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The following is an incomplete list of members and guests who called at Institute headquarters between Nov. 10 and Dec. 10, 1917. Harlan H. Bradt, Duluth, Minn. Lt. Geo. H. Morgan. Albert Burch, San Francisco, Cal. F. W. Osborn, Ajo, Ariz. J. A. Daniel, Institute of Mining & Metal- J. C. Ray, 2d Lt., 0. M. C., N. A. lurgy, London. A. E. Ring, Creede, Colo. Martin Fishback, Benson, Ariz. Geo. B. Rodgers, Dobbs Ferry, N. Y. E. L. Foucar, San Francisco, Cal. Forest Rutherford, Pueblo, Colo. I. A. L. Henderson, Institute of Mining & J. G. Scrugham, Reno, Nev. Metallurgy, London. A. F. Shurick, Forest Hills, L. I., N. Y. Jerome A. Hilbert, Santa Monica, Cal. Arthur C. Spencer, Washington, D. C. B. B. Hood, Chrome, N. J. Robert C. Sticht, Mt. Lyell, Tasmania. J. C. Hoyt, Jerome, Ariz. A. Perry Thompson, San Francisco, Cal. A. F. Kennedy, Duluth, Minn. J. B. Tyrrell, Toronto, Canada. Paul S. King, Wilmington, Del. Thor. Warner, Phoenix, Ariz. Alfred C. Levis, Golden, Colo. S. F. Wellman, Cleveland, 0. A. F. Lucas, Washington, D. C. Gardner F. Williams, San Francisco, Cal. B. E. McKechnie, Sharon, Pa. W. G. Woolf, Salt Lake City, Utah.' A. N. Mackay, Barranquilla, Colombia. C. W. Merrill, San Francisco, Cal. P. G. Beckett expects to be located in New York for some time, and may be addressed care of the Phelps, Dodge Corporation at 99 John Street. Corey C. Brayton and E. R. Richards have temporarily closed their San Francisco offices in order to give more time to their operations at Midvale, Utah.

Jan 1, 1918

The following is an incomplete list of members and guests who called at Institute headquarters during the period Nov. 10, 1918 to Dec. 10, 1918. Arthur C. Adair, Camp Meade, Md. L. S. Mitchell, Montreal, Canada. Arthur K. Adams, Camp Humphreys, Va. T. E. Mitchell, San Francisco, Cal. Toner Antisell, Chevy Chase, Md. H. Mortimer-Lamb, Montreal, Canada. V. W. Aubel, New Castle, Pa. Edmund Newton, A. C. Black, El Paso, Tex. Paul T. Norton, Jr., Columbus Ohio. 0. F. Brinton, Baxter Spgs., Kans. Elmer W. Pehrson, San José, Cal. C. S. Corbett, Minneapolis, Minn. Joseph E. Pogue, Washington, D. C. W. M. Corse, Mansfield, Ohio. T. C. Roberts, E. Orange, N. J. G. C. Crossley, Toms River, N. J. D. R. Semmes, Richmond, Va. H. S. Emlaw, Grand Haven, Mich. H. L. Slosson, Jr., San Francisco, Cal. Rudolph Emmel, Boston, Mass. W. H. Staver, S. G. Garrett, U. S. N. R. F. A. L. Sweetser, Boston, Mass. Lt. Francis Geib, Denver, Colo. Lt. H. B. Taylor, Kansas City, Mo. Wm. E. Hubbard, Wichita Falls, Tex. Kirby Thomas, New York. Arthur Iddings, Wichita Falls, Tex. Benj. F. Tibby, Salt Lake City, U. Zay Jeffries, Cleveland, Ohio. J. L. Towne, Whitepine, Colo. S. J. Kidder, Mogollon, N. M. Chas. W. Tubby, St. Paul, Minn. Lt.-Col. W. H. Lanagan (Engrs.). A. G. Waite, Brookline, Mass. Major W. F. Lewis (Engrs.). Timothy D. Walsh, Denver, Colo. 0. M. Lewyn, Thomas Warner, Phoenix, Ariz. A. McClintock, DeKalb June., N. Y. J. P. B. Webster, London, England. Major Donald G. Miller, N. M. E. W. Westervelt, Los Angeles, Cal. C. E. LeN. Arnold, formerly with the Inspiration Cons. Copper Co. at Inspiration, Ariz., has accepted a position with the Consolidated Arizona Smelting Co. at Mayer, Ariz.

Jan 1, 1919

Bailey, Lewis Newton, Master Engineer, Senior Grade, 4th Regiment, U. S. Engineers, Headquarters Company, died of pneumonia at Camp Merritt, N. J., on April 30, 1918. Baird, Louis, Lieut., Royal Field Artillery, British Army, died on the battlefield in 1915. Ballamy, John H., Capt., 103c1 Engineers, killed in action near Fismes, Aug. 9, 1918. Bowles, Martin F., 2d Lieut., Co. B, 355th Infantry, killed in action, Sept. 3, 1918. Burt, Andrew, died in active service, 1916. Cobeldick, William Morley, Royal Engineers, died from gas poisoning on Oct. 7, 1915. Dougall, Ralph,. 4th University Co., Princess Patricia Regiment, killed in action early in the war. Evans, Alfred Winter, Lieut.-Col., New Zealand Rifle Brigade, D. S. 0., D. C. M., killed in action on Oct. 12, 1917. Gordy, Sheppard B., died in service, Oct. 9, 1918. Gorman, Thomas C., Lieut., Canadian Engineers, killed in France, Mar. 18, 1918. Hague, William, 1st Lieut., Engineer Officers' Reserve Corps, died in active service, Jan. 1, 1918.

Jan 1, 1919

By John V. Beall

STREAM pollution caused by waste waters from mineral industry operations is a problem that has grown up with the industry. Its importance to each operator is dependent on the amount and type of waste he dumps into the rivers and streams; on whether this waste pollutes the waters sufficiently to make them unfit for potable water, irrigation, and conservation of wild life; and on whether this waste makes a safety or health hazard. Through the years our growing population and industry have made increasing demands on the mineral industries, the suppliers of the raw materials on which our industries are based; and we have met these demands at some sacrifice to the natural beauty and cleanliness of our country. However, that is often the unavoidable nature of the business, and along with the increased use of our

Jan 1, 1948

By Joseph Bernhardt

Use of concrete underground at No. 4 mine, Cornwall, Pa., has become increasingly important. Starting with small amounts at finger openings, occasional raises, piers, its use has expanded to entire slushing drifts and haulages. Besides eliminating costly timber repairs, concreting costs of slushing drifts have proved cheaper than timbering. Higher haulage-concreting costs are offset by no maintenance charges during the life of the haulage.

Jan 3, 1950

Edward Dyer Peters, the only child of Henry Hunter Peters and Susan Barker Thaxter, was born in Dorchester, Mass., June 1, 1849. From his father he was a descendant of the Peters family of Ipswich and Andover, Mass., whose earliest ancestor settled in Essex County in 1659; while upon his mother's side he descended from several old Hingham families, as well as from the Quineys and from Governor Bradford. Between the ages of fourteen and sixteen he was a student at the Episcopal School for boys in Cheshire, Conn. Near the school was an old tin mine, and he used to spend his Saturday afternoons exploring it. When Edward was sixteen, his father sold his property in South-borough, and for the next three years lived in Europe. Sept. 26, 1865, Edward entered the Royal School of Mines at Freiberg, Saxony. In the summer of 1867 he joined his family on Lake Geneva, and spent a part of the season in that vicinity, going to Chamounix and taking other trips. Extract from a letter to his father: Elbingerode, Harz, Aug. 30, 1868: I left Freiberg with my friend Lilienthal, on Wednesday the 19th of August, reached Leipzig in the evening and spent the night in that city: the next morning we took the cars and in the afternoon reached Eisleben, in Prussia, which was to be our first stopping-place; there are immense copper-mines and smelting-works at this place, and the method of working the mines is very peculiar ... The next morning we got up at five and spent the whole day in the smelting-works where I obtained a number of drawings of the furnaces they use here and a good many valuable data. Saturday morning we got up at four o'clock, and descended a mine about three miles from the town; the Director of this mine was one of the most intelligent and agreeable men that I ever met; he accompanied us in the mine and explained everything that was new to us. The system of mining at Eisleben is peculiar to this town, and is not used at any other place in the world; the copper ore comes in narrow, flat veins eighteen inches high, at the utmost, consequently the men work lying flat on their left side and using the pick with both hands: the ore is carried out of the side passages into the main ones, in very low waggons about twelve inches high, and four by two feet; the boys who pull these waggons have a board buckled to their left thigh and their left arm; they pass their bare foot through a strap in the waggon and wriggle along on their side dragging the waggon after them, with their foot, almost as fast as a man can walk above ground. In the afternoon we walked over to Hittstadt, about twelve miles, and remained there Sunday and Monday. Monday night, at ten o'clock we went out to one of the smelting-works, to see the refining of the copper; this is only done at night, so we worked there from ten in the evening till eleven the next morning, and came home all blackened up and with blistered hands, for our skin was not quite so tough as that of the workmen: at noon the same day we took the stage to Ascherls-leben, and then the train to Stassfurt, where there are immense salt-mines, as well as factories for the manufacture of bromium, which latter process is, however, kept a profound secret, so we had very little hope of seeing anything but the salt mines; we were talking with our landlord about our disappointment, that evening, when he told us that the director of the Bromium works was sitting in the next room with no company but his glass of beer, so we went over to him, introduced ourselves as Americans, and actually succeeded in persuading him that it could do his business no earthly hurt if he showed us his works; at last he consented, after making us give our word of honor

Jan 1, 1919

The entire War Minerals Relief Commission heard the case of the Chas. T. Pyrites & Chemical Company of Georgia on April 15 and 16. The Commission insisted on great detail with regard to the entire enterprise, although the main questions seemed to be of the amount involved. It is considered by the Commission that this claim comes unquestionably under the Act, it is one of the best examples that has been brought to the attention of the Government thus far. Testimony showed that operations were done on the property late in 1916 without request from the Government. Preparations were made to work the pyrites deposit on a comparatively small scale but , following a visit from a representative of the Secretary of Interior and a personal interview of the principal owner of the property and Secretary Lane, operations on a much larger scale were begun. The amounts expended prior to this interview were carefully separated from the expenditures thereafter. Testimony showed that it was the intention of the owners to transport their product by motor truck to the railroad-13 mi. away. This limited shipments to about 50 tons daily. Under the enlarged plan taken against the better business judgment of the owners, a railroad spur at a cost f nearly $200,000 was built to the mine. The operation included a concentrating mill with a capacity f 600 tons daily and an expensive dam to make possible the use of waterpower. With these improvements, the company was just beginning, operation under its enlarged program when the armistice was signed. This resulted in a greatly decreased demand and consequently lower prices, with all prospects indicating that the property could not operate profitably when Spanish pyrites begin to move.

Jan 6, 1919

A. E. Hunt, Pittsburgh, Pa : I have heard these papers read with a great deal of pleasure. I am particularly interested, in a financial way, in the bauxites as ores of aluminum, and it is safe to prophesy that there will be many more mining engineers in the future who will be interested in these ores of aluminum, in the same way as many are

Jan 1, 1895

By R. A. Falconer, H. L. Lovell

With increasing requirements for fine coal cleaning and the many advantages of the cyclone operating on a coal-water slurry, a series of studies designed to achieve an enhanced understanding of the cyclone parameters has been pursued. The purpose of this investigation has been to vary a series of dimensional parameters with an experimental 15-in. diam hydro-cyclone, and to determine the relative effects of parameter variations upon ash and sulfur removal. This study of the hydrocyclone is a continuation of a series of investigations, conducted in the Dept. of Mineral preparation at The Pennsylvania State University, which are directed toward the removal of ash and sulfur constituents from fine bituminous coal by size-density separations in cyclones, and toward a fuller understanding of the complex mechanisms involved in such separations. The purpose of this investigation has been to vary a series of dimensional parameters with an experimental 15-in. diam hydrocyclone, and to determine the relative effects of parameter variations upon ash and sulfur removal. Of special interest was the response to cone angle variation, since it is the high included cone angle that generally distinguishes the hydrocyclone as a gravity separator rather than a classifier. DESCRIPTION OF THE HYDROCYCLONE Fig. 1 is a dimensional drawing of the hydrocyclone used in the investigation. The unit was designed and fabricated by Heyl and Patterson, Inc., for experimental use. The dimensional parameters considered were: 1) Three cone sections having included angles of 45, 60, and 95,degrees, 2) Three 3 1/8 in. diam vortex finders having lengths of 15, 17, and 19 1/2 in., 3) Three 4 1/16 in. diam vortex finders having lengths of 15, 17, and 19 1/2 in. 4) Two apex sections having diameters of 2 and 2 1/4 in. The feed inlet orifice had a fixed diameter of 3 in. The hydrocyclone test installation was made at The Pennsylvania State University pilot plant at Barnes-boro, Pa., which operated at 50 tph. During the period that the hydrocyclone was tested, research was in progress at the Barnesboro site to reprocess refuse material from a near-by coal preparation plant in

Jan 1, 1968

By R. J. Stevens

The Roan Antelope Smelter commenced operations in October, 1931. As originally designed, its equipment consisted of one reverberatory furnace, 120 X 25 ft, two Peirce-Smith converters 12 X 20 ft, and one straight line casting machine. Since that time the following additions have been made: One reverberatory furnace 120 ft X 28 ft ('934) One reverberatory furnace 95 ft X 28 ft (1943) Two 12 X 20 ft Peirce-Smith converters (1934 and 1938) One 13 X 30 ft holding furnace (1938) One straight line casting machine and 2 ladle tilting quadrants (1934) The metallurgy of the smelting process is comparatively simple. However, there are several features of operation which are uncommon to most copper smelters: (I) The high grade of concentrate treated; this has always been about 50 pct copper. (2) The high flux burden on the charge. This is necessary because of the deficiency of bases in the concentrate and the high alumina content of the concentrate. (3) The frequent necessity of adding coal to the furnace charge to control the matte grade. (4) The high grade of matte produced. This has led to unusual converter problems. From the commencement of operations, the ore mined has come from the Roan Basin orebody. The concentrate produced from this ore consists mainly of chalcocite and shale with small proportions of other copper minerals. As mining operations extend to the Roan Extension orebody, the proportions of bornite and chalcopyrite in the concentrate will increase with a corresponding decrease in the copper content of the concentrate. Because of the concentrate grade the capacity of the reverberatory furnaces in terms of tons of copper produced per ton of coal burned is high. This ratio is usually over 2.2, and on especially favourable runs has reached 2.6. Reference to Table I shows that the iron content of the concentrate is unusually low. Only part of this iron is available for slag formation, the balance going to the matte. To make up this deficiency in bases, limerock is added to the furnace charge. This flux ensures a slag that is of the correct silicate degree, is suficiently fluid, of low specific gravity, and it counteracts the thickening effect of the alumina present. An ample supply of flux is obtainable from Ndola, 22 miles distant by rail. Although the reverberatory slag has a high copper content, the slag fall is low and the copper loss in the slag now rarely exceeds 1.0 pct of the total copper charged. The blister copper shipped is of such purity that only one fire refining operation has been necessary to produce a wirebar with properties comparable to electrolytic copper. Bismuth has always been the most troublesome impurity and consequently the problem of its control in the finished product has been of prime importance. Practically none is removed in the reverberatory furnace. The bulk of the elimina-

Jan 1, 1949

By Charles R. Austin, Carl H. Samans

In an earlier serics of studies on 18-8 stainless steel at 600º, 700º, and 800ºC.l one pretreatment was used throughout; viz., 15 min. in hydrogen at 950°C., followed by an air quench. Several manufacturers of this alloy since have expressed doubt as to the suitability of the temperature employed, recommending instead the more customary Strauss treatment as promising superior results. In this subsequent investigation on the effects of the temperature of pretreatment several interesting points have arisen, which are described in this paper. Previous work on our equipment had shown a marked difference between alloys of "similar chemical composition" that had been manufactured by different companies. Accordingly, one mill-bar length was selected from which to prepare all specimens. It could then be assumed that any marked differences in creep characteristics would be due to effects resulting from variations in the pretreatment of the alloy. The material was furnished by the Allegheny-Ludlum Steel Co. in the form of 5/16-in. dia. rod, finished by air cooling from a mill anneal at 1950°F. (1066°C.). It was analyzed only for the elements shown: carbon, 0.07 per cent; chromium, 18.73; nickel, 9.46; manganese, 0.40. Three pretreating temperatures were chosen, the specimens being held for 15 min. in hydrogen at either: (1) 1150°C., to conform to the recommended Strauss treatment; (2) 950°C., to compare with the results of previous tests; or (3) 75Q°C., to initiate precipitation of carbides in the material before testing. As the test cross sections were only 1/8-in. dia., air cooling followed the annealing treatment. These treatments permitted two direct comparisons: (1) between the 1150" and 950°C. treatments to indicate the effect of grain size when all carbides were probably in solution at the start of the test; and (2) between the 950" and 750°C. treatments to indicate the effect of carbide "nucleation" for similar grain sizes.

Jan 1, 1940

By Carl H. Samans, Charles R. Austin

In an earlier serics of studies on 18-8 stainless steel at 600º, 700º, and 800ºC.l one pretreatment was used throughout; viz., 15 min. in hydrogen at 950°C., followed by an air quench. Several manufacturers of this alloy since have expressed doubt as to the suitability of the temperature employed, recommending instead the more customary Strauss treatment as promising superior results. In this subsequent investigation on the effects of the temperature of pretreatment several interesting points have arisen, which are described in this paper. Previous work on our equipment had shown a marked difference between alloys of "similar chemical composition" that had been manufactured by different companies. Accordingly, one mill-bar length was selected from which to prepare all specimens. It could then be assumed that any marked differences in creep characteristics would be due to effects resulting from variations in the pretreatment of the alloy. The material was furnished by the Allegheny-Ludlum Steel Co. in the form of 5/16-in. dia. rod, finished by air cooling from a mill anneal at 1950°F. (1066°C.). It was analyzed only for the elements shown: carbon, 0.07 per cent; chromium, 18.73; nickel, 9.46; manganese, 0.40. Three pretreating temperatures were chosen, the specimens being held for 15 min. in hydrogen at either: (1) 1150°C., to conform to the recommended Strauss treatment; (2) 950°C., to compare with the results of previous tests; or (3) 75Q°C., to initiate precipitation of carbides in the material before testing. As the test cross sections were only 1/8-in. dia., air cooling followed the annealing treatment. These treatments permitted two direct comparisons: (1) between the 1150" and 950°C. treatments to indicate the effect of grain size when all carbides were probably in solution at the start of the test; and (2) between the 950" and 750°C. treatments to indicate the effect of carbide "nucleation" for similar grain sizes.

Jan 1, 1940

By L. I. Cothern

THE introduction of mechanized mining has created a demand for long working faces. It has also prompted mining men to contest the old theory that longwall methods can be used only where roof conditions are ideal and where pack-wall material is plentiful. "Longwall" as used in this paper means "modified longwall," "semi-longwall," or any of the various "wall" or "long-face" methods of mining. Many mines are now using long conveyor faces that differ only in their methods of development, types of roof support and method of loading coal onto the conveyor. Some types of longwall operations are being carried on successfully under conditions heretofore considered impossible by men experienced in longwall mining. With possibly one or two exceptions, long-face methods in Alabama are a direct result of the need for lower mining costs. The advantages over room-and-pillar systems were clearly expressed in an article by Messrs. Fies and Lacy of the DeBardeleben Coal Corporation1 as follows: (1) increased tonnage per miner; (2) increased percentage of lump coal; (3) reduction in cost of development; (4) elimination of the cost of room yardage; (5) reduction in the cost of haulage, from ability to use larger cars; (6) reduction in the cost of machine cutting; (7) reduction in cost for tracks; (8) reduction in the cost of deadwork; (9) reduction in the cost of supervision. An attempt on the part of the operator to gain these, advantages by changing from room-and-pillar to longwall requires considerable courage, and credit should be given to those men who have done their bit to meet the competition of rival fuels. The initiatory problems to be solved are in reference to: (1) retreating or advancing system, (2) length of wall, (3) method of roof support, (4) method of entry development, (5) type of conveyor or loader, (6) hand vs. machine loading (onto conveyors), (7) hand vs. machine loading in entries, (8) control of roof pressure,

Jan 1, 1940

By Webster, Wm. Reuben

THE greatly enlarged demand for small sizes of seamless copper tube which has recently occurred, due particularly to the rapid growth of the electric household-refrigerator industry, has emphasized the superiority of phosphorized to tough pitch copper for the purpose of producing this commodity. In the manufacture of this material exceedingly heavy reductions by cold drawing are employed, customary practice involving as much as 90 per cent. reduction of cross-sectional area in four runs without intermediate annealing. Although this superiority has long been recognized by tube makers, no quantitative expression of it has heretofore been published. It is believed that the data herewith presented mill serve this purpose. Recent investigators are not in agreement as to the relative mechanical properties of copper containing small amounts of oxygen as compared with copper containing sufficient oxygen to produce that condition known as tough pitch. Hanson, Marryat and Ford1 found that "oxygen has a relatively small effect on the properties of copper." Johnson, on the contrary, states "it cannot be denied that it (tough pitch copper) is inferior to deoxidized copper . . . where severe mechanical manipulation is concerned." These authorities in the reports of their investigations, as might be expected from their conclusions, do not present data of a character requisite to a conclusive determination of the question.

Jan 1, 1927

By H. E. Nold

THIS paper is an effort to explain in a simple manner the fundamental principles involved in examining a clay deposit for both quantity and quality and in operating a clay mine, either open-pit or underground, SO that the best quality of finished material can be made from the raw material available. The writer is aware that what is recommended in this paper is everyday practice in many refractories plants and in some other heavy-clay products plants, but observations made while visiting practically every clay mine in Ohio have convinced him that the practices herein discussed are not as widely used as their importance warrants. It is true that the problem of mining for quality is more acute in refractories plants than in most heavy-clay products plants, yet some of the latter are finding it profitable to pay more than ordinary attention to the selection and blending of their raw materials. It is hoped that this short paper may prove helpful to some who are now finding it difficult to produce a uniform product of as high quality as their clay deposit seems to warrant. The coordination of the work of the clay mine or pit with the manufacturing plant, to the end that the best product possible be made from the raw material available, presupposes a rather intimate knowledge of the clay deposit. The knowledge must include not only information of the amount of clay available but also rather detailed information about both vertical and horizontal variations in quality of the clay. This information should cover three things: quality, quantity, and location. Sampling Undeveloped Deposits In the case of an undeveloped deposit with a shallow overburden, pitting may be the cheapest way of testing. For thick deposits or deposits with rather heavy overburden, the diamond drill, using a double core barrel, offers the best means of testing. When using the diamond drill in clay testing, it is doubtful whether it pays to take less than 2-in. cores; it is difficult to get complete cores with smaller drills, and the quantity of material obtained with smaller cores is not sufficient for the necessary tests.

Jan 1, 1929

By John H. Hollomon

A REVIEW of the steps which have been made to increase knowledge in the field of ferrous physical metallurgy during the closing period of World War II brings both pleasure and disappointment. Contributions of great value have been made, to be sure. However, due partly to the stress of the times, researchers in this field have been in the main directing their attention toward the short-range problems involved in the development and production of materiel for war. Furthermore, publication of the results of a great number of studies has had to be delayed. Much of the German work may, indeed, be lost entirely, owing to the efficiency of our bombers, which managed to account for most of the famous Kaiser Wilhelm Institut of Dusseldorf, not to mention the other large laboratories and manufacturing plants throughout that country. It would seem safe to assume, however, that fundamental research in Germany had been forced to give way to the shallow, but more pressing, engineering problems of a country trying to avoid defeat. In Russia the picture has been clouded by the limitations imposed upon comunication; but this much does seem clear: Russia alone among the great nations of the world has maintained her long-range view and has continued to foster research of the most fundamental type. English workers; on the other hand, appear to have been able only to meet the demands of the pressing problems of war, and their studies have been of the short-range variety. That metallurgical research of any sort should have continued in France during this chaotic period in her history would seem impossible, but, amazingly, a small handful of scientists did manage to carry on their work, and it is to be hoped that more will be heard from them in the future.

Jan 1, 1946

By D. Turnbull, J. H. Hollomon, J. C. Fisher

UNDERSTANDING of the diffusion problem has recently been furthered by the analysis of Birchenall and Mehl.1 They pursued the problem of the variation of the diffusion coefficient with composition for non-ideal solid solutions. Their analysis follows the tradition of Wagner,2 Jost,3 Dehlinger,4 and Darken,' who assumed the net flux of dif¬fusing material to be proportional to the gradient of a quantity related to free energy. The basic assumption in Birchenall and Mehl's formulation of the problem is that the net flux of diffusing material is proportional to a thermodynamic activity gradient. To estimate the applicability of the derived relations, they corrected the diffusion coefficients of carbon in austenite by utilizing Smith's' activity data for carbon, and the diffusion coefficients for zinc in copper with activity data computed from the vapor pressure measurements of Hargreaves.7 The corrected coefficients for carbon were virtually independent of carbon concentration. For the diffusion of zinc in copper a moderate variation of diffusion coefficient with concentration remained after the correction. The problem of diffusion can be formulated in another way than that used by Birchenall and Mehl. The method is that of chemical rate theory and has been used by Eyring and his coworkers8,9 as well as by Eyring and Zwolinski10 in a discussion to Birchenall and Mehl's paper. As yet the method has not been applied to substitutional solid solutions. On the basis of their assumptions, Eyring and Zwolinski derived a relation between the diffusion coefficient and activity that is identical with that of Dehlinger and Darken but which does not correct for the variation of the diffusion coefficient with concentration as well as does the relation derived by Birchenall and Mehl. It was thought that the theory of diffusion would be more complete if the inconsistency between the two analyses could be rationalized and if diffusion in substitutional alloys were analyzed on the basis of the concepts of the chemical rate theory. CHEMICAL RATE THEORY According to the theory of absolute reaction rates8 the reaction [A,+A2+ ... +.A;->X,+X2 +...+X; EqI] is viewed as taking place in two steps. First the reactants A1, A2, . . . A[i] combine to form an activated complex M with which they are in equilibrium; [A, + A2 + .. . + Ai = M. Eq 2] Second the activated complex decomposes to give the products X1, X2. . .. X[j]; [M->X1+X2+ ... +.X;. Eq3] It has been shown8 that the number of activated complexes decomposing per unit volume per unit time is given by the expression† [kT]

Jan 1, 1948

By W. A. James

NATURE endowed the Niagara Frontier with great resources but it was the molding of these resources by the early pioneers that assured its future development. This great industrial district of New York stretches along about fifty miles of shore line on the eastern end of Lake Erie and the Niagara River, embracing the two counties of Erie and Niagara, with the city of Buffalo about in the center. This location at the junction of the eastern end of the Great Lakes and the western boundary of the State, a great focal point of land and water, transportation, guaranteed the development of the Frontier. Although the first white settlers came to this section in 1784, it was not until after the turn of the nineteenth century that real development started. Perhaps the most significant influence in the early days was the completion of the Erie Canal between Buffalo and Albany in 1825. This then monumental achievement gave Buffalo an advantage in the race for the best trade route to the Western

Jan 1, 1938

Alfred E. Hunt, Pittsburgh, Pa. (communication to the Secretary): Mr. Blue's statement (page 576) that, " owing to the presence of iron and other impurities, makers of aluminum. assert that native corundum is unsuited for the production of that metal," is somewhat incorrect, at least so far as it may refer to any objection made by the officials of the Pittsburgh Reduction Co. to the Canadian corundums. We recognize corundum as among the richest and purest of the ores of aluminum, and the material furnished from Canada would offer for us the advantage of a supply near to our works for the manufacture of aluminum at Niagara Falls. The real difficulty which we find in the use of corundum for this manufacture is the cost of the raw material as compared with that of native bauxites. In this item we include not only, the price of the corundum as it has been offered to us, but also the expense of grinding it to an impalpable powder, which must be done before it can be used directly in the manufacture of aluminum, and the cost of preliminary chemical treatment for purification—which latter operation, however, is also required for bauxite. I agree with Mr. Blue that the introduction of new and irnproved processes has greatly reduced, during the past ten years, the cost of manufacturing aluminum; but I am inclined to believe that any further improvements, facilitating the use of corundum for this purpose, would apply, in equal or greater degree, to the common clays (silicates of aluminum) which exist in all parts of the world, are more easily mined and handled, and are likely to be always cheaper per unit of aluminum than any corundum.

Jan 1, 1899

By D. M. Buck

greatly restricted and every effort is being made to do away with it where possible, and to substitute a lead-base babbitt or a babbitt with 50 per cent,. tin. The amount of solder having the composition 50 lead, 50 tin, used by the Pennsylvania Lines East, during 1917, was approximately 100,000 lb., but there is reason to believe that a large portion of this can be replaced by a 60-lead, 40-tin solder with satisfactory results, and instructions have been issued to this effect. Inregard to the quantity of new tin used, it is not possible to give the amount, except approximately and from calculations based on the 1917 consumption of bearing metals by the Pennsylvania Lines East only, it is estimated that about 770,000 Ib. of new tin were required in a total of about 21,380,000 lb. of all kinds of bearing metals turned out by the foundry or purchased in the market. No change has been made in the specifications for bearing metals for some years, as the metals used have been satisfactory. A large proportion of the bearing metals are made up from old material re-melted and brought to standard composition by some addition of new metal, and every effort is being made to utilize old material to the best advantage and reduce the amount of new metal of all kinds purchased. For a number of years no tin has been used in the lining metal of either passenger or freight car journal-bearings, except such small amounts as come in from re-melting old linings. No change has been made in phosphor bronze used for rod bushings, as we should expect some trouble from bushings pounding out of shape if a phosphor bronze were used which contained less tin or more lead than the present specifications call for. In this, as well as in the case of all other bearing metals, we expect to use our utmost endeavors to economize and to substitute for tin wherever possible. The Tin-plate Industry D. M. Buck,* Pittsburg, Pa.—During the first 5 months of 1918, approximately 11,000,000 Ib. per month of pig tin were consumed in the United States. Solder, bearing metals, bronzes, etc, used about 5,500,000 lb.; collapsible tubes a little more than 250,000 lb.; tin-foil about 500,000 lb.; and the tin- and terne-plate industry somewhat less than 5,000,000 Ib. In an effort to reduce this consumption and thus conserve our tin supplies, several methods of procedure suggest themselves: 1. Salvage. The most careful and systematic collection and re-use of tin and tin-bearing materials is economically important, in that we thus

Jan 1, 1919