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By Kung-Lee Wang

This report describes the linkage of all mining sectors with all other manufacturing, services, and final demand sectors of the U.S. economy. Besides being a basic data source, it provides a framework for aggregate economic impact analysis with respect to the mining industries. The framework is an open-static input-output model specifying 48 mining industries as classified in the Standard Industrial Classification Manual for all mining activities and 76 nonmining industries which collectively exhaust, all economic activities. The 124-sector model used in this report is an expansion of the preliminary 82-industry aggregation estimates made by the Department of Commerce. In the expanded model, 48 ruining industries are substituted for the original 6. The methodology used to ascertain the industry-by-industry procurement cost estimates and product ion flows necessary to the construction and expansion of the basic 82-sector model included personal interviews, case studies of specific mining activity analysis, and published and unpublished data from the Bureau of Mines and the Census of Mineral Industries, The end products of this study are two tables arranged to show the direct purchases necessary for each industry to support the level of economic activity and the total purchases generated in each industry throughout the economy by each $1 of aggregate economic demand in 1958. The tables may he used for economic impact studies and market analysis by firms engaged in or closely associated with the mining industries. Some illustrations of their usages are presented.

Jan 1, 1967

By S. S. Clarke

This paper on methods and costs of mining at the Westside mine, in the Tri-State zinc-and lead-mining district (Missouri-Kansas-Oklahoma), is one of a series being prepared by the Bureau of Mines on mining practices, methods, and costs in various mining districts of the United States. Methods and equipment used in drilling, loading, and underground transportation have changed radically since the latest Bureau of Mines publications2/ on mining methods in the district were published more than 20 years ago. More efficient methods and machines have been developed in order to maintain low operating costs in the face of rising labor and supply costs and lower grade ore. The rate of conversion to mine mechanization was disappointing at times; local conditions required the development of special equipment, and available rock-moving machines had to be remodeled and strengthened.

Jan 1, 1957

By Oliver C. Ralston, and others

"INTRODUCTION Investigations of the Nonmetals Division are now conducted at College Park, Md.; Tuscaloosa. Ala.; Seattle, Wash.; and. Norris, Tenn. The last of these was acquired, this year by arrangement with the Tennessee Valley Authority and is engaged in electrothermel research, using power generated by the T.V.A. and. raw materials from that region. In general, the work of the division is concerned with dressing nonmetallic minerals end utilizing the products there-from. Coal, salts, and waters are investigated, and the suitability of apparatus and equipment is studied.As the Metallurgical. Division of the Bureau of Mines makes routine tests of certain nonmetallic ores under prescribed conditions for the public if they are of general interest, the published reports of that division should be read and thus, with the reports of tile Nonmetals Division, the whole field may be covered."

Oct 1, 1939

This status report contains 39 individual reports on health and safety research projects now being conducted or recently completed by the Bureau of Mines. The Reports on health research cover industrial hygiene, respirable dust, ventilation, noise control, and radiation hazards. The safety research reports cover industrial hazards, ground control, fire and explosion prevention, and methane control. Each report includes background information, a discussion of research progress, and an assessment of each project's current status.

Jan 1, 1979

By Paul M. Tyler

Masurium and rhenium are two elements known only to a few scientists and known to them for scarcely more than five years . The existence of two members of the manganese family was long suspected , and places were left for them in the orderly table of the periodic systemas developed by Mendeljeeff . The empty spaces left in this table some 60 years ago were for elements numbered 43 and 75 , respectively , and since it was evident these were related to manganese they were sought for in research laboratories under the names of ekamanganese and dvimanganese . This nomenclature is in harmony with that usually employed in describing hypothetical elements , and the prefixes are taken descriptively from ancient Sanskrit wherein the word " eka " means one and " dvi " ( also spelled dui or dwi ) means two . Ekamanganese or element 43 was once removed and dvimanganese or element 75 was twice removed from manganese . It was further possible to predict that these elusive elements would not only be related to manganese but would have a great deal in common with certain other elements . It was reasonable to suppose that element 43 , merely because it stood in numerical sequence between element 42 and element 44 , would likewise prove to be intermediate in many other respects . Since its next neighbors were molybdenum ( No. 42 ) on the one hand and ruthenium (No. 44) on the other , ekamanganese could be given in advance what would correspond among persons to a social and economic rating . Similarly , the properties of dvimanganese were likely to be in simple harmony with those of tungsten and with those of osmium , which latter , like ruthenium , is a member of the platinum group of metals . Another inference , although one which could not be stated with scientific certainty , is that these new elements because they have odd instead of even atomic numbers , would be even more sparingly distributed than their near neighbors , none of which is abundant in nature . This inference has been amply supported by available evidence . These elements eluded discovery until 1925 and never have been found except as minute traces in complex association with relatively rare minerals . In 1930 , for the first time , rhenium became available in quantities which give promise of commercial possibilities , but masurium still stands on the border of the unknown , like some distant star speck photographed and identified by vigilant astronomers but invisible without the aid of the powerful tools of science . The telltale flame of element 43 has been charted by its spectrum lines ; but beyond that , little more can be said except perhaps to repeat the forecasts made for ekamanganese before the Noddacks captured it and gave it a definite name . Certain rare - mineral dealers will furnish molybdenite samples from Norway which are said to contain masurium as well as rhenium , but except for a few highly technical statements as to its behavior in the spectrograph , nothing in the way of concrete information on masurium has come to the notice of the present writer . The literature of rhenium is a little less meager and a brief résumé of the data available in the files of the Bureau of Mines may be of interest not merely because of the novelty of the metal but because its unique properties and increasing availability afford a prospect of its finding employment in industry .

Jul 1, 1931

By D. I. Bleiwas

The Bureau of Mines determined demonstrated tin resources and costs associated with tin production in order to evaluate the potential for tin production from 18 market economy countries (MEC's). Data were collected from tin producers, in most cases during on-site visits. The analyses evaluated the relative economic and resource position of 146 mines, deposits, or regions in January 1984 dollars. The demonstrated resource of recoverable tin within the nations studied is approximately 2.8 million metric tons (mt). Of this total, over 73 pct is recoverable from the Southeast Asian countries of Malaysia, Thailand, and Indonesia, which in 1983 accounted for almost 60 pct of the world's tin production. Brazil has joined the Southeast Asian countries as a major low-cost, high-volume supplier of tin and is likely to continue to expand its production. Given the 1984 market structure, over 60 pct of the tin in demonstrated resources was economically recoverable. Historically, the International Tin Council (ITC) has helped maintain relatively stable tin prices through a buffer stock and sales quotas. In late 1985, exhaustion of buffer stock funds led to suspension of tin trading on the world's major tin metal exchanges.

Jan 1, 1986

By C. B. Manula

This report is volume 9 of an eleven-volume final report for a Grant completed by The Pennsylvania State University for the Bureau of Mines to develop a dynamic general purpose computer simulation model for underground coal mining. The simulator developed under the Grant has a wide range of possible applications in the design and evaluation of underground coal mining systems from the standpoints of health and safety, productivity, and mine environment. The Master Design Simulator consists of nine free-standing function-oriented subsystem models linked together into an integrated, comprehensive model of an entire mining system. The subsystems comprising the Master Design Simulator include geology and reserves, methane generation, roof support, subsidence, production, rail haulage, cost, water generation,' and ventilation. This volume of the final report describes the Water Generator subsystem of the Master Design Simulator. This subsystem simulates the flow of water through a typical watershed-reservoir combination to predict mine drainage quantities in underground workings. The model is a integrated one which handles both the unsaturated and the saturated flow domains as a unified system. The solution of the model is achieved by numerical tech¬niques of finite difference method coupled with finite elements analysis. The Water Generator can be operated either as a free standing model or in connection with the Geology and Reserves subsystem as a part of the Master Design Simulator. A case study is included illustrating the application of the model to actual data. The appendices of the report constitute a user's manual for the program, and include a program listing.

Jan 1, 1975

By R. D. Leitch

"INTRODUCTION The character of mine drainage from areas of low pyritic coal3 and from average pyritic coal4 has been investigated, and to complete the study it seemed desirable to select a number of mines situated in high pyritic are as to determine whether or not this variation determines the relative acidity of drainage from mines operating in these characteristic coal fields. Advantage has been taken of some worked on in 1918 by Henry Leighton 5, then Professor of Economic Geology, University of Pittsburgh. He visited and has reported certain areas of high pyritic coal which we also visited during this study. Many of the mines were found to be idle in 1930 and a few were caved shut, apparently for several years. However, samples of the outflow from all mines visited were collected if possible and analyzed, and some general information was gathered for each mine. The map (fig. 1) shows the location of these areas as given by Leighton.ACKNOWLEDGMENTSThe information and assistance obtained from officials and others at the mines visited during this study are gratefully acknowledged, as well as the original suggestion from Dr. Glenn V. Brown of the State Sanitary Water Board who called attention to the desirability of such a study.Thanks are also especially due the coal laboratory of the United States Bureau of Mines, under the direction of H. M. Cooper, for the analyses and determination of sulphur forms in the large number of solid samples necessary to the work reported,This study has been carried on under the direction of R. R. Sayers, chief, health and safety branch, and W. P. Yant, supervising engineer, Pittsburgh Experiment Station, of the U. S. Bureau of Mines."

Jan 1, 1932

By G. S. Rice, J. W. Paul, M. W. VONBERNEWITZ

This bulletin abstracts and reviews essential details of reports on 59 fires in different coal mines in the United States, describes the circumstances of origin and the methods of controlling or extinguishing the fires, and points out the lessons taught. all, the fires caused great damage to property and killed nearly 400 men. The data have been compiled from the records of the Bureau of Mines, which cover most of the major mine accidents in the United States since 1.908. The names of the mines concerned and of the persons connected with the management of those mines have been omitted in accordance with the usual policy of the bureau. The bureau hopes that this bulletin will be of service to all persons interested in lessening the fire hazard at coal mines and to all who may be called on to fight a mine fire.

Jan 1, 1927

By Edwin C. Reeder

This paper, describing milling methods and costs at the Hillside Fluorspar Mines at Rosiclare, Ill., is one of a series being prepared for and published by the United States Bureau of Mines on non-metallic milling methods. The milling practice described is that of one of the large mines in the Kentucky-Illinois fluorspar field in southern Illinois and western Kentucky, on the Ohio River. Milling methods throughout the district are similar in their general principles, although details vary considerably in different plants.

Jan 1, 1932

By Guthrie. R. K., H. B. Hill

"INTRODUCTION During the early 1920's world-wide attention was attracted to a group of oil fields (Mexia, Wortham, Currie, Richard, and Powell) later known as Mexia-Powell fault-line fields in Limestone, Freestonne, and Navarro Counties, Tex. Enormous yields of high-gravity oil from the wells in these fields resulted in drilling campaigns that quickly surpassed all previous records for rapid, intensive development of productive areas. The discovery of oil in the Mexia filed in September 1921 was followed quickly by the finding of oil in the Currie field in October. In January 1923 oil was discovered in the Powell field; in February 1924 the Richland field, midway between Currie and Powell fields, was brought in; and in November 1924 oil was discovered in the Wortham field, situated between Mexia and Currie fields. Each of the fileds was developed rapidly: wells were spaced closely and had high initial production; production peaks were reached early in the producing lives of the fields; subsequent decline was rapid, and there was early and rapid encroachment of edge water.In 1927 Bureau of Mines engineers, in their investigations a engineering conditions in oil,completed a preliminary study and published a mimeographed report 4/ on underground conditions in the Wortham field, and in 1928 they reported on production and development problems in the Powell Field. 5/ field."

Aug 1, 1943

By James J. Snodgrass

The Bureau of Mines designed and constructed a series of calibration models for geophysical borehole logging. A nominal hole diameter of 3 inches was selected as representative of typical core holes drilled for mining and engineering purposes, although additional hole diameters of 2, 5, and 8 inches are provided in one of the models for determination of empirical correction factors for variations in hole diameter. The physical properties of the models were determined by laboratory analyses of drill core samples and evaluated statistically for reliability. This report outlines the location of the models, elements of design and construction, and results of the laboratory tests. The models are available at the Denver Federal Center, Denver, Colo., for use by Government agencies and private industry to calibrate logging equipment for measurements of density, sonic velocity, magnetic susceptibility, and electrical resistivity.

Jan 1, 1976

By Wilson Blake

Rock preconditioning in advance of mining was shown to be an effective means of rock-burst control based on the results of a field demonstration carried out on the 7700 level of the Hecla Mining Company's Star mine. Mining through the preconditioned zone was characterized by greatly reduced rates of released seismic energy and no bumping or rock bursting occurred within the preconditioned zone. Mining above the preconditioned zone was characterized by greatly increased rates of released seismic energy and rock bursting, particularly where the vein became very narrow in waste zones. This increased incidence of rock bursting points out the need for stope preconditioning to be carried out on an entire stope block basis. The data obtained from the monitoring of the mining above the preconditioned zone on the 7700 level will be extremely useful in evaluating any future stope block preconditioning experiments on the lower levels or the Star mine.

Jan 1, 1980

By Kenneth H. Johnston

The Weber pool in Washington County, Okla. (fig. 1), covers an area extending from 2 miles east and slightly north of Bartlesville, Okla., to a point approximately 2-1P tiles northeast of Dewey, Okla. The pool is a part of the area designated by the Standing Committee on Oil Field Nomenclature, Kansas-Oklahoma Division, Mid-Continent Oil & Gas Association, as the Bartlesville-Dewey field. In the following discussion of the geology, development, and exploitation of the Weber pool, the writers, by means of structure maps, cross sections through various parts of the reservoir, and tabulated development data and production statistics, have recorded salient information on a field that was developed before .1910 in an Area that has been repressured since 1926. The total oil production to January 1, 19.0., from the 2,639 developed acres considered in this report, was approximately 14 million barrels, or a recovery of about 5,3;2 barrels per acre, or 227 barrels per acre-foot. The production of the estimated 18 million barrels of recoverable oil remaining in the Bartlesville sand reservoir will require the initiation of additional secondary-recovery practices on some of the leases and the application of a more systematic repressuring program on others.

Jan 1, 1950

By H. B. Hill

The West Red River oil field, in Tillman County, Okla. (fig. 1), is approximately 8 miles northwest of the town of Burkburnett, Wichita County, Tex. The wells are in the river bed between the medial line and the south bank of the Red Diver. In the following discussion of the geology, development, and exploita-tion of the field, the authors have, by means of structure maps, crews sections through various parts of the reservoir and tabulated development data and production statistics, recorded salient information on a field whose development was unique and in some respects unusual for fields discovered and initially developed more than a quarter of a century ago. The total oil production from Government-operated leases; considered in the report was 6,900,440 barrels to January 1, 1947, from 3 proved acres developed by H1 oil-producing wells, 10 gas-injection wells, and 5 nonproductive wells. A calculated past recovery of 60P, barrels of oil per acre-foot and an estimated ultimate recovery of 6.S0 barrels of oil per acre-foot under present gas-injection methods begun in 1929 in shown.

Jan 1, 1949

By Joel M. Modd, Stephen P. Holt

"INTRODUCTION Nickel is one of the seven metals designated as strategic by the Army and Navy Munitions Board in 1939, when Congress appropriated funds for the investigation of domestic sources of supply of war minerals. The Mertic nickel lode at Punter Bay, Admiralty Island, Alaska, owned by the Admiralty Alaska Gold Mining Co., was investigated as part of this program.During the period 1919 to 1928, the property was examined the following engineers; L. S. Robe, W. E. Dunkic and S.E. Conbest of the Alaska Treadwell Cr., A, F. Buddington of the Federal Geological Survey, and H. C. Boydell. Henry M. Eakin, in the capacity of consulting geologist, examined the deposit in 1928 and later reviewed data resulting; from exploration recommended by him. In 1936, A. Hoogbom, of the Geological Survey of Sweden, made a very brief report on the deposit based upon information furnished by J. S. Pokovich.A comprehensive study by the Geological Survey of the Punter Bay area, including the Mertic lode, was made during the field season of 1937, with brief examinations in 1936 and 1938. 4/Miyaki, representing the Mitsubishi Company, visited the property in 1937 and in the course of his examination took six samples. G. W. Powel examined the deposit in 1937 and took five samples in the Mertie adit.This report describes the results of the Bureau's work and gives information collected from other sources."

Nov 1, 1946

By Raymond Derzay

This publication is intended to be of value to the mineral industry in establishing and maintaining effective programs for preventing noise-induced hearing loss. Factors involved in this loss and the need for and the requirements of an effective hearing conservation program are discussed. The legal and legislative history of compensation for hearing loss is briefly reviewed. A review of statutes is not attempted since several States have recently modified) or are in the process of modifying their laws regarding permissible noise exposures) required hearing protection) and/or compensation for hearing loss. A review of other aspects of the problem of industrial noise in terms of medical, physiological) and psychological frames of reference is included. A hearing conservation program is described in detail. Appendixes detailing the names and addresses of a few equipment suppliers are included. References are provided for those who may wish to delve more deeply into the medical, technical, and scientific considerations of noise and its effect on man.

Jan 1, 1972

By D. Harrington

The mining industry of the United States has for many years possessed the dubious aistinction of having the poorest accident rate of all of the major lines of industrial endeavor in this country, and until recently there ras little or nothing to show that any material improvement might be expected. However, there are now numerous trends indicating that the corner has ceen turned at last, and it is strongly hoped that the mining industry is likely to follow the railroads, the cement and other industries in operating with occurrence of only a reasonable amount of loss of life and limb through accidents. The complete accident figures for metal and nonmetallic mineral mining for 1931 are not yet available, but fragmentary data shor that 1831 vill un- questionably have very low accident rates, probably the lowest in the history of our metal mines. One underground metal mine has produced over 14,000,000 tons of copper ore rithout a fatality; another metal mining company with an electric slovel operation has handled upwards of 75,000,000 tons of material, copper ore and waste, without the occurrence of a fatality; an iron-ore compan, which orns six mines (three underground, three open pit), has operated every one for a year or more without a lost-time accident with a con- siderable number of employees and a large production; and alot.er iron-ore producer with 30 mines and about 3,000 employees as an average of nearly 10 months of operation in 1931 without a lost-time accident. umerous other wonderful safety records of metal mines in 1931 indicate unmistaimbly tat the record of the noncoal mining industry of the United States as a role in 1931 will undoubtedly be found to be excellent. According to the latest relatively complete figures (those of 1930) available for the coal industry, fewer than 650,000 persons are employed in and around the coal mines of the United States, the figures indicating at a little over 493,000 people are engaged in bituminous mining and a little under 151,CCO in anthracite mining. Bureau of Mines complete figures suc that 2,053 persons were killed and 103,821 non-fatally injured in our coal

Dec 1, 1932

By Raja V. Rarnani, Robert L. Frantz

"The more than 75 research projects funded throughout the first 10 years of the Dust Center's operation have resulted in numerous cumulative findings fulfilling the goals of the Center. These project descriptions present the methodologies and project-to-project relationships leading to their various accomplishments and demonstrate the mesh between project objectives and Center goals.To develop equipment for collecting respirable dust samples.To develop experimental methods for particle-by-particle characterization of morphology, size, and chemistry.To develop experimental methods for overall respirable dust sample characterization of size distribution, chemistry, and crystallography.The project directly addresses the Center's goals to enhance the understanding of the scientific and engineering characteristics of fine and respirable mineral particles found in mining and milling atmospheres and to establish the relationship between natural and cultural factors (mine geology, mineralogy, mining and milling methods, equipment, and control measures) in the generation of fine particles. The project also aims to contribute to the development of control mechanisms for reducing ambient respirable dust concentrations and worker exposures.The work on this project is related to similar work on Coal Mine Dust Characterization (Project No. 2701/MN1) and Characterization of Dust Particles (Project No. 4203/PS3).Airborne dust sampling was performed at the following locations: 1) a sand and gravel quarry in Southern New Hampshire, 2) a welding facility, 3) a ceramic powder facility, 4) a metal powder facility, and 5) the air in Cambridge, Massachusetts. A portable sampling box incorporating two Sierra personal cascade impactors was designed and produced. At a 2-LPM flow rate, the effective cut-off diameters of the Sierra impactors were 10.0, 6.0, 3.5, 2.0, 0.9, and 0.5 mm, respectively, for each stage, and the air passed through a PVC filter after the last stage. In addition, the sampling box contained a total respirable dust filter. The substrates were weighed carefully before and after collection, and the weight increases were recorded. All films, foils, and filters were put in the balance chamber for more than 8 hours to stabilize the temperature and humidity before weighing. A Cash 21 microbalance (±0.001 mg) was used to weigh the Mylar films, SS films, and filters."

Jan 1, 1995

By Maria I. De Rosa

The U.S. Bureau of Mines performed experiments to determine the hydrogen cyanide (HCN) concentrations and smoke particle characteristics during the combustion of flexible polyurethane foams and other nitrogen-containing materials, for the development of a test parameter. The experiments were conducted in an approximately 2O-L furnace at set furnace temperatures of 250° and 1,000° C for a 14-min duration, with an airflow through the furnace of 10 L/min. The variables studied as a function of time were the gaseous and aerosol HCN concentrations, the smoke particles average diameter (dg) and particle concentration (no), and the product of the smoke particle diameter and concentration (dgno). Carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, and oxygen concentrations, sample mass weight loss, and furnace temperatures were also studied; analyses of nitrogen and cyanate content of the material were carried out. Results show that dgno correlates directly with the HCN concentrations, which depend on the nitrogen and cyanate contents of the material.

Jan 1, 2010