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By W. W. Adams

The extent to which coal mines have installed various types of haulage systems and mining machines is a subject about which there is little definite information available in convenient form for the country as a whole . A few State mine inspectors include in their annual reports such information for their respective States , but uniform data for the United States have not until recently been compiled . Several years ago the Bureau of Mines compiled from one of the standard mining directories * a statement showing the kinds of machines and haulage used in coal mines . The first statement was prepared from the 1918 edition of the directory in which detailed descriptions of coal mines were given . The information presumably related to the calendar year 1917. Similar statements have been compiled from the directories for 1919 , 1920 , and 1922 , the statement for 1921 having been omitted because the directory for that year did not become available . The latest statement is given below and is based upon the directory for 1922. It relates to conditions prevailing in 1921 , and covers a total of 7,088 coal mines . Of these , 5,064 mines . or more than 71 per cent , were using animal haulage . As compared with the total number of all classes of mines , those in the animal - haul age group constituted 71.4 per cent , the percentage having remained practically stationary during the past four years , although the actual number of mines in the group has increased . Rope haulage was reported by 1,066 mines , or 15 per cent of the total , representing a larger number of mines than in 1918 , but a decrease of 2 in the percentage for the group as compared with all classes of mines . Electric haulage was reported by 3,274 mines (46.2 per cent ) , and the number of motors in use was 11,265 . The percentage of mines in this class has not changed materially, but the actual number of mines has shown a gain of about 900 during the past four years . Compressed-air locomotives have not increased either in actual or relative number , the percentage for the past year being but 1.2 . The number of mines using storage- battery locomotives has increased from 3.6 per cent of the total shown four years ago , to 9.8 per cent for last year, the latest figures showing 693 mines with 1,428

May 1, 1922

By Robert T. MacMillan

A process has been developed in the laboratory and expanded to semi-pilot-plant scale for recovering titania, iron, and byproducts from two types of titaniferous iron ores. A reducing roast with coke and soda ash followed by grinding and magnetic separation produced powdered iron and slag from which titania and byproducts were recovered by H2SO4 decomposition. Based on the steps tested on a. semi-pilot-plant scale supplemented by the results of the laboratory investigations, enough data are available to make a balanced flow sheet. Combined data from the laboratory and semi-pilot plant indicated that 85 to 9O percent of the titania content of the ore was recoverable and that approximately 90 percent of the iron could be recovered as a metallic-iron powder. Tahawus magnetite from the Maclntyre mine at Tahawus, N. Y., was successfully treated as follows: (1) The ore was roasted at 1,050° to 1,080° C. with carbon and soda ash, thereby reducing the iron to metal sponge and retaining the titania in the slag. (2) The metallic iron was separated, after wet grinding, by magnetic or gravity means. (3) The slag fraction was air-roasted at 850° C. and leached with NaOH to recover Na3VO4. (4) The leached solids received a dilute-H2SO4 leach to remove interfering impurities, chiefly Na2O and SiO2. (5) Titania was dissolved from the leached solids of step (4) by a H2SO4-bake followed by a water leach. (6) Titania was precipitated by seeding and boiling the resulting solution. The spent liquor was used for the dilute-H2SO4 leach in step (4). The following scheme was found to be technically feasible for recovering other byproducts of the process. (1) The gelled filtrate from the dilute-acid leach step was washed and dehydrated to produce a commercially acceptable silica gel. (2) The wash liquor containing sulfates of Na2O, Al2O3, Fe2O3, and TiO2 was combined with the highly alkaline filtrate from the wet-grind and metallic iron-separation steps, precipitating iron and titanium hydroxides, which were separated for special treatment. (3) Anhydrous Na2SO4 and Al2O3?3H2O were recoverable from the alkaline filtrate from step (2) by evaporation and carbonation, respectively, and the barren liquor was recycled to the magnetic-separation step.

Jan 1, 1952

By AMY F. JENNINGS

TO give a concise history of the Woman's Auxiliary of the A. I. M. E. is a difficult task and much interesting information must needs be omitted. The organization has grown and evolved so much from its early simple beginning that it seems best to adopt the technique of some of our modern novelists and begin with the latest development. As the headquarters of the A. I. M. E. is in New York, it follows that the Woman's Auxiliary to the A. I. M. E. necessarily has also its central office and government there. The affairs of the organization are administered by a duly-elected president and five vice- presidents, a treasurer, recording secretary, and corresponding secretary and a board of directors, the personnel of which includes each chairman of a section or an elected or nominated representative who is able to attend the monthly meetings of the board and correspond with the section for which she acts, and the chairmen of the five standing national committees, i. e. Educational Fund, Library, Emergency, Membership and Hospitality. The chairmen of these committees are all responsible to the president and board of directors and their activities must be indorsed with their approval.

Jan 1, 1929

By Claude Bazin, Patricia Obiang

"The slurry density (pulp percentage of solids) and the size of the grinding media are often used for the optimization of an operating ball mill. In many cases a change of ball size is made at the slurry density used with the original ball size. But is the optimum slurry density changing with grinding media size? Laboratory grinding tests were conducted to answer that question and results indicate that more than likely there is no need to adjust mill slurry density when adjusting the size of a grinding media in a ball mill. Full scale behaviour could be different because slurry density affects the slurry transportation through the mill and the classifier operation.INTRODUCTIONOre preparation begins with a fragmentation step that liberates valuable minerals or exposes mineral surface to the environment. The size reduction step of a mineral processing operation is energy demanding and the optimisation of this process should always be an objective for the plant metallurgists. Various approaches could be considered for improving the operation of a grinding circuit. For a close grinding circuit an adequate tuning of the classifiers operation may lead to substantial savings (McIvor, 1988). Once a grinding mill is in operation, few variables remain to be considered for process optimization. The ball charge is usually maintained to achieve a target power drawn by the grinding mill motor. The rotation speed is seldom considered (McIvor, 1983; Bazin and Lavoie, 2000) as a change of mill speed usually implies a costly pinion change. If the liner and lifter configuration is critical for SAG and AG mills (Latchireddi et al., 2005), few discussions are available for ball mills (Fuerstenau and Abouzeid, 1985; McIvor, 1983). The mill feed size distribution can also be adjusted but this implies changing the upstream processes, which transposes the optimization process to another level. Modification to grinding media shape is a possible avenue (Cooper et al., 1994), but it remains that slurry density and grinding media size are probably the most frequently considered variables for the optimization of a ball mill."

Jan 1, 2007

By R. W. Lawrence

"In the past year, BioteQ Environmental Technologies Inc. have initiated design and construction of new plants to add to an existing list of plants that utilize the BioSulphide® and ChemSulphide™ process technologies for metal recovery and water treatment. In these plants, low cost biogenic sulfide or, in some cases, chemical sulfide reagent is used to selectively remove metals from contaminated water. The process produces high grade, marketable, metal sulfide products even from low grade feed solutions. The revenues generated from the sale of products can allow for water treatment at a profit in some cases, offset treatment costs in others, and generally reduce sludge disposal and management costs. The effluents produced from the process can meet stringent environmental standards. Current plants in operation and under construction range in sulphide demand from 50 kg/day to 3.7 tonnes/day, with the feasibility of larger plants with sulfide demands ranging from 6 to 43 tonnes/day under review.Biogenic sulfide reagent can also be considered for other applications in hydrometallurgy and mineral processing. Uses under consideration by a number of mining companies include: (1) replacement of sodium hydrosulphide in the SART process for cyanide regeneration and copper recovery in the processing of gold-copper ores, and (2) replacement of sodium hydrosulphide for use in the separation of copper and molybdenum in flotation. Biogenic sulphide, produced on demand at site, offers significant cost savings and provides the additional benefit of improved safety due to the elimination of the transportation, handling and storage required for chemical sulphide reagents.This paper reviews the applications of the BioSulphide® and ChemSulphide™ technologies for water treatment and metal recovery, and introduces projects where biogenic sulfide can be applied in hydrometallurgy and mineral processing."

Jan 1, 2007

By Gene R. Reid

The contract objective is the development and in mine testing of an Automatic Fire Control System (AFCS) for mobile underground metal mining equipment. The effort described by this report covers the period from June 21,1975 through June 30,1976 and accomplished the following tasks: ? Preparation of Data Handling Plan and data acquisition which included visits to twenty mine sites in eleven states, visits to Bureau and MESA facilities, and a literature survey. ? Data analysis which determined the most hazardous type of vehicle for use in the demonstration, and design requirements for the AFCS, ? Development of recommended design concepts for the AFCS. ? Design and development of the AFCS including tests on a full-scale mock-up of a load-haul-dump (LHD) vehicle. ? Underground fire tests on an ST-2B-LHD vehicle at the Hecla Lakeshore mine Casa Grande, Arizona.

Jan 1, 1976

By W. W. Weller

Heat capacity measurements of anhydrous cobalt sulfate (CoSO4), copper sulfate (CuSO4), nickel sulfate (NiSO4), and zinc sulfate (ZnSO4) were conducted over the temperature range 51° to 298° K. The results were used to evaluate the following entropies at 298.15° K (cal/deg mole): CoSO4, 28.1; CuSO4, 26.8; NiSO4, 24.8; and ZnSO4, 26.4. Entropies were combined with heats of formation to give free energies of formation.

Jan 1, 1965

By L G. B Wadley

The Australian gold industry has made large steps forward in the last few years. This progress has been driven by improvements in mining and processing technology, the high price of gold and by a favourable legislative, political and taxation environment. This paper concentrates on improvements in gold project development, process engineering and technology as seen by BHP Engineering, Perth, Australia. The paper describes technical aspects of successful gold project development including metallurgical test work, feasibility studies, choice of process flow sheet (gravity, heap leach, carbon in pulp (CIP), carbon in leach (CIL) or other routes). It sets out our views on plant design, plant construction, procurement and project management. A case study for a small plant recently completed in the Philippines is presented as a solution to the problems often encountered in treating quartz vein gold deposits.

Jan 1, 1990

By F. Matanzo

[Nine wire rope terminations were pull tested and fatigue tested to destruction to measure the termination efficiency and relative fatigue life. The terminations were selected on the basis off mine site visits and the specimen were assembled in a manner similar to industrial slings. To measure a termination's sensitivity to poor workmanship, both standard and modified assembly specimen were tested. Lang and Regular construction of the 6x19 and 6x37 class wire ropes were used in diameters of 13 mm (1/2 in.), 19 mm (3/4 in.), 25 mm (1 in.), 38 mm (1 1/2 in.), and 51 mm (2 in.). In static pull tests rope class, construction, and diameter interacted with the termination to influence the efficiency of the termination. In axial fatigue tests using only the 6x19 class rope, the effect of rope construction was negligible since failure was primarily dependent on the termination type. The Swaged Socket, a termination requiring a high capacity hydraulic press, gave the best overall performance in terms of efficiency and fatigue life. The short body length of the Zinc Poured Socket (RR-S-550) was attributed with the short fatigue life of this termination. The use of thermosetting resins as a replacement for zinc was demonstrated successfully for some socket designs. The fatigue life of the termination, expressed as a percentage of the fatigue life of the wire rope, was shown to be a guide for the retirement of the wire in these applications where the wiry' rope is primarily in axial loading.]

Jan 1, 1978

By Jan C. Still

The Haines-Klukwan-Porcupine subarea of the Juneau Mining District (JMD) is located in the northern portion of the JMD and consists of the land between the Alaska-British Columbia boundary, the Chilkoot Valley, Glacier Bay National Park boundary, and extending south to the Davidson Glacier and the Chilkat Peninsula and Islands (fig A-I). This area was studied as part of the larger JMD study in a cooperative effort between the Alaska Division of Geological and Geophysical Surveys (ADGGS) and the Bureau during 1985 to 1988. Prior to this, during 1984, the ADGGS and the Bureau cooperated in a study of the Porcupine mining area and during 1981 to 1983 conducted separate studies in the area. Field work was conducted by foot, boat, truck, and helicopter. Figure A-I shows the Haines-Klukwan-Porcupine sub-area and shows the areas covered by previous Bureau and ADGGS studies. PHYSIOGRAPHY AND CLIMATE The physiography of the subarea ranges from gentle to rugged. Glaciers formed the major features in the sub-area and left "U" shaped steep walled valleys and rugged mountains. The Chilkat, Chilkoot, Klehini, Tsirku, and Takhin are the major rivers in the subarea. The higher mountains are glacier clad and some valleys still harbor glaciers that reach the valley floors. Lush forests and dense brush predominate up to timberline at about the 2,000-foot elevation. Low point in the subarea is at sea level in the area around Haines while the high point is 7,434 feet at: Mount Henry Clay in the Porcupine mining area.

Jan 1, 2012

This publication summarizes, for potential contractors and all other interested parties, the research and development of in-house and contract projects programmed by the Bureau of Mines for fiscal year 1983 (October 1, 1982-September 30, 1983) under its Health and Safety Technology program. The objective of these projects is to provide an ordered and sequenced series of advance toward the Bureau's overall goal of providing the systems technology required to create a more healthful and safer working environment for the Nation's mining and minerals processing workers.

Jan 1, 1982

Apr. 26-May 11, Liege International Fair, Liege, Belgium. May 4-8, Electrochemical Society, Inc., Spring meeting, Benjamin Franklin Hotel, Philadelphia. May 5-6, National Air Pollution Symposium, Huntington Hotel, Pasadena. May 5-7, American. Mining Congress, coal convention, Netherland Plaza Hotel, Cincinnati. May 6-9, Scientific Apparatus Makers Assn., annual meeting, Edgewater Beach Hotel, Chicago. May 9-10, AIME, joint meeting, Industrial Minerals Div. and Metals Branch, Davenport Hotel, Spokane, Wash. May 11-14, American Institute of Chemical Engineers, Atlanta Biltmore Hotel, Atlanta. May 17, AIME, Chicago Section, President's night dinner dance, Shoreland Hotel, Chicago. May 27, AIME, Morenci Subsection, Longfellow Inn, Morenci, Ariz. June 2-4, Chemical Institute of Canada, annual conference, Montreal. June 4-14, Mechanical Handling Exhibition and Convention, Olympia, London.

Jan 1, 1952

By Guillermo Turner-Saad

"Best practice in the economic evaluation of mining projects and operations is based on the integration of geological, mining, metallurgical, environmental, marketing, economic and corporate information and strategies. Fundamentally, the economic evaluation takes into account mining, blending, stockpiling, processing, smelting, refining and marketing ore resources with grades estimated by geostatistical methodologies.Nevertheless, a realistic economic evaluation consists of a concurrent and integrated optimization process that maximizes the concentrates or products of liberated and selected ore minerals from mineral deposits. The optimum solution is obtained through a trade-off among mining, blending, stockpiling and processing ore reserves with distinct mineralogy and texture characteristics. The concurrent optimization determines both the practical mining sequence of ore reserves and the dynamic and robust mineral processing flowsheet design over the expected life of mining projects and operations.A combined risk-adverse and concurrent optimization process takes into account the spatial uncertainty of the mineralogy and texture characteristics of ore reserves. Additionally, a variety of mineral processing linear, non-linear, additive and non-additive parameters modeled spatially. The spatial uncertainty of these ore reserves characteristics and parameters has a direct impact in the expected mining sequence, mineral processing flowsheet design, concentrates or products quantity and quality, and economic value of mining projects and operations.Geometallurgical domain constrained stochastic geostatistical methodologies and multivariate mathematical models are applied for spatial uncertainty modeling of ore reserves characteristics and parameters. These mathematical models correlate the mineral processing liberation and selectivity responses of the mineralogy and textures within each geometallurgical domain. These models, in turn, are defined based on results of mineral processing and environmental testwork of unbiased and representative samples chosen for their variability. These samples are selected within mutually exclusive spatial geometallurgical uncertainty domains with similar mineralogical and textural characteristics in mineral deposits.Geometallurgical domains are defined by applying and combining multivariate statistical analysis and implicit modeling methodologies. These involve determining and constraining mineral processing liberation and selectivity properties explicitly contained in the extensive and integrated exploration drillhole database."

Jan 1, 2010

"Horizontal grinding mills have been used in the mining industry for more than a century, and due to their operational and maintenance simplicity they remain a widely used technology for various stages of comminution. The relative ‘efficiency’ of horizontal grinding mills compared to other comminution equipment is often debated, and efforts to improve the energy efficiency of these mills is an on-going area of attention for process engineers.The discharge arrangement design affects the material transport characteristics within a horizontal grinding mill. Material transport plays a significant role on efficiency of horizontal grinding mills. The magnitude of benefits that can be achieved with efficient material transport in AG/SAG mills has been demonstrated in a Greenfield milling operation at Mirabela Mineração’s SantaRita Nickel operation in Brazil. This grinding circuit was commissioned in October 2009, which was designed as a typical SABC circuit to grind 4.6 mtpa (575tph) to produce a P80 of 125um with 10-12% ball charge in SAG mill. The nameplate design capacity has been achieved in few days in ABC circuit without grinding media in SAG mill, and has been operating in ABC mode. The through has gradually increased to an average of 800 tph and recently 7% ball charge has been introduced to increase the throughput to +900tph.This paper investigates improved material transport using Outotec’s TPL™ (Turbo Pulp Lifter) technology and the opportunities this technology presents when designing horizontal grinding mills. Operational data, with particular reference to energy and throughput optimization, is presented."

Jan 1, 2013

By J M. Totterdell

The Permian-Triassic Bowen Basin and the Jurassic-Cretaceous Surat Basin evolved in a backarc tectonic setting behind an active convergent plate margin in eastern Gondwana. Several extensional (Early Permian; Eocene) and contractional (mid-Permian; Early Triassic; Middle-Late Triassic; early Late Cretaceous) intraplate deformational events are recognised in the basins. These can be correlated with similar events in the New England Orogen that was being deformed in the Late Permian-Late Triassic as a foreland thrust belt. The intraplate deformations were probably the consequence of plate interactions, including the accretion of terranes, at the ancient active plate margin, remnants of which now occur in New Zealand.

Jan 1, 1995

There is a saying, ?If it moves, it vibrates.? This is especially true in our modern industrial environments, where workers use powered tools, machinery, vehicles, and heavy equipment. How workers are affected by these elements of the industrial working environment is a concern of health professionals, govern­ments, and scientists around the world. How to adequately assess the effects of human vibration exposure is an equally important issue. The human body comprises a dynamic structure that is living, intelligent, and complex. Consequently, it is not unreasonable to consider that exposing the body to an array of vibration environments would result in outcomes that are not necessarily simple or easily predictable. Sensations caused by vibration may include nausea, annoyance, discomfort or pain, and exhilaration or pleasure. Many factors contribute to the effects of vibration on humans, including the characteristics of the motion and the exposed indi­vidual, the activities of the exposed individual, and various elements of the environment. There have been attempts to summarize the effects of occupational vibration exposures by simply recommending the avoidance of certain frequencies of vibration or by providing a graphical method, i.e., a single curve displaying all human responses to all frequencies. However, such efforts have not withstood the scrutiny of scientific research and analysis. Thus, attendees and participants at this professional gathering now have the rare opportunity to benefit from the technological advances and new scientific research to enhance their understanding of human responses to vibration that suggest more than a simplistic approach. In the tradition of the First American Conference on Human Vibration (1st ACHV) held in Morgantown, WV, June 2006, the 2nd ACHV provides a forum for scientists, engineers, medical doctors, industrial hygienists, and educators to learn and advance research and education in the specialized area of human body vibration. The conference was organized by the Mechanical and Industrial Engineering Department, University of Illinois at Chicago, with support from the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH), Pittsburgh Research Laboratory. As with the first conference, the 2nd ACHV provides the unique opportunity to learn about the current activities of peers and colleagues and to exchange information on topics of interest such as human response, human modeling, experimental design, sensors, new technologies, and epidemiological studies of human responses to hand-transmitted and whole-body vibration. The conference organizers hope that the publication of these conference proceedings continues to foster new research and technological advances to reduce health hazards associated with occupational vibration exposures.

Jun 1, 2009

By P. Sarnoff

Gold has always been a crisis investment. For centuries gold has been considered globally the money of last resort. In time of war, inflation, financial uncertainty, political upheaval there has with few exceptions always been a flight to gold. The gold paradox simply is that even though we have gone through for the past handful of years all the kinds of. anxieties that would cause the gold price to rise, it has instead dropped drastically. Figure 1. illustrates the important factors that influenced the gold price significantly up or down before 1987. Obviously, since then, even though we have had wars, inflation, financial problems involving breaking banks and thrifts let alone collapsing financial institutions, the gold price has both in the long-term and the short-term trended downwards. Figure 2. depicts the gold price path since 1987. If the presence of time-honored and time-tested factors that should have driven the gold price up didn't do the job, then logic dictates that new factors to drive the gold price down and keep it depressed arose. And they did. But before addressing these depressants permit me to turn to the arcane art of gold price prediction and fore-casting.

Jan 1, 1992

By R. H. Richards, A. E. Woodward

In Rittinger's Aufbereitungskunde of 1867 occurs (p. 195) the following table, which shows the rate of falling in water of fragments of minerals, of irregular shapes and of five different specific gravities: Diameter of particles in millimeters. 10 8 6 4 3 2 1 .5 Sp. Or. Velocity in meters per second. Auriferous silver, 16..9 .8 .7 .57 .5 .4 .29 .20 Galena,. ..7.5 .62 .55 .48 .39 54 .28 .20 .14 Pyrites,. ..5.0 .49 .43 .38 .30 .26 .22 .15 .10 Quartz,. ..2.6 -30 .27 24 .19 .17 .14 .10 .07 Coal,. ..1.3 .13 .12 .10 .08 .07 .06 .04 .03 With the purpose of extending this valuable table, to cover a larger number of minerals and sizes of each mineral, and of making it more easy of application in deciding upon a sieve-scale for any group of minerals, we have prepared the curves of velocity of fall of bodies in water shown in Plates I., XI., 111. and IV., using Rittinger's formula V= 2.44d(8 —1) where V= velocity in millimeters per second. " D = diameter of particles in meters. " 8 = specific gravity of the mineral. These curves embrace a large number of specific gravities, and for each specific gravity the relation of the diameter of the mineral particle to the velocity of its fall in water is given for all diameters and velocities used in practice. The second diagram is an enlargement of the lower left-hand corner of the first, the third bears the same relation to the second, and in like manner the fourth to the third. Plate I, therefore, covers the work of the coarsest jigging 2 inches in diameter; and under

Jan 1, 1890

By McKay AD

The bulk of Australia's uranium resour- ces was delineated in the last 18 years when a total of $563 million (1984 dollar values) was spent on uranium exploration. Australia's share of the low-cost Reasonably Assured Re- sources in the World Outside the Centrally Planned Economies Area (WOCA) increased from 1.5% in 1967 to 29% by the end of 1984 and its share of the low-cost Estimated Additional Resources (Category I) then stood at 25%. As of December 1984, Australia's uranium resour- ces were estimated by the BMR to be: Cost range US$80/kg U (US$30/lb U301) Reasonably Assured Resources 463 000 t U Estimated Additional Resources(I) 251 000 t U Cost range US$80-130/kg U (US$30-50/lb U308) Reasonably Assured Resources 63 000 t U Estimated Additional Resources(I) 126 000 t U The increases in Australia's resources was sustained by a group of large and rela- tively high-grade deposits which were disco- vered during the period 1969 to 1975. Austra- lia's share of the low-cost resources was also enhanced by a contraction of WOCA's low-cost resource base due to escalation of production costs for smaller low-grade deposits. Most of Australia's uranium resources are contained in the Proterozoic unconformity- type deposits of the Alligator Rivers uranium field and the stratabound deposit at Olympic Dam on the Stuart Shelf. Most of the remain- der of Australia's uranium resources is con- tained in calcrete-type deposits. Less than 10% of Australia's uranium resources are in sandstone-type deposits. Total Australian production to the end of 1984 amounted to 26 241 t U, representing 3.4% of WOCA's cumulative production. Aus- tralia's share of WOCA's annual production has steadily increased from 1.3% in 1977 to 11.2% in 1984 (4390 t U). The increases in Austra- lian production took place in the face of reductions of production in WOCA countries, principally the US, from a record level of 43 988 t U in 1980 to about 39 000 t U in 1984. New low-cost production centres, mainly in Australia and Canada, have partly compen- sated the decline in US production. The Department of Resources and Energy (1985) reported that Australian exports of yellowcake are expected to reach 10 000 t U308 (8480 t U) by 1993/94, representing an in- crease of about 13% oer annum.

Jan 1, 1986

By Peter Grandstone, D. A. Jessup, D. B. Taliaferro

"INTRODUCTION Water flooding of oil sands in Texas as a means of secondary recovery of oil has been practiced mainly in the north-central part of the State, which includes the old shallow fields in eight counties, extending south through Wichita and Clay Counties on the Red River into Brown County.The Texas Railroad Commission, is empowered ""to promote conservation and prevent waste in the drilling, completion, operation, and abandonment of oil wells"" and ""to issue regulations necessary for fulfillment of these ends,"" granted The Texas Co. the first permit to inject water into the oil-bearing sand on December 7, 1935. The permit was granted after the Commission had conducted a number of hearings, which were attended by many operators interested in that method of secondary recovery. Through December 31, 1944, the Commission had granted 50 permits for water flooding. Of that number, 45 permits were issued for projects in north Texas, the remaining 14 being distributed throughout west and south Texas. By the end of 1944, there were 33 active and 5 abandoned water-flooding projects in the North Texas area, as is in figure I.Oil production in the North Texas area started in 1904 from the shallow sands (ranging from 100 feet to 800 feet in depth) of the Petrolia (or Henrietta) field in northern Clay County. Development was rapid and unrestricted during the boom period from about 1911 to 1918, and considerable waste of both produced oil and reservoir energy resulted."

Jul 1, 1946