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By M J. Nugus, J G. McLellan, T G. Blenkinsop

High fluid pressures and deformation have been instrumental in the formation of high-grade gold lodes at the Archaean granite greenstone 12 Moz Sunrise Dam gold deposit in Western Australia. Historically, predicting the location of these lodes has been difficult due to the irregular nature and high-grade nugget characteristics of the deposit. Recent exploration successes and the discovery of the Vogue system have led to an improved knowledge of the deep extents of the mine. This new structural and gold distribution data has enabled a new 3D interpretation of the system and has provided a better insight into the links between deformation, fluid pressure evolution and gold deposition. Here we employ 3D geomechanical and coupled fluid flow modelling to better constrain areas of high strain partitioning, rheological failure and focused fluid flow, which provides a substantially increased predictive capacity for further within-mine exploration. The localisation of deformation in and around the main felsic porphyry and major shallow shear zones provides critical insights into fluid pathways that have contributed to the distribution of fracture networks and ultimately gold deposition during late stage deformation events. Understanding the relationship between deformation events, fluid pressure evolution and the partitioning of strain is paramount in understanding the distribution of gold and for focusing on future target areas.CITATION:McLellan, J G, Blenkinsop, T G and Nugus, M J, 2013. Fluid pressure, geomechanical evolution and predictive targeting of the Sunrise Dam gold deposit, Western Australia, in Proceedings World Gold 2013 , pp 419-426 (The Australasian Institute of Mining and Metallurgy: Melbourne).

Sep 26, 2013

Improved roof control in high deformation tailgate environments has been achieved over the last decade through development of stiffer and increased capacity standing support products. æThe CanÆ is one such development, being a steel cylinder containing a weak cementitious fill, designed to essentially fold in upon itself whilst maintaining strength. A laboratory study to better define the relative load contributions of the steel cylinder and fill, the confining interaction between these components and most importantly, the potential impact of varying the steel and/or fill properties is described. This would enable the support engineer to ædial-upÆ the desired strength and stiffness properties and optimise the standing support design with respect to load capacity, stiffness, weight (handling) and cost. Design curves to optimise strength based on steel casing thickness, fill strength (confined and unconfined) and æCanÆ geometry were established. Scaled-down (one-third) samples were used in the test program and found to adequately reflect the loading behaviour of full-scale versions, thereby providing significantly greater scope for further product development at less expense compared with testing full-scale products.

Jan 1, 2005

By R F. G Phelps

The former Gwynfynydd gold mine is located within the heart of the Snowdonia National Park, North Wales, United Kingdom. The black shale-hosted quartz reefs have intermittently produced more than 50 000 ounces of gold since 1863. Its most recent period of operation by Welsh Gold PLC was between 1992 and 1999 when it extracted 10 000 tonnes annually from a total resource base of 180 000 tonnes. A historical mining grade of 15 grammes/tonne was recovered from the Chidlaw Reef on which all production was based. Erratically distributed gold pockets hosted in the footwall zone of a 3 - 6 m wide quartz reef characterise the mineralisation. The gold exhibits a high-nugget effect and as a consequence the accurate determination of tonnage and grade was difficult. Production was undertaken by overhand shrinkage stoping. Due to its location within a National Park certain environmental constraints were placed on the operators. The principal requirement of planning permission was that processing should take place above ground and not involve chemicals. As a result, an underground mill based on physical separation methods was constructed in response to these environmental constraints. Much of the mine discharge is related to the flow of rainwater through the workings from surface openings on the reefs. Discharge from the underground milling facility was enhanced in various metals, particularly zinc, though was reduced to legally acceptable levels using liming tanks prior to discharge into the River Mawddach. The company was required to monitor and treat all water discharged from the mine before it reached the river. The mine closed in 1999, since which time a tip re-processing has continued as part of an environmental remediation and gold supply program.

Jan 1, 2002

By P Thompson, B W. Atkinson

Water treatment is not æcore businessÆ for mining companies.Just as mineral ores and coals are unique, each requiring detailed characterisation and pilot-testing to determine their optimum beneficiation route, so too are mine waters, each requiring careful assessment to determine the most appropriate treatment. There are many cases of æregret capitalÆ expenditure, whereby mines have installed off-the-shelf equipment only to find it inadequate for their purposes or grossly expensive and labour intensive to operate.Water may be required for potable purposes, ore processing, dust control and/or irrigation. A major driver will frequently be environmental constraints for off-site discharge. Mine water projects can become very complex, and detailed models need to be prepared and optimised to properly consider the raw water sources, the on-site storages, the on-site uses and the off-site discharges, as well as handling the residuals (by-products) of water treatment. By-products may be in the form of concentrated backwash streams or streams of elevated salt content. Careful management of the by-products is required to avoid recontamination of the source water.Regulators often drive mine owners toward reverse osmosis (RO) so that their discharges can be considered as æzero dischargeÆ in terms of potential pollutants. Such decisions need to be based on site-specific information rather than any form of æblanketÆ requirement. An analogy is that many humans like to consume mineral water rather than ænormalÆ tap water. Receiving environments also accommodate or even prefer their æmineralsÆ and so RO is neither warranted nor sustainable in many cases.This paper presents two case studies for operating mine sites, both of which have a significant excess of water requiring environmental discharge. The examples demonstrate a sensible balance between treatment type, environmental constraints, process implementation and residuals management. LIMN« æthe flow sheet processorÆ was used to model one of the case studies due to the complexity of the water system on that site.CITATION:Atkinson, B W and Thompson, P, 2013. Mine water - optimising for site and environment, in Proceedings Water in Mining 2013 , pp 9-14 (The Australasian Institute of Mining and Metallurgy: Melbourne).

Nov 26, 2013

By A G. L Pratt

The record for autonomous haulage systems in underground mining over the past 15 years is patchy, marked by many trials and attempts, with few examples of sustained operation until relatively recently. The drivers for the introduction of this technology are variously listed as the occupational health and safety of people working in underground mines, reductions in direct operating costs and increases in productivity.This paper reviews the trends for operation of semi-autonomous and autonomous haulage achieved by underground mines and the defining features of the technology currently available. The inclusion of autonomous haulage as part of mining studies and the fundamental conditions for its successful application is discussed in the paper. The components required for an autonomous underground haulage system are outlined and the key aspects that need to support its effective implementation are examined together with their associated opportunities and risks. Special note is made of the critical role people, including executive leadership, have in ensuring the successful introduction of this technology.The paper draws on published case study material, equipment supplier information and research findings. The aim is to offer a high-level insight into what is required for the application of autonomous haulage technology and its successful implementation in underground mines.CITATION:Pratt, A G L, 2016. Autonomous haulage systems in underground mining – what is required for success? In Proceedings International Mine Management Conferenc, pp 35-52 (The Australasian Institute of Mining and Metallurgy: Melbourne).

Jun 22, 2016

By A Halim

"There is still debate about who should ultimately be responsible for the ventilation system in anunderground mine. The Queensland Coal Mining Safety and Health Regulation 2001, states that adedicated ventilation offi cer is the person, while Western Australian Mines Safety and InspectionRegulation 1995 states that it is the mine manager who is responsible; the ventilation offi cer actsas the managerÆs principal ventilation advisor. This paper outlines a comparison between bothapproaches."

Jun 1, 2012

By A Takahashi, Y Uchisawa, M Hayashi, T Watanabe, M Susa

Owing to the deterioration of iron ore, the Al2O3 concentration in iron ore increases, and thus it is important to investigate the effect of increment in Al2O3 concentration on the microstructures of iron ore sinters. During the sintering process, a melt is present in the sinter for only a few minutes, and therefore the microstructure of the sinter doesn’t reach thermodynamic equilibrium. Nevertheless, the formation process of the microstructures can be interpreted and predicted to some extent from the equilibrium phase diagram. This study investigated the liquidus isotherm in the CaO-SiO2-Fe2O3- 5 mass% Al2O3 system at 1240°C in air and the phase equilibria of silico-ferrite of calcium and aluminium (denoted by SFCA) and SFCA-I by XRD (X-ray diffraction analysis) and electron probe micro analyzer (EPMA). The following results were obtained: 1. The ferrite melt region with a high Fe2O3 concentration shifts to the lower Fe2O3 side than the liquidus isotherm in the CaO-SiO2-Fe2O3 system. 2. The compositional region of SFCA extends in the CaOꞏ3Fe2O3-4CaOꞏ3SiO2 direction than the silico-ferrite of calcium (denoted by SFC) composition region with a 0 mass% Al2O3. 3. SFCA-I is observed in the present system, which suggests that the increment in the Al2O3 concentration contributes to the stability of SFCA-I. These results imply that an increment in Al2O3 concentration in iron ore leads to a decrement in the volume fraction of the bonding phase and that the fraction of the SFCA phase increases, and those of 2CaOꞏSiO2 and slag phases decrease in the bonging phase. The SFCA-I phase is also precipitated from the slag with an Al2O3 concentration around 5 mass%.

Jun 19, 2024

By N Jeannee, L Rattmann, M W. N Buxton, A deJong, K Nienhaus, A Soares, P Graham, A Korre, J Benndorf, D Buttgereit

The flow of information, and consequently the decision-making along the chain of mining from exploration to beneficiation, typically occurs in a discontinuous fashion over long timespans. In addition, due to the uncertain nature of the knowledge about deposits and the inherent spatial distribution of material characteristics, actual production performance often deviates from expectations. Reconciliation exercises to adjust mineral resource and reserve models and planning assumptions are performed with timely lags of weeks, months or even years.The key concept of real-time mining promotes a change in paradigm from discontinuous intermittent process monitoring to a continuous process and quality management system in the resource extraction process. The framework includes a real-time feedback control loop that rapidly links online data acquired during extraction at the mining face, material handling and processing with a sequentially updatable resource model. This will allow near real-time optimisation of decisions related to long-term planning, short-term sequencing and production control.The proposed framework integrates the following building blocks in a holistic manner: automated sensor-based material characterisationonline machine performance measurementsunderground navigation and positioningunderground mining system simulation and optimisation of planning decisionsupdating techniques for resource/reserve models.This paper introduces the real-time mining concept and the building blocks and provides a review of the state-of-the-art. Technological readiness of necessary building blocks is assessed, and critical gaps for further technology development are identified. The value added is illustrated by means of a case study.CITATION:Benndorf, J, Buxton, M W N, Nienhaus, K, Rattmann, L, Korre, A, Soares, A, deJong, A, Jeannee, N, Graham, P, Buttgereit, D, Gehlen, S, Eijkelkamp, F, Mischo, H, Sandtke, M and Wilsnack, T, 2015. Real-time mining – moving towards continuous process management in mineral resource extraction, in Proceedings Third International Future Mining Conference, pp 37–46 (The Australasian Institute of Mining and Metallurgy: Melbourne).

Nov 4, 2015

By Z Lianbi, Z Yibin, Z Youhong, P Bin

Without adequate soil available, it is difficult to rehabilitate a large area of acid mine waste dump with sustainable plant communities, which has a strong potential acid generation. In the present project, paste tailings capping method has been put forward to reconstruct plant ecosystem on acid mine waste rock dump. This rehabilitation method uses paste tailings as capillary break and plant growth media. The tailings used contained 26.3 per cent of particles of less than 20 ¦m which satisfy the requirement of grain of paste tailings preparation. The tailings are not acid- producing materials. In addition to Cu, total contents of Zn, Pb, Cr, Cd, As and Ni in tailings are lower than those in local soil. Paste tailings concentration 70 per cent ~ 72 per cent was prepared by concentrating ten per cent tailings by using polypropylenecrylic sodium as flocculation. The potential pollution risks are low by using paste tailings as capillary break layer. Plants directly grown in the tailings did not particularly accumulate Cu, Zn, Pb, Cr, Cd, As, Ni in roots, stem and leaves, which were 0.01 ~ 1.6 times of those grown in soil.CITATION:Yibin, Z, Lianbi, Z, Bin, P and Youhong, Z, 2012. Study on paste tailings capping ecology reclamation on acid mine waste rock dump, in Proceedings Life-of-Mine 2012 , pp 243-246 (The Australasian Institute of Mining and Metallurgy: Melbourne).

Jul 10, 2012

By S Hawker, M Gibbs, A Craven

Current climate change projections suggest both an increase in the intensity of significant rainfall events and an increase in the variability of rainfall in some regions of Australia. It is necessary for mine site owners and operators to understand the effects that this potential shift in climate may have on their operations. The ability to maintain compliance with discharge regulations and operational security for those sites that rely on surface water run-off harvesting may be negatively impacted if some current climate change projections are realised. Although current regulations require the preparation of water management plans, these are generally developed using historical climate records for the site in question and as such do not give any indication of a siteÆs resilience to the influences of climate change.This study compares design and operational considerations for a case study mine site using historical rainfall records and modified records representing climate change projections. The future climate models are invariably broad scale and are limited in their capacity to be downscaled to a reasonable resolution for developing a site water balance. Instead the local historical data set has been modified to concentrate precipitation to peak periods and propagated through the model. The study looks at the siteÆs response to the potential changes in climate.It is shown that if current climate change projections are realised, this will have a significant effect on both the necessary size of designed surface water infrastructure and operational considerations on-site. A discussion is presented on the potential risks that climate change presents to mine sites and the range of options that could be considered to mitigate these risks. Depending on a number of factors, including location and risk profile of the owner/operator, resilience to climate change can be addressed as either a capital or operational expenditure (CAPEX/OPEX).CITATION:Craven, A, Hawker, S and Gibbs, M, 2013. Site water balance response to variable climatic conditions, in Proceedings Water in Mining 2013 , pp 211-216 (The Australasian Institute of Mining and Metallurgy: Melbourne).

Nov 26, 2013

By Hargraves AJ

Pre-drainage experiments have been conduct- ed at Appin, Cook, John Darling, Leichhardt, Macquarie, Metropolitan and Moura No. 2 Collieries. Appin (550 m deep) experiences particular gas problems in development drivages, and the almost pure CH4 seam gas makes difficult tiro compliance with statutory maxima in intakes and returns. Patterns of 43 mm diameter drain- a,.;e holes drilled ahead and laterally into virgin coal have improved gas conditions in working places and have allowed tolerable advance rates. Cook, Leichhardt, Metropolitan and Moura No,. 2 Collieries have experienced gas and stress phenomena ranging from conical bursts less than one tonne to full scale instantan- -us outbursts of hundreds of tonnes with tens ,f thousands of cubic metres of seam gas. Gas ~Irainage experiments with patterns of holes up a,, 200 mm diameter have been undertaken with ;,;siness monitors on the coal to establish .lative effectiveness. Incremental flows into mg 43 mm diameter boreholes have investigated drainage patterns relative to length, and at comparative incremental flows have nlicated lowered permeability zones at stress ,.,utments. In some CO2 seam gas areas where iammability problems are reduced to perhaps ii, but where outbursts proneness is increased,

Jan 1, 1982

By See G. T

Bentonites and fuller's earths from seven localities in N.S.W. have been analysed with respect to occurrence, mineralogy and physical properties and areas for future prospecting have been indicated.INTRODUCTIONThe rapid expansion of Australian industry in the postwar years has been accompanied by an ever increasing demand for fuller's earth and bentonite, but in New South Wales at least the demand has been met principally by imports. However, some local and generally inferior active earths have been won to blend with imported materials to reduce costs. The important discovery of the widespread distribution of bentonite clays in the Northern Coal Measures, made recently by Grim (Booker, 1956), has givenimpetus to the further search for material comparable in quality to the imported active earths.Bentonite may be defined as a highly plastic clay, generally possessing swelling properties, composed essentially of montmorillonite and derived from the alteration of volcanic ash. Fuller's earth refers to any clay which, with or without chemical treatment, is capable of decolourizing mineral or vegetable oils and is, therefore of economic value. Montmorillonite is the active component of most fuller's earths, though palygorskite-, halloysite- and even kaolinite-rich clays have been used.Previous literature related to the New South Wales deposits has been confined to general descriptions and little technical data beyond an occasional chemical analysIs have been available. Bentonites and fuller's earths from seven...

Jan 1, 1959

By R Mann, R Prasad, S Vink, V Nanjappa

The level of salinity that various aquatic organisms can tolerate without incurring any adverse effects is dependent on several environmental and evolutionary factors. These factors include the relative concentrations of different types of dissolved salts in the water that makes up their habitat, the regimes to which organisms are exposed to waters of differing salinity levels (including naturally derived variations), the degree to which an organismÆs life history stages have adapted to salinity, an organismÆs ability or behaviour to avoid adverse levels of salinity and an organismÆs capacity for osmoregulation.Release of saline water into rivers of the Fitzroy catchment has created concern about the impact on aquatic organisms. Not only is salinity itself a stressor on organisms but different ionic compositions will moderate the effects. Ecotoxicology experiments were conducted using artificial saline water based on mine water chemistry using sensitive macroinvertebrates collected from the catchment, as well as a range of laboratory organisms in accordance with the ANZECC and ARMCANZ (2000) guidelines. The 95 per cent ecosystem protection value calculated from species sensitivity distribution derived from the commercial tests was estimated to be ~2.0 mS/cm. For the protection of 99 per cent of the species the salinity has to be reduced by more than 50 per cent to 0.91 mS/cm. The electrical conductivity (EC) values, derived by commercial testing and species sensitivity distribution in this study suggests that salinity contaminant trigger values previously developed using a referential approach for protection of aquatic ecosystems from saline mine water releases in the Fitzroy may be conservative.CITATION:Vink, S, Mann, R, Nanjappa, V and Prasad, R, 2013. Determining the impacts of salinity on freshwater organisms, in Proceedings Water in Mining 2013 , pp 149-154 (The Australasian Institute of Mining and Metallurgy: Melbourne).

Nov 26, 2013

By T Purvis, Z Liu

Ernest Henry mine (EHM) is an underground sublevel caving mine located in north-west Queensland with a production rate of 6.4 Mt/a. The mine has sublevels spaced with a 25 m vertical interval. The production process on each level starts with the drilling and firing of a blind uphole rise to start the slot extraction. These rises are fired as a single shot and routinely need to achieve a design height of 22 m to 30 m depending on the local mine geometry. If the rise fails to perform as designed then the production phase of the level is delayed with significant rework required to remedy the situation.This paper describes the process that the EHM team has followed to improve the first time performance of each rise. The improvement process commenced with a review of results from previous rises and resulted in the identification of a number of improvement opportunities. A revised holistic approach was established for the process, which included involvement from operators and engineers. Through continued measurement and review of rise performance, inputs to the process were improved to a point where reliable results can now be expected. The successful performance of subsequent rises has been verified through a comprehensive quality assurance quality control (QA/QC) program. Before quality control processes were implemented, the success rate of blind uphole rises was only 11 per cent (one out of nine rises) at EHM. In comparison, the success rates have been vastly improved to 25 per cent (one out of four) and 75 per cent (three out of four) respectively following two stages of improvements. This paper concludes with the ‘current’ series of best practices used at EHM and recommendations.CITATION:Purvis, T and Liu, Z, 2017. Improving the performance of blind uphole rises at Ernest Henry Mine – a case study, in Proceedings 13th AusIMM Underground Operators’ Conference 2017, pp 335–340 (The Australasian Institute of Mining and Metallurgy: Melbourne).

Oct 16, 2017

By M Uceda, E Guerra, Y Choi, J L. Shepherd

In this paper we describe the leaching characteristics of pure gold in thiosulfate solutions that contain a known chelator; meso-2,3-dimercaptosuccinic acid (DMSA). The interfacial and chemical characterisation of the system was accomplished using both electrochemical methods and inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) analysis after pure gold samples were exposed to solutions composed of 65 mM Na2S2O3, 1 mM NaOH and a range of DMSA concentrations. In the absence of DMSA, cyclic voltammetry revealed the onset of thiosulfate mediated gold dissolution, the degree of which was reduced at more positive potentials due to the formation of oxidised thiosulfate products on the gold surface. The addition of small amounts of DMSA (<10 ¦M) to the electrolyte resulted in minor changes to the voltammograms indicating a subtle interaction of the additive with the gold surface that may improve leaching. However, at higher concentrations of DMSA (up to 100 ¦M), electrochemical evidence suggests the formation of new oxidation products in solution as well as the formation of more compact monolayers of DMSA on the surface, which contribute to partial repassivation of the surface. The influence of DMSA on thiosulfate leaching of pure gold electrodes at the open circuit potential for a period of 90 minutes was tested and the corresponding gold leaching performance evaluated with ICP-MS analysis. Our data shows that small amounts of DMSA (1 ¦M) doubled the amount of total gold in solution when compared to the same study in the absence of the additive. However, higher concentrations (5 ¦M DMSA) reduced the overall amount of dissolved gold. These results may point to a mechanism where small amounts of DMSA improve leaching by adsorbing onto the surface in a highly defective monolayer that partially blocks or disrupts the formation of passivation products caused by thiosulfate oxidation, but excess DMSA can limit the leaching process itself by forming too coherent a monolayer on the gold surface.CITATION:Uceda, M, Choi, Y, Shepherd, J L and Guerra, E, 2013. Investigating the influence of meso-2,3-dimercaptosuccinic acid on thiosulfate leaching of bulk gold electrodes, in Proceedings World Gold 2013 , pp 207-214 (The Australasian Institute of Mining and Metallurgy: Melbourne).

Sep 26, 2013

By T X. Le, H T. Tran, K Zaw, T Manaka

"An EXTENDED ABSTRACT is available for download. A full-length paper was not prepared for this presentation. The Truong Son fold-thrust belt (TSFTB) is a prominent tectonic component of mainland Indochina that occurs as a north-west–south-east-trending tectonic entity that extends from north-eastern Laos, straddles the Laos-Vietnam border area and is submerged under the sea basin in east central Vietnam. The TSFTB hosts numerous regional-scale gold and polymetallic base metal deposits, and the mineralisation occurs along the strike of the belt; however, the potential of many of these deposits are inadequately evaluated. The ore mineralisation is hosted by different rock assemblages, including highly metamorphosed Late Proterozoic metasedimentary rocks and Palaeozoic sedimentary and/or volcanic packages, which were intruded by several phases of magma and underwent a number of tectonic events. Several ore-forming styles – including porphyry, Carlin-type and sediment-hosted orogenic Au – were formed during at least two phases of regional thermotectonism that have been identified in the TSFTB. However, all of the major gold deposits/mineralisations are closely related to region-wide structural breaks and many of them are controlled by large-scale, high-strain zones. The fold-thrust structures in the TSFTB therefore play important roles for regional gold mineralisation and metallogeny.CITATION:Tran, H T, Zaw, K, Le, T X and Manaka, T, 2015. Structural controls on gold mineralisation in the south-eastern Truong Son fold-thrust belt and its significance in regional metallogeny, in Proceedings PACRIM 2015 Congress, pp 521–530 (The Australasian Institute of Mining and Metallurgy: Melbourne)."

Mar 18, 2015

By P Guj, J A. Bell

The valuation of early-stage exploration projects requires a valuer to take into account a large number of uncertain value drivers, the interplay among which may be non-linear. This paper examines some of the key value drivers including geology, target metrics, project area and maturity, the market and the psychology behind the decision-making process. The commonly accepted valuation methods and their underlying logic are outlined, including a view on why they evolved, what value drivers they attempt to address and their potential shortcomings. These methods include the multiple of exploration expenditure, geoscience rating, expected values and market based methods. The potential future valuation methods of replacement values and neural networks are also introduced along with how to minimise heuristic bias and error within the market-based approach.CITATION:Bell, J A and Guj, P, 2012. Exploration value drivers and methodologies, in Proceedings Project Evaluation 2012 , pp 17-28 (The Australasian Institute of Mining and Metallurgy: Melbourne).

May 24, 2012

By García B., Wolff E.

In Colombia, northeast of Antioquia, there is a gold deposit that has produced continuously since the middle of the XIX century, located within mining title RPP-140, property of Gran Colombia Gold Segovia (GCGS) since 2010. Mining materials are taken to the “María Dama” Processing Plant where 1500 tonnes of materials are processed daily. Before 2010, the previous owner of the mining title processed about 600 tpd and directly discharged almost all tailings, given that they had no capacity to put them into final deposits. El Chocho was conceived as a final tailings deposit to store the pulp produced by the processing plant; it was divided into two phases with two dams (upper dam and lower dam) given that the presence of illegal miners at the lower phase impeded a single dam design. A squatter impeded construction of the upper dam; so afterwards, starting at the higher end was necessary (owned by GCGS), building dam 1B to store tailings in pulp; after the squatter returned the lands to the owner (GCGS), construction of tailings dam 1A was required and thus complete construction of dam 1C or the upper dam. While all of this was happening, GCGS decided to acquire a 1500 tpd filter press which currently dehydrates tailings in order to take them to the valley controlled by dam 1A. Construction of dam 1A was designed following the containment wall model, made with geotextile tubes. These improvements generated reduced pressure on renewable natural resources because water is recirculated and less fresh water contributions are required; less pressure is placed on soil, flora and fauna because the area intervened for tailings storage will have a higher storage capacity and, as such, a longer useful life.

Jun 17, 2024

Reverse sensitivity is a critical issue for all extractive activities. Extractive industries can only establish in the location of the particular resource sought to be extracted. Avoiding a location near sensitive activities (such as residential activities) may, therefore, be more difficult for extractive industries, than for other industry (such as dairy factories).   This paper focuses on the following matters: +        principles to be derived from case law, +       district and regional council approaches managing reverse sensitivity effects, and +        avoiding, remedying or mitigating reverse sensitivity effects in the future.

Jan 1, 2006

By Grant BPM

The lower levels at the CSA Mine have been developed to mine reserves between theNo.7 level and No.9 level.Work on major excavations for the project began during 1982 with the develop-ment of the crusher chamber, on No.9 level. The brows and walls were pre-dowelled to improve stability before mining by mass blasting techniques.At the same time work commenced on theextension of No.2 Shaft from No.7 level toNo.11 level. The shaft was stripped, using hand held drilling, to a raise bored holeand concrete lined to a diameter of 5.5 metres. Plats were developed at No.8 level, No.9level and the loading station.

Jan 1, 1985