Search Documents

By Fabio Lerbach

The Powder Charcoal Injection in the main burner of the rotary kiln of Pelletizing Plant aims to reduce natural gas consumption and consequently cost reduction with thermal energy. This paper presents the technology, the injection process and the advantages of using powder charcoal to substitute natural gas.

Oct 30, 2017

By Ulysses Forastieri de Matos

A injeção de combustíveis auxiliares pelas ventaneiras dos altos-fornos vem se mostrando, nas últimas décadas, como uma técnica de redução do consumo de combustíveis e conseqüente redução de custo de produção de gusa. Uma das últimas técnicas de injeção de combustíveis auxiliares pelas ventaneiras, utilizada por algumas usinas siderúrgicas integradas a coque, no Brasil, nos últimos anos, é a injeção de carvão pulverizado e gás natural simultâneamente, aqui chamada de co-injeção. O presente trabalho apresenta os resultados obtidos na utilização desta modalidade de injeção em escala industrial.

Aug 1, 2018

By Alexandre Patricio Vieira da Silveira

A thyssenkrupp CSA (TKCSA), Rio de Janeiro, possui dois Altos-Fornos. Ambos iniciaram operação em 2010, Alto-Forno 01 em 13/07/2010 e Alto-Forno 02 em 06/12/2010. Em Dezembro de 2014, foram verificados problemas de deslocamento dos staves de ferro fundido e deformação dos staves de cobre. Analisando estes eventos foi identificado quebra dos parafusos de fixação dos staves de ferro fundido na carcaça. O trabalho apresenta histórico destes acontecimentos, as intervenções realizadas como meio de preservar a integridade e prolongar a vida útil dos Altos-Fornos e os resultados obtidos após retirada de água do interior do mesmo.

Oct 30, 2017

By Luiz Peixoto, Andrea Falcon

There are a few ways to impact the capacity of a reciprocating compressor, by altering suction and discharge pressure and recirculation. By reducing the pressure drop in the section before the compressor it is possible to provide a higher suction pressure and subsequently achieve a higher compressor flow rate. The increase in the suction pressure while maintaining the discharge pressure reduced the demanded compressor Head. When considering oxygen compressors it is necessary to cautiously evaluate the safety norms and parameters due to the risk of explosions and fires due to high oxygen velocity.

Oct 3, 2019

By Tiago Silva Costa

Os tratamentos térmicos são um conjunto de operações que têm por objetivo modificar as propriedades dos aços e de outros materiais através de um conjunto de operações que incluem o aquecimento e o resfriamento em condições controladas. Os aços SAE J403 1045, SAE J403 1075 e DIN 100CrV2 são aplicados em diferentes setores industriais graças às diferentes propriedades que podem ser alcançadas através de tratamentos térmicos. Este trabalho visou caracterizar e descrever as fases formadas nos aços SAE J403 1045, SAE J403 1075 e DIN 100CrV2 após tratamentos térmicos de têmpera, normalização e recozimento pleno.

Aug 16, 2017

By Vagner Machado Costa

O presente trabalho tem por objetivo analisar parafusos Classe 8.8 produzidos por 4 fabricantes nacionais. Para tanto, realizou-se caracterização mecânico-metalúrgica, baseando se nas normas ABNT NBR ISO 724: 2004 [3] e DIN EN ISO 898-1: 1999 [2]. O estudo de caracterização mecânica consistiu na realização de perfis de microdureza, ensaio de tração, MEV da superfície fraturada e medição dos perfis dos parafusos. A caracterização metalúrgica seguiu através de análise química e caracterização metalográfica (macrografias e micrografias). Está caracterização é de fundamental importância para verificar as variabilidades devido aos diferentes fabricantes as quais este componente está sujeito e compreender como elas podem vir a influenciar no desempenho deste produto.

Aug 16, 2017

By Juarez Linhares

A mini sinterização processo JL patenteada sob o número PI-9202973-6, é caracterizada por soprar o ar pelo fundo da panela, dispensando o uso de grelhas, caixa de ignição além de proporcionar um baixo consumo de energia elétrica, o que se traduz em vantagens técnicas e econômicas ao processo de sinterização.

Aug 16, 2017

By Sandro Griza

Neste estudo, foi analisado um segmento de perfil em “U” que rompeu em serviço. O perfil compunha uma estrutura metálica em treliça que sustentava uma bandeja de construção civil. Foram realizadas análises de fratura, análises de caracterização do material e estudo de rigidez do perfil. O perfil rompeu por sobrecarga estática porque foi instalado do lado inverso. Isto desfavoreceu a rigidez da estrutura.

Aug 16, 2017

By Mery Cecilia Gómez Marroquin

Um importante problema das indústrias de fabricação de aço, decorrentes do uso de sucata de aço, é o de recuperação dos metais contidos nos pós e lamas produzidos nos fornos elétricos a arco (FEA) e nos conversores LD/FOB. Cerca de 10 a 20 kg de pó por tonelada de aço são gerados nos Fornos Elétricos a Arco, considerados resíduos perigosos pelos órgãos fiscalizadores (classe ? - material perigoso/NBR). Vários processos, utilizando tecnologias distintas (pirometalúrgicas e hidrometalúrgicas), buscam a recuperação técnico-econômica principalmente do Fe e do Zn, contidos nesses resíduos. Neste contexto, estudos básicos sobre a redução carbotérmica dos constituintes dos pós de aciaria, permanecem sob estudo. O presente trabalho foca a redução de ferrita de zinco gerada em laboratório, principal composto de zinco presente nos pós de aciaria, por meio de CO puro e misturas CO-CO2. A fenomenologia da redução considera a decomposição prévia seguida de reduções simultâneas, bem como as significativas influencias da temperatura, do tempo e do teor de CO.

Aug 8, 2018

By Erich Bartel

The Kocks Rotation Mill - KRM- is an innovative elongation method for seamless tube production up to 4.5’’ diameter at production levels up to150,000 TPY. Using the principle of cross roll elongation, the machine rotates four rolls around the workpiece. A retained mandrel sets the wall thickness to a precision that exceeds existing industry norms. The KRM process performance has been truly excellent. Attributes include high billet weights, elongation of up to 9.5 in one pass, and eccentricity at or below +/- 5.0%. The flexibility of the process allows a wide range of steel grades to be produced at any wall thickness with little or no mill down time. Surface quality and yield are also greatly improved. Based upon the small foot print of the KRM rotor as well as the simple mandrel manipulation system, the installation cost of the KRM is significantly lower compared to other elongation methods. The reasonable cost of the machine, combined with greatly reduced foundation requirements, reduced ceiling height as well as simple utility connections reduce the initial investment for a new or upgraded mill. Finally, lower roll and mandrel costs allow high quality production at greatly reduces cost/ton.

Aug 16, 2017

By Lucas Silva Fontes

Este estudo trata da metodologia de projeto de tratamento térmico para pinos J. O pino J funciona como fusível mecânico do obturador de produção de petróleo e deve romper numa determinada faixa de carga de cisalhamento, a fim de que não haja excesso de tração no obturador. Foram feitas análise química, análise da intensidade de tensões devida à forma do pino, ensaios de dureza e ensaios de cisalhamento. O estudo foi eficiente para determinar o adequado tratamento térmico a fim de garantir a tensão de cisalhamento estipulada no projeto do pino.

Aug 16, 2017

By Rodrigo Martins, Mauro Trindade

I Reduction of energy consumption in air compressors by the implementation of individualized load control. Reduction of 3,5% from Jun / 18.

Oct 3, 2019

By Bruno Alves Resende, Antonio Adel dos Santos

Temperature, microstructure and dimensions are the main material parameters to be controlled during hot rolling of steel. Although thermal mathematical models have long been developed and applied for hot strip rolling, each Hot Strip Mill (HSM) must have its own model adapted to its facilities. Thus, a mathematical model for temperature evolution during rough rolling has been developed for the Usiminas HSM at Ipatinga Plant. The model achieved a high level of accuracy, which was assessed by comparing measured values of temperature at the hot strip mill entry with the calculated ones, the difference ranging from 9°C to 17°C. Application examples have shown that the slab can be occasionally stopped before start of rolling for as long as a couple of minutes without compromising its further processing. On the other hand, if the transfer bar stops after rough rolling even for short time, further processing in the HSM can be hindered, due to excessive temperature drop. In case of such abnormal line stop, the model can be used as a tool for decision-making to either continuing the planned rolling schedule or to changing the route, thus improving the overall rolling process.

Oct 1, 2019

By Rafael Abreu Fraga, Carlos Noberto Paula da Silva, Emanuelle Garcia Reis, Daniel Bojikian Matsubara

Since 2016 Gerdau Ouro Branco has been producing steel plates of various qualities and grades. However, it was not until 2018 that the first plates produced by accelerated cooling process were made available for external testing, in this case for large diameter UOE pipes manufacturing. Recent line pipe and OCTG specifications are showing that the oil and gas market still consumes regular API grades, such as X60, X65 and X70, however with increasing wall thicknesses, reaching values up to 1.5 inches. These specifications also demand longitudinal and transverse tensile guarantees and drop weight tear tests in temperatures as low as -40°C. Projects with these types of mechanical properties present process requirements as challenging as those necessary for higher API grades in lower thicknesses. This paper shows the steel design concepts and rolling routes for achieving the necessary properties for X70 steel plates in 28.15 mm. The microstructural features were also investigated and associated with the production process and the tensile and toughness results. Finally, challenges such as tensile anisotropy and DWTT abnormal fracture are presented.

Oct 1, 2019

By Lucas Breder Teixeira

O uso de ferramentas de simulação numérica para análise estrutural vem se expandindo nos últimos anos, sobretudo utilizando o método dos elementos finitos. Nesse trabalho são apresentados dois exemplos de otimização de projetos envolvendo componentes de mecanismos de válvula gaveta, realizados pela Magnesita Refratários S.A. Partindo da geometria inicial até o produto final, é analisado como o campo de tensões é adequado a valores admissíveis, conforme modificações de projeto são realizadas. Por fim, é demonstrada a importância desse tipo de estudo para alcançar maior confiabilidade e segurança em projetos mecânicos.

Aug 16, 2017

By Adriana Amaro Diacenco

This work presents the finite element modeling of Euler-Bernoulli beams constituted of a metallic material, discussing theoretical and numerical aspects. The numerical analysis uses Hermitian interpolation functions and finite elements with two degrees of freedom per node. A numerical simulation will be done for uniform loading considering two kinds beams (steel and aluminum). The paper is organized as follows: introductory comments and numerical simulations to evaluate the static and dynamical behavior of the metallic beams.

Aug 7, 2018

By Masahiro Shimura, Yoshiki Takahama, Toshiyuki Shiraishi, Daisuke Kasai

When advanced high strength steel (AHSS) is rolled at a high reduction ratio, the forward slip ratio in cold rolling tends to be lower than that of the other softer strips such as low-carbon steels, and the work roll sometimes skids the strip. To identify why forward slip ratio of AHSS at a high reduction ratio becomes smaller than that of low-carbon steel, the relationship between the reduction ratio and forward slip ratio was investigated by a rolling experiment. For this trial, a 4Hi laboratory cold mill was used. AHSS and low-carbon steel coils were rolled by two different rolls that were set to 0.3 and 0.6 μmRa to create two types of friction conditions. Furthermore, the rolling conditions were numerically analyzed to determine the influence of friction coefficient and flow stress on the relationship between forward slip ratio and reduction ratio. The experimental investigation and numerical analysis revealed that the forward slip ratio reduced with increasing rolling reduction ratio in a low friction state; contrarily, it increased with increasing rolling reduction ratio in a high friction state. This feature was clearly visible when harder materials were rolled.

Oct 1, 2019

By Bruno Kneipel Neto, Mylena Inaiê Correia, Fabricio Cerqueira, José Francisco da Silva Filho

The automotive industry, when aiming to increase the resistance to corrosion, uses in the Body in White (BIW) concept the galvanized steels. The hot-dip galvanized steels that stand out most are known as GI steels. They are formed by the zinc element and by phases of intermetallic intermediate iron-aluminum-zinc compounds. The characteristic properties of the GI coating are directly related to the formation of the intermetallic layer, which is responsible for providing the connection between the metal substrate and the coating layer. In this context, two different types of steel (SAE1005 and TRIP780 steel) were used for laboratory characterization of their intermetallic layers through metallographic techniques. The results of the tests showed that the inclined section metallographic inlay technique allows obtaining a larger region of analysis of the intermetallic layer. For the surface analysis, it was observed that the chemical solution used in the preparation of the samples was effective, making possible an analysis more specific about the intermetallic layer formation, distribution and morphology.

Oct 12, 2019

By José Aparecido Pereira

The customer asked for a 5” angle roll pass design. For this angle, in a normal pass design, a 160mm billet is required. For the production of this billet would be necessary a new 160mm mold for the Continuous Casting Machine, which produces 150mm billets, increasing the complexity of the melt shop. The rolling mill is designed to produce angles up to 4", technical information recommended the replacement of a gearbox because this process would generate torque up to 15% above nominal. An innovative roll pass design was done using 150mm billet using the Aparecido-W Method that cause a higher spread in the first three passes, thus reaching the desired leg length. As this method is not used in any other known rolling mill, a FES (Finite Element Simulation) and FEM (Finite Element Modeling) was done by a Research & Development center which demonstrated that the design was viable. From July, 2018, three tests were done being produced around 700 t of good quality products without difficulty of set up. The rolling mill team carried out this project at a very low cost and in record time of five months. The average torque of the motors was 36%, without overload for the equipment.

Oct 1, 2019

By Gabriel Oliveira Glória

Due to growing concern about the ambient impacts, lignocellulosic fibers are been investigated to replace the synthetic ones in polymer composites The giant bamboo fiber, a relatively unknown lignocellulosic fiber with potential for composite reinforcement, still needs to characterize for possible engineer applications. However the giant bamboo fiber has low adhesion with the polymeric matrix. In order to understand the interaction that occurs between the bamboo fiber and the polymer matrix is necessary to evaluate its physical and chemical characteristics. Therefore, the present work analyzed the giant bamboo fiber by means of Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy. The spectrum revealed main absorption bands typical of giant bamboo fiber specific molecular interactions.

Aug 16, 2017