and before the railroad came, the mine output was transported by mule teams to the head of navigation on Coeur d'Alene Lake. After ten years of production, an interest was purchased in the Tacoma smelter at Tacoma, Wash., to which the entire output was shipped. In 1916 and 1917, a modern lead smelting plant and refinery was erected, and a modern electrolytic zinc reduction plant was built in 1927-1928 by the Sullivan Mining Co. which was 50 pct owned (and now totally owned) by the Bunker Hill Co.

Jan 6, 1961

By Joseph C. McCaskill

The writer assumes that this volume is not intended to serve as a source of statistics on international trade and that the reader is not interested in wading through a lot of statistical tables copied from the various reporting agencies. Generalizations therefore are made whenever possible and not always is the source of the information meticulously cited. The United Nations regularly publishes trade data on mineral commodities. E. J. Gealy, and C. L Kimbell, of the U S Bureau of Mines (USBM), work with these data and estimate that they cover approximately 78% of total mineral commodities traded. In addition the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) publishes analyses of certain trade data The most complete report of production and trade in minerals 1s probably the international volume of the U.S. Bureau of Mines Yearbook The latest available edition is for 1968, and some of the data in this edition cover only as late as 1967. Unless otherwise stated, the source of data used in the chapter is this Yearbook Other staff members of the Bureau were most helpful and cooperative They are not to be held responsible for conclusions or points of view to be found in the chapter. THE NATURE AND SCOPE OF INTERNATIONAL TRADE The two and a half decades since World War II have witnessed an unprecedented growth international commerce The end of the war found the world economy seriously crippled. Many countries had suffered severe war damage; international trade was disrupted and nations had to resort to exchange controls and bilateral trading arrangements. The postwar recovery, however, was remarkably rapid Within two decades, world Income more than doubled, and world trade which was less than $60 billion in 1948 exceeded $200 billion in 1968, 8 and reached $278 billion in 1970.18 The growing world trade contributed to world prosperity which in turn fostered growth of trade. This dramatic growth of international commerce was made possible by the progressive liberalization of trade and capital movements by the major trading nations of the world which began immediately after the War and has not yet completely lost its steam. The modern-day stimulus of the expanded trade movement was the enactment by the Congress of the United States in 1934, of the

Jan 1, 1976

Jan 1, 1913

By Robert Glass Cleland

DURING the closing month of 1929, Walter Douglas found his health impaired by the strain of many difficult years of alternating prosperity and depression, and in April 1930 resigned the presidency of Phelps Dodge. Douglas was succeeded by Louis S. Cates. The choice broke a tradition that had been held inviolate for almost a hundred years. For the first time in its long history, the direction of the company's policies and operations was entrusted to a stranger without previous Phelps Dodge background, training, experience, or tradition. But the choice was wisely made. For a time at least, the path of Phelps Dodge was to run through rough and dubious ground, and no man in the United States was better qualified to blaze that trail than Louis Cates. After graduating from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cates had served a rough and financially un- profitable apprenticeship at one of the century-old mining camps of Chihuahua, Mexico. Following his return to the United States and a brief interlude as assistant to the president of the National Steel and Wire Company, he had resumed his mining career, first as timekeeper, then as

Jan 1, 1952

By H. E. Cline

Solidification of Pb-Sn alloys ranging in composition from 1.2 to 56 at. pct Pb ws observed with polarized light. Lamellar structures were observed over a larger range of compositions in alloys containing excess tin than excess lead, as expected from constitutional supercooling. The occurrence of pools of supercooled liquid surrounded by lead is explained by the difficulty in nucleating tin. Cells and dendrites weve observed in tin-rich alloys. Evidence was found that the degenerate structure formed at low growth rates, the formation of faults, and abrupt changes in composition and structure can be attributed to non-steady-state growth. The apparent interface shape was observed to have deep grooves at the interphase boundaries. HUNT and Jackson have observed the shape of the interface during growth of organic eutectics. They observed the formation of lamellar faults and shape instabilities upon changes in growth rate. The lamellar structure in these organic eutectics was not restricted to the eutectic composition. Recent work by Mollard and Flemings2 indicated that Pb-Sn alloys from 12 to 26 at. pct Pb could be solidified with a lamellar or rodlike structure if a sufficiently steep temperature gradient was used at a slow growth rate. Observations of the solid liquid interface of the Pb-Sn eutectic were made by Davies3 using polarized light. Photographs were at too low a magnification to determine the interface shape, but he has concluded that tin was the leading phase. In the following experiments, solidification of a range of Pb-Sn alloys from 1.2 to 56 at. pct Pb was observed using polarized light, to determine the factors controlling stability of the lamellar structure. EXPERIMENTAL Procedure. One hundred-gram ingots of alloys prepared from 99.999 pct pure Pb and Sn were cast into graphite molds under argon. The compositions of the alloys were 1.2, 6, 12, 26, 36, 46, and 56 at. pct Pb. Two-gram pieces were melted between two cover glass slides which were squeezed into a 1-mm separation. Samples were then observed under polarized light in a hot stage shown in Fig. 1. A long working distance objective designed for viewing at 500 times was used. Photography was made difficult by the lack of illumination and contrast at these high magnifications. By using an elliptical polarization compensator, as suggested by A. Holik, the contrast and illumination could be optimized. Photographs could be taken only at slow growth rates to avoid excessive interface motion during the 15-sec exposure used. The solidification rate was varied by increasing or decreasing the power to the heater. It was found that insulation was necessary to avoid undesired growth rate fluctuations. The temperature gradient, as measured with two thermocouples 1 cm apart, was 80" ± 20°C per cm during all the experiments reported here. The advantage of this procedure is in being able to observe solidification while it is occurring. However, the observations are restricted to the glass-metal surface and may be influenced by this surface. Also, one has no knowledge of the interior of the sample, in contrast to studies of the freezing of transparent organic eutectics.' Observations. The alloy near the eutectic composition (26 at. pct Pb) solidified in a lamellar structure when the growth rate was uniform. If the growth

Jan 1, 1968

By L.L. Wyman

The exact nature of the changes that take place in the iron-nickel alloys, giving rise to the interesting and useful expansion alloys in the Invar range, has yet to be fully understood. Similarly, the ternary iron-nickel-cobalt alloys, which also possess such commercially useful expansion characteristics,1,2 are concerned with transformations that appear to be identical with those found in the parent iron-nickel alloys. The investigations on iron-nickel alloys in the range 26 to 29 per cent Ni have been reported by several authors3-9 wherein it is shown that there are factors other than temperature, such as stress and grain size, which play an important part in determining the temperature at which the low-temperature transformation takes place. It will be shown in this paper that the ternary iron-nickcl-cobalt alloys having nickel contents comparable to the alloys mentioned above behave in a parallel manner. The alloys in the range of 26 to 31 per cent Ni and 16 to 21 per cent Co have a coefficient of expansion of about 4.0 X 10-6 per degree Centigrade, and the alloys in this range of composition find considerable application in making glass-to-metal seals, because these expansion properties so well match commercial glasses. The behavior of these alloys is not a simple matter, for it has been observed in alloys of 28.5 per cent Ni and 18.5 Co that severe working ran cause the appearance of a second phase having a needlelike structure similar to the martensite structure in carhon steels. Fig. 1 shows the change brought about in an alloy of this composition when a strip of this material was cut with tin shears. This second phase has been identified as the body-centered cubic alpha phase, and it is the purpose of this paper to describe the results of some of the preliminary investigations in the study of the changes involved in these alloys. Materials The past work on these alloys has concerned itself primarily with materials made by the usual casting procedure and involving the use

Jan 1, 1939

By L. L. Wyman

The exact nature of the changes that take place in the iron-nickel alloys, giving rise to the interesting and useful expansion alloys in the Invar range, has yet to be fully understood. Similarly, the ternary iron-nickel-cobalt alloys, which also possess such commercially useful expansion characteristics,1,2 are concerned with transformations that appear to be identical with those found in the parent iron-nickel alloys. The investigations on iron-nickel alloys in the range 26 to 29 per cent Ni have been reported by several authors3-9 wherein it is shown that there are factors other than temperature, such as stress and grain size, which play an important part in determining the temperature at which the low-temperature transformation takes place. It will be shown in this paper that the ternary iron-nickcl-cobalt alloys having nickel contents comparable to the alloys mentioned above behave in a parallel manner. The alloys in the range of 26 to 31 per cent Ni and 16 to 21 per cent Co have a coefficient of expansion of about 4.0 X 10-6 per degree Centigrade, and the alloys in this range of composition find considerable application in making glass-to-metal seals, because these expansion properties so well match commercial glasses. The behavior of these alloys is not a simple matter, for it has been observed in alloys of 28.5 per cent Ni and 18.5 Co that severe working ran cause the appearance of a second phase having a needlelike structure similar to the martensite structure in carhon steels. Fig. 1 shows the change brought about in an alloy of this composition when a strip of this material was cut with tin shears. This second phase has been identified as the body-centered cubic alpha phase, and it is the purpose of this paper to describe the results of some of the preliminary investigations in the study of the changes involved in these alloys. Materials The past work on these alloys has concerned itself primarily with materials made by the usual casting procedure and involving the use

Jan 1, 1939