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By G. Beghi, G. Piatti

THE authors examined the problem of the gradual transformation of Al2O3 from the transition phases normally encountered in SAP (r -x-n)1-3 to the stable a phase. This phenomenon is well-known at temperatures above the melting point of aluminum,3"6 whereas in this paper the transformation was studied at temperatures lower than the melting point of the aluminum matrix.

Jan 1, 1967

By H. P. Stüwe

HE recent papers of Aust and Rutter112 have again brought to mind the importance of certain "special" orientation relationships between the lattices of two fcc crystals on the mobility of the grain boundary separating them. No theoretical treatment of this problem has been offered till now. The only principle published so far that has given an indication why certain orientation relationships should be "special" is the counting of "coincidence sites" according to the suggestions by Kronberg and Wilson.3 The "coincidence plots" published by these authors show, for instance, that two fcc lattices rotated by 38 deg around a common (111)-axis have 1/7 of their lattice sites in common. Such an orientation relationship is also characteristic for high boundary mobility. The accuracy of the orientation relationship needed for high mobility is not too rigid. Deviations up to 10 deg from the ideal orientation seem to be tolerable as can be gathered from the experimental data.'j4 The auestion arises, then. how the density of coincidence sites will be affected by a deviatioi from mathematical accuracy. This can be checked by a simple model. Two sieves are prepared, the arrangement of the holes corresponding to lattice sites on a (111)-plane in a fcc crystal. They are placed upon each other, Fig. 1. One is kept fixed, the other is rotated around an axis pushed through one hole in common to both. The light falling through holes of both sieves is then a measure for the density of coincidence sites. If the diameter of the holes is very small, light intensity is contributed only by holes the centers of which coincide "exactly." If the diameter of the holes is rather large, some intensity will be contributed by

Jan 1, 1962

By HENRY COLEMAN

WE as employees of these related companies, I am sure, are proud to be affiliated with them, and have great faith in the sagacity and fore- sightedness of our employers. Most of us here have been called into important positions in these organizations, and it should be our most earnest endeavor to sense and carry them out as if they were our very own. We have been asked to supervise and carry on a work over which our employers cannot personally watch. It has been well said that the most efficient organization is that which requires the least attention from its head. Because of the very nature and condition of our work, which separates us by many miles from our employers and makes it impossible for us to receive attention and instructions from the heads of our departments, save for occasional visits and correspondence, we are given a great opportunity to prove that we can be efficient workers without too much attention from the heads of our departments. There are few employees who cannot do their duty when it is laid before them in specific terms, and when their employers are always there to see that their plans are carried out. But the employee who is really giving efficient service sees his duty himself and willingly does it. '

Jan 1, 1931

By James C. M. Li, J. Weertman

James C. M. Li (United States Steel Covp.)—The author has discovered a single analytical relation between the minimum, or the steady-state, creep rate and the applied stress confirming a statement made earlier by orn" that such relation should exist and should reduce to the power law at low-stress levels and to the exponential law at high-stress levels. However, as pointed out by the author, all the available theories of creep are not adequate to explain such a single relation. Inspired by such a statement, I have made a suggestion concerning a possible explanation13 of the new relation. This is based on the concept that the rate-controlling step is the cooperative motion of a short dislocation segment. The nature of and the reason for the cooperation have been discussed13 as well as the reason why the motion of the dislocation could be controlled by the mobility of the short segments. A natural short segment has been proposed13 to be the node formed at the intersection of two dislocations. The reason why the node may contain only a few atoms has not been discussed and the application of the proposed model to all the metals and alloys reported in this paper has not been attempted. It seems appropriate to include these in this discussion. The model was partly inspired by the substructure recently observed in the electron microscope on creep specimens. One such example is shown in Fig. 48 in Darken's Campbell Memorial Lecture. The substructure is a collection of dislocation intersections and irregular networks. No pileups have ever been observed in such specimens. A closer look at the network indicates that one set of dislocations is more straight than the other set sug- gesting that the other set may be mobile in the plane of the net. Since, for the network to survive the creep deformation, some dislocation reaction has to take place at the intersection of the two sets of dislocations, the mobile dislocation, even if it can slip in the plane of the net, will have difficulty in moving at these intersections. To illustrate, an idealized network is shown in Fig. 9. The thin lines represent the set of dislocations which are mobile and can slip in the plane of the net except at the nodes which are formed at the intersection of the two sets of dislocations. The other set of dislocations, represented by the thick lines, may have a Burgers vector which is not parallel to the plane of the net, and therefore may be immobile. Because of this nonparallel Burgers vector, the Burgers vector of the node, which is avectorial sum of the Burgers vectors of the two sets of dislocations, will also be nonparallel to the plane of the net. Therefore, the node cannot slip in the plane of the net and the set of mobile dislocations will have to drag the node along as indicated in Fig. 9. Now the problem is how many atoms could be involved in the nodes. Exact calculation of the length of the node is a difficult task especially since the length should be a steady-state length and not an equilibrium length. An estimate of the equilibrium length can be made by balancing the line tension of all the dislocations. The results would be a small fraction of the length 1 between nodes as shown in Fig. 10. In some instances such a calculation shows that the node will not be formed. But, since the calculation is only approximate, it does not rule out the possibility of the formation of a short node. In other instances the equilibrium length of the node is an appreciable fraction of I. Such a node would

Jan 1, 1963

By L. D. Keller

The application of hydraulic concentration to large scale operations has been effectively accomplished by the use of the SiphonSizer. Operation has been simple, automatic and essentially trouble free. The use of the primary desliming SiphonSizer on magnetic taconites has shown an improvement in grade of concentrate and an increase in recovery over conventional hydroseparators. Magnetic concentrates have been further deslimed and upgraded in SiphonSizers by floating a coarse middling product away from the heavier concentrate. The application of the Siphon-sizer to closed circuit grinding has met with only partial success to date. Hydraulic concentration of minerals has been practiced for a good many years. Until recently, however, the practice has been limited to equipment using a multiplicity of small pockets and relatively low tonnages and flows. The adaptation of the SiphonSizer to the concentration and classification of magnetite has changed this concept. Some fifty commercial units varying in size from a 16-ft diam circular unit to a 25x100-ft rectangular unit are currently in operation on magnetic taconites. Additional units up to 38 ft diam are under construction. Depending upon the application in the flowsheet, upgrading varies from 0.75% to 14% Fe in a single stage. To those not familiar with taconite processing, the importance of the struggle to remove economically as much silica as possible may not be fully appreciated. Perhaps some figures pertaining to transportation costs will underscore this important process. If the silica content of the concentrate from a 10,000,000 ton per year plant could be reduced by I%, a savings in boat freight, at $2.00 per ton, would amount to $200,000 annually! THE SlPHONSlZER The SiphonSizer, as illustrated in Figs. lA, 1B and 2, is a hydraulic classifier in which the hydraulic water is distributed uniformly across the bottom of the vessel by means of a system of headers (1 and 2), jet pipes (3), and nozzles (4). The depth of the teeter bed is automatically maintained by the siphon-float assembly. The feed is introduced through a feed well (5) and separated into two fractions by the effects of rising water and the density of the teetered bed. The magnetite fraction is discharged by the siphon (12) while the fine slime and light middling overflow a peripheral weir (9) to the overflow launder (6). The bed depth is controlled automatically by float valves (7), which are responsive to changes in the height of clear water supported in the superelevation tubes (8) by the density of the teetered bed. On top of the float (7) is a needle valve (10) which permits

Jan 1, 1963

Jan 1, 1927

Jan 1, 1963

By Reno H. Sales

Our colleagues cannot in the future earn reputations and medals for achievements in milling and smelting ore and for successful management of mining companies, if some one doesn't keep finding and mining the ore to mill and smelt and to provide the basis for the good management. Good ore seems sometimes to be quite helpful to good management, and good ore is not as easy to find as it used to be. And there are still more reasons, why—when this honor had been decided upon and named for Mr. Daniel C. Jackling—it should be initially conferred on Reno H. Sales. . The terms of reference of the award are that it should be conferred upon an individual working in the fields of mining, geology, geophysics, who has made an outstanding contribution to the progress of technology in one or more of those fields. And in this initial year (the earlier years are the easiest) just that was done. I think I could get away with it amongst the old-timers of my generation if I say that this time they made the award to the individual, who made the outstanding contribution. But, as Al Smith used to say, "Let's look at the record." Really, the record is mixed up a little with extra-lateral litigation—the old-time "apex cases" under Section 2322 of the Revised Statutes. Reno Sales doesn't like such litigation, but there is little question that the urgency, generated by conflicting claims of intra-limital and extra-lateral rights, and consequent necessity for committing to records and maps the complications of Butte structure, did advance—and by several years—the first continuous, accurate, systematic, and scientific portrayal of the geological and mineralogical details of what is, after all, the most important and the most complicated copper district—at least in North America. Prior to Sales' time, some of the most eminent of geologists often waived details. One geologist took the judge to the window to show him the Rarus fault going through a notch in the Continental Divide. The entertaining testimony in the Bluebird litigation was as perfect in literary style as it was innocent of the criteria by which faulting and lack of continuity of vein structure are now recognized. At any rate, this need for an accurate record of structure was in the background—to whatever extent it was, or was not, the etiological agent—for formation of the Geological Department of the Amalgamated Copper Co. in and about the year 1900. Charles W. Goodale was at that time the head of the Boston & Montana, and John D. Ryan succeeded William Scallon as the president of Anaconda Copper Mining Co. in 1905. Horace V. Winchell, for years a specialist in extra-lateral litigation, was perhaps the man who at that date had the vision, the persuasive weight with the management, and the willingness to defend the idea of large current expenditures (as then viewed) for a complete and sys-

Jan 1, 1955

By S. G. Gibbs, A. B. Neely

Jan 1, 1967

By George B. Langford

ON THE QUESTION of postwar controls there are today three schools of though ; some advocate state control of everything the socialists ; second are those who advocate the removal of all governmental control over industry - the freedom of enterprise ideal ; and third are those who advocate a middle course - sufficient control to stabilize economic and industrial life, and to prevent violent fluctuations such as we saw in the interwar years. I advocate this third course. I firmly believe un free enterprise, but not in freedom of enterprise, or laissez faire, and there is a great and significant difference between these two.

Jan 1, 1944

By Ott F. Heizer

The mines and the mill of the Nevada-Massachusetts Co. are on the east slope of the Eugene Mountains, in Pershing County, Nevada, 8 miles northwest of Mill City, a station on the Southern Pacific R.R. and on the Victory Highway. Fig. 1. Supplies and, concentrate are transported by truck over an automobile road of easy grade. The property is at an average elevation of 5500 ft. and climatic conditions are generally favorable for continuous operation throughout the year. The ore treated is supplied by two adjoining mines, the Stank and the Humboldt. Physical and mineral characteristics of the ores produced by these two mines are substantially similar, although variations occur in hardness and mineral distribution.' The economic mineral is scheelite (CaWO4), composed, when pure, of 80.6 per cent tungstic trioxide (WO3) and 19.4 per cent lime (CaO).

Jan 1, 1935

By H. L. Miaw, A. M. Gaudin, D. W. Fuerstenau

A quantitative method for evaluating density of slime coatings has been developed and applied to formation of iron oxide slime coatings on quartz and on corundum. Slime coating density is related to flotation recovery and to properties of the electrical double layer at mineral surfaces. IN spite of considerable study, the nature of slime coatings in flotation is still not completely understood. However, phenomena that control floc-culation and dispersion of colloidal systems are now interpreted in terms of electrical double layers.",' Colloids will flocculate even though the particles carry the same charge, but when two dispersed colloids of opposite charge are mixed. flocculation ensues even more rapidly. Analogous phenomena seem responsible for slime coating on minerals in flotation systems. To shed new light on the issue it was considered desirable to devise a tool that would measure slime coatings. The usual method has been to examine photographs of presumably representative surfaces, after. an intervening washing in running water. But such an examination is non-quantitative, and the changes in chemical environment represented by the washing may have removed the slime coatings that existed during flotation. To provide the possibility for a correlation with electrical double layer phenomena, the experiments were made with quartz, corundum, and iron oxide, for which elec-trokinetic data are available.'-" Since the properties of the electrical double layers of these oxides depend on the pH of the solution, pH will be the most important variable. Furthermore, because the zero point of charge for silica, iron oxide, and alumina occurs at pH 3.7, 8, and 9.5, respectively, the relative charge on the slime and mineral can be changed over wide ranges. Because of its practical importance in quartz flotation, iron oxide powder was chosen as the slime. Also, its uniform composition, contrasting color, and ease of analysis make experimentation simple. In this investigation, correlation was sought between the effect on flotation recovery of slime addition and slime coating density. Materials and Methods Details are available in a thesis by Miaw." The quartz was selected from pure Brazilian crystalline quartz, crushed, sized (65/150 mesh) acid-cleaned, washed, and stored in conductivity water. The corundum (synthetic alumina of high purity prepared by Linde Co., Chicago) was crushed, sized (65/100 mesh) deslimed, boiled in nitric acid, washed, and stored in conductivity water. The iron oxide slime, reagent-grade ferric oxide (—400 mesh) from Allied Chemical & Dye Corp., was heated to 160°C, cooled, and stored in a vacuum desiccator. In the electron microscope the slime particles appeared to be about 0.3µ in size, but their large specific surface (87,900 cm per g, by gas-adsorption method, using krypton) suggests that the actual particles are smaller than 0.3r. Had they been perfect nonporous spheres, they would have had a diameter of 0.13µ.

Jan 1, 1959

By Rossiter W. Raymond

It is scarcely necessary to augment or amend the "Appreciation" of Dr. Douglas, from the pen of Dr. Albert A. Ledoux, which appeared in January, 1916, in Bulletin No. 109 of the Institute. The author of that admirable summary enjoyed the great privilege of expressing while Dr. Douglas was yet among us (though already marked for death) the love and esteem with which we all regarded him. But now that his earthly life has ended, the historian must still be the eulogist. No line need be added or deleted in the portrait of him already drawn; it has only to be accepted now as a true likeness, and hung in the gallery of the immortals, illuminated by the crowning glory of another world. James Douglas was born at Quebec, Canada, November 4, 1837. His father, James Douglas, was a distinguished physician and surgeon, known in many lands, especially in the Orient, and famous in his own country for his philanthropy as well as his skill, having established and directed for many years the first retreat for the insane in the Dominion. of Canada. One of the latest literary labors of the son was the editing and publishing of his father's journal and reminiscences—a fascinating volume, the review of which, though a tempting task, I must here forego. Nearly fifty years ago, I had the great pleasure of spending an hour with the elder Douglas, who guided me through his collection of Egyptian and Asiatic treasures. I might almost say souvenirs; so many of them were connected with personal experiences and exalted personages. The veteran's memory had already begun to fail with age, but his vivacity and imagination glowed all the more brightly; and his reminiscences of travel and adventure were embroidered with Oriental magnificence. I felt, after that hour, as if I had visited a stately, half-ruined edifice, overgrown with vines and flowers. The father's genius, adventurous spirit and generous philanthropy descended to his versatile, yet practical son. Like other men of such temperament, James Douglas tried many things before circumstances beyond his own control forced him into the line of his principal lifework. At the age of 18, he was sent to the University of Edinburgh, where he studied for two years. Returning to Canada, he entered Queen's University, at Kingston, Ontario, where he was graduated as Bachelor of Arts in 1858. Subsequently he studied medicine at Lava1 University, Quebec;

Jan 1, 1919

By R. W. Heins, N. Street

An investigation was made of the Rehbinder-Kuznetsov pendulum as an instrument to aid in the study of rock drillability and of the effect of surface active agents on rock drillability. The "critical weight", i.e., the pendulum weight at greatest sensitivity, was determined for several solids and it was shown that a change in surface environment changed the maximum value of the apparent hardness but not the critical weight, and the critical weight increased with increase of hardness of the solid used. Using silver halides as the solid material, and solutions of either silver nitrate or the appropriate alkali halide, it was shown that there is a hardness maximum at the zero point of charge of the particular silver halide. INTRODUCTION The development of relative hardness measurement by the method of damped oscillations, or what has been called the pendulum sclerometer, is due largely to the Russian workers P. A. Rehbinder and V. D. Kuznetsov and their co-workers.1,2 The apparent simplicity of the method has led to its use in a number of fields, particularly those where relative hardness has to be determined on a brittle solid. As will be shown, the simplicity of the method belies its complexities. THEORY OF THE PENDULUM SCLEROMETER The operation of the pendulum is quite simple. Make a sharp point such as a diamond, hardened steel or tungsten carbide, as the fulcrum of a pendulum, with the center of gravity of the system below the point of support. The attenuation of this pendulum is a function only of air friction, provided no fragmentation, breakage or other work is performed by the point. However, when the solid surface breaks or disintegrates under the point, and the latter penetrates the solid, part of the energy of oscillation is absorbed in the work of creating new surface, and the rate of attenuation increases. In the case of brittle solids, the point of the pendulum produces fragmentary particles, whereas the point produces plastic deformation in a plastic solid; but in both cases damping occurs. This pendulum damping is a function of the hardness or strength of the solid. Whereas a pendulum oscillating on a hard material attenuates primarily by air friction, in the case of a soft material, the points penetrate the surface of the solid, producing new surface, and the pendulum damps much faster. Thus the attenuation rate is a function of the hardness or strength of a material in both plastic and brittle substances. Russian workers initially used a single support for the pendulum, but this created many problems because of oscillation of the pendulum in more than one plane. A revised version used two points, or sometimes a prism as support, successfully confining oscillation to one plane. The version using two points was constructed and used throughout this investigation, making the recording of the attenuation as a function of time relatively easy. That both points should be in contact with the solid during the damping is implied. Rehbinder (c.f. Kuznetsov2) proposed that the hardness H as measured by this method could be expressed by a quantity which is inversely proportional to the relative initial rate of attenuation of amplitude. where H = hardness parameter (arbitrary units) a, = initial amplitude da/dt = rate of attenuation of amplitude with time. In the simplest case of damping with a constant logarithmic decrement, H can be regarded as a constant for the duration of the whole damped oscillation process. That is

Jan 1, 1966

By N. A. D. Parlee, M. M. A. El-Naggar, G. 8. Horsley

The apparatus was of a modified Sieverts type1&apos;2 with a reaction tube designed to function also as the cell component of an oxygen pressure gage. The reaction tube assembly is shown in Fig. 1 and described in Table I. The main body is a 1-in.-OD 15 mol pct calcia-stabilized zirconia tube. The ground-glass joint, g, the male part of which carried a prism for optical pyrometer use, was connected to the remainder of the Sieverts apparatus. The calibration of the cell (at its 1000°K operating temperature) for internal oxygen pressures (PO2in) in the range 0.2 to 10 9 atm was made against internal air pressures measured by mercury manometer and McLeod gage. At very low po2in values down to l<Tn atm the performance was checked by comparing pQ calculated from electromotive force measurement when the apparatus was filled with a) pure CO gas and b) a CO-CO2 mixture of the ratio CO-CO2 = 1:0.398, with Po, values calculated from the equilibrium constants of the following reactions at 1000°K:

Jan 1, 1968

By AIME AIME

EVEN though most of the program of the joint meeting at Easton, Pa., on Oct. 30 to Nov. 1. was devoted to the interests of combustion engineers rather than to coal-mining engineers, nevertheless the A.I.M.E. Coal Division was well represented, with 83, or close to one third of those in attendance giving this as their affiliation. The fuels division of the American Society of Mechanical Engineers had 108 representatives, and an equal number reported no society affiliation. Added to the men&apos;s total registration was that of some twenty ladies so the total attendance was in the neighborhood of 325, exceeding that of the last two joint meetings, at Birmingham and Columbus, and equaling the 1938 crowd at Chicago.

Jan 1, 1941

By L. F. Elkins

In 1946 Littlefield, Gray and Godbold published a thorough geologic description of the West Edmond Hunton Lime reservoir, located in Central Oklahoma, and discussion of its early performance.l They stressed implications of the nature of the reservoir rock on performance to be expected with production both by natural means and by pressure maintenance with gas injection. The essence of their analysis was that presence of an extensive interconnected system of fractures and solution channels constituting about 10 percent of the total reservoir void space in otherwise very low permeability reservoir rock would result in severe channeling of naturally encroaching water or injected gas through the fractures with little or no benefit to ultimate recovery of oil. Considerations were in progress to unitize the reservoir for pressure maintenance by gas injection. Some other engineers involved in the project had considerably different opinions at the time regarding continuity of fractures and regarding effects of such fractures on performance. The field was unitized Oct. 1, 1947. Subsequently, pilot gas injection tests were conducted in four areas of the field; large scale waterflooding was conducted in two parts of the field in the Bois d&apos;Arc or Upper Hunton; and pilot waterflooding was conducted in the Chimney Hill or Lower Hunton. Full scale water-flooding is now in progress in the Chimney Hill section where it is oil productive. The primary purpose of this paper is to divine some of the secrets of this reservoir through analysis of all aspects of its performance, with the hope that it will be of help to engineers and operators in developing and operating other low permeability fractured reservoirs. In part, this considers variance of actual performance from some widely used conventional reservoir engineering assumptions. For brevity, other aspects of unit operation and its benefits to the owners are not discussed. Oil and Gas in Place For unit participation, net pay in the Bois #Arc defined by the gross SP anomaly on electric logs totalled 2,100,000 acre-ft in the 30,000-acre reservoir. Development of West Edmond predated modem logging techniques that now would be used to determine "net" or "productive" pay. In Fig. 1 this log pick is compared with detailed core analysis and core descripfion by Littlefield et a1.l for one well identified as A on the index map in Fig. 2. Not all of the gross Bois #Arc section had oil staining, but all cores with measureable intergranular permeability were stained. (The committee selection of the Bois d&apos;Arc SP interval also includes the Frisco section as identified from cores by Littlefield.) The Bois d&apos;Arc is oil productive throughout the entire 600-ft monoclinal accumulation from the eastern upstructure erosional pinchout to the west-side oil-water contact. (See Littlefield et al.l and McGee and Jenkins for geologic detail.)

Jan 1, 1970

Edward Keller, Baltimore, Md. (communicatioin to the Secretary*):—It is pleasing to note the increasing amount of work on metallurgical problems that is being carried on by exact scientific methods, and the results of such labor issued by the laboratories of our universities. Without doubt, Mr. Bolles&apos;s paper will be welcomed by all progressive practitioners. Many of the results which Mr. Bolles presents to as are new; and I take exceptioil to a few minor points only. The first of his concluding remarks is as follows: "Mattes are not homogeneous, but are composed of distinct mineral entitier, and may be likened to igneous rocks, in which the mineral constituents fall out upon the lowering of the temperature and ensuing solidification." He quotes an introductory remark to a paper1 of mine, as follows: "The true chemical character of copper-mattes does not yet seem to have been definitely determined, i.e, it is still more or less of an open question whether they are true chemical compounds, or mixtures, such as igneous rocks." This quotation, taken alone, would convey the impression that Mr. Bolles&apos;s conclusion is entirely new. Had he quoted also another paragraph from my paper in question, it would be clear that he was, to a certain extent at least, anticipated. I take the liberty, therefore, to state the substance of my own work. In the paper referred to, I showed the existence of the phenomenon of liquation in mattes, and, continuing, said: " A more direct method to test whether a matte is a compound sulphide or a mixture of individual sulphides was attempted by applying hydraulic separation. A clean piece of matte was selected containing practically no magnetic oxide and of the following composition: Cu, 37.96; S, 24.45; Fe, 33.63; Zn, 1.25; Pb, 1.02 ; Sb, 0.26 ; As, 0.065 ; insoluble, 1.15 per cent. ; Ag, 26.7 ; Au, 0.04 oz. per ton. For such a test it is essential to select a chemically uniform piece, other-

Jan 1, 1905

By Leo F. Reinartz

It was with humility that I accepted the invitation of the Board of Directors of our Institute to deliver the Twentieth Howe Memorial Lecture. Many previous lecturers could speak from personal experience of the great work done by Professor Howe. It was not my privilege to be one of his students but, indirectly, I came under the influence of his work many years ago. My mentor in Metallurgy at Carnegie Institute of Technology, Prof. Fred Crab tree, was an ardent admirer of Professor Howe and his work. Professor Crabtree taught me early to appreciate Professor Howe&apos;s love of truth and keen desire to find a scientific reason for every metallurgical phenomenon. In this early search, Professor Howe encountered many unexplainable facts. Nevertheless, in the classic text, "The Metallurgy of Steel," published in 1891, he indicated that he believed Research could light the way. Under the heading of "The Treachery of Steel" he said: "In the early use of Bessemer and Open Hearth Steel, many then unexplained and hence mysterious failures occurred. With our present knowledge, an easy explanation of most of them would probably have been seen. But even today certain unexplained and apparently inexpli- cable failures occur in steel; inexplicable in spite of full and intelligent investigation." Then Professor Howe continued to talk about "the trustworthiness of steel" in the following manner: First, the steel-maker has learned by experience. He knows today far better the effects of a high percentage of carbon or of phosphorus; of cracks, pipes and blow-holes; of segregation and imperfect mixing; of over-heating; of finishing too hot or too cold. Knowing, he guards against them more effectually, and keeps at home much steel that he would formerly have sent into the market. Those who would not, or could not learn and do, have been driven out of the business; the conditions necessary for producing good sound steel by the acid Bessemer and the acid Open Hearth processes have been mastered. By and by, the basic process came along with new conditions, new liabilities to unsoundness, a great hue and cry about mysterious fractures followed, and Lloyd&apos;s register provisionally forbade the use of basic steel. Much basic steel was irregular and brittle throughout; too much carbon, too much phosphorus, too cold teemings—imperfect mixing. Still there was little doubt that, with further experience, these difficulties of the basic process would be mastered as those of the acid process had been. This shows that Professor Howe could not take anything for granted. Believing that careful research would find the answer to all mysterious phenomena, he was several generations ahead of the practical acceptance and adoption of this principle.

Jan 1, 1943

By Leo F. Reinartz

It was with humility that I accepted the invitation of the Board of Directors of our Institute to deliver the Twentieth Howe Memorial Lecture. Many previous lecturers could speak from personal experience of the great work done by Professor Howe. It was not my privilege to be one of his students but, indirectly, I came under the influence of his work many years ago. My mentor in Metallurgy at Carnegie Institute of Technology, Prof. Fred Crab tree, was an ardent admirer of Professor Howe and his work. Professor Crabtree taught me early to appreciate Professor Howe&apos;s love of truth and keen desire to find a scientific reason for every metallurgical phenomenon. In this early search, Professor Howe encountered many unexplainable facts. Nevertheless, in the classic text, "The Metallurgy of Steel," published in 1891, he indicated that he believed Research could light the way. Under the heading of "The Treachery of Steel" he said: "In the early use of Bessemer and Open Hearth Steel, many then unexplained and hence mysterious failures occurred. With our present knowledge, an easy explanation of most of them would probably have been seen. But even today certain unexplained and apparently inexpli- cable failures occur in steel; inexplicable in spite of full and intelligent investigation." Then Professor Howe continued to talk about "the trustworthiness of steel" in the following manner: First, the steel-maker has learned by experience. He knows today far better the effects of a high percentage of carbon or of phosphorus; of cracks, pipes and blow-holes; of segregation and imperfect mixing; of over-heating; of finishing too hot or too cold. Knowing, he guards against them more effectually, and keeps at home much steel that he would formerly have sent into the market. Those who would not, or could not learn and do, have been driven out of the business; the conditions necessary for producing good sound steel by the acid Bessemer and the acid Open Hearth processes have been mastered. By and by, the basic process came along with new conditions, new liabilities to unsoundness, a great hue and cry about mysterious fractures followed, and Lloyd&apos;s register provisionally forbade the use of basic steel. Much basic steel was irregular and brittle throughout; too much carbon, too much phosphorus, too cold teemings—imperfect mixing. Still there was little doubt that, with further experience, these difficulties of the basic process would be mastered as those of the acid process had been. This shows that Professor Howe could not take anything for granted. Believing that careful research would find the answer to all mysterious phenomena, he was several generations ahead of the practical acceptance and adoption of this principle.

Jan 1, 1943