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Domestic: Middle West-,11.. B. Newcombe Eastern District-J. French Robinson1 Kansas-Henry A. Ley 2 Oklahoma-Henry A. Ley 3 Texas, except Gulf Coast and Panhandle-M. G. Cheney 5 Texas Panhandle-W. E. Hubbard and H. E. Crum 6 Gulf Coast-L. P. Teas 7 South Arkansas, North Louisiana and Mississippi-H. K. Shearer 8 Foreign Mexico-V. R. Garfias and C. 0. Isakson 9 Canada-Line M. Farish 10 Venezuela-C. W. Hamilton 10 Colombia-J. T. Duce 12 Peru-O. B. Hopkins 12 Trindad-Williaim J. Millard 13 Dutch East Indies-Fred B. Ely 13 Rumania-I. I. Gardescu . .. . 14 India-Eric J. Bradshaw 14

Jan 1, 1931

By J. Burns Read

IT IS the purpose of this paper to summarize, as far as possible, the metallurgical information and experience gained by the Ordnance Department, during the War, in the manufacture of artillery cartridge cases, to describe the tests to which artillery cartridge cases were put, and to summarize the knowledge and experience gained in this testing. The authors wish to acknowledge the aid given by manufacturers, army officers, and civilian employees of the Ordnance Department in obtaining these data. Artillery cartridge cases are cold drawn from circular disks punched from strips of rolled brass. The manufacture involves from 25 to 30 main operations, which are done almost entirely on a punch press. Descriptions of the operations have appeared in various periodicals and, therefore, will not be given here. After each cupping, or drawing, operation, except the last, the cases are annealed at from 540° to 650° C. (1000° to 1200°F.), to remove all the hardening stresses set up in the metal and to allow complete recrystallization. After each annealing, the cases are pickled in niter cake or sulfuric-acid solution and then washed in water to remove all traces of acid. In some instances, the cases are then immersed in a cyanide-salt solution, and afterwards rinsed in water, to remove the thin layer of copper that forms on the surface of the cases during the acid pickle. The last cold-drawing operation is followed, by the heading operation which, by flattening the head of the case on the outside, causes the metal to flow on the inside to approximately the proper finished dimensions. The mouth, or open end, is then annealed at 430° to 480° C. (800° to 900° F.) by immersion in a salt bath or by gas flames. After being washed, the cases are tapered, when they are ready for machining, inspection, and testing.

Jan 4, 1922

The meeting of the Institute of Metals Division was held in Phila-delphia from Sept. 30 to Oct. 2, inclusive. On Monday evening preceding the meeting, a dinner was held at the Ritz-Carlton Hotel at which many of the former officers of the Division and of the present officers and execu-tive committee were present. The subject of a membership committee was discussed and a motion to appoint such a committee with powers to go over the membership list for the selection of divisional members and to institute plans for additional members was passed. Mr. H. E. Howe and Dr. Johnston of the National Research Council attended the meeting and presented their plans for an Alloys Research Association. Many opinions were voiced as to the practicability of such a scheme and Mr. Howe expressed himself in appreciation of the cooperative thought and efforts given him. On Tuesday morning the Institute of Metals Division joined sessions with the American Foundrymen's Association and listened to the opening addresses. In the afternoon a boat ride was taken on the Delaware River, visiting the plants of the Cramp Ship and Engine Building Co. and the shipyard of the Emergency Fleet Corpn. at Hog Island. The launching of the boat christened "Afoundria" at 5 p.m. was witnessed by members of the party. The opening technical session was held on Tuesday evening at the Ritz-Carlton Hotel at 8 o'clock. The next session was held at the Ritz-Carlton at 10 o'clock on Wednesday morning and the final session at the same time and place on Thursday morning. The sessions were well attended and the discussion was good. The highly technical nature of some of the papers on the program was of special note. Taken as a whole the meeting was one of the most successful ever held. The follow-ing papers were presented:

Jan 11, 1919

(Under this heading will be published notes sent to the Secretary of the Institute by members or other persons introduced by members.) Experienced mining. engineer, Columbia School of Mines graduate, practical experience in drifting, shaft sinking and development work, also in mining, operating and equipping iron, copper, and zinc properties. Married, age 32, available at once. Open for position as superintendent or assistant. No. 462. Member, age 33, married, desires position as mining engineer or engineering executive.- Twelve years experience as mining engineer, geologist, and chief engineer of iron and copper properties. Experience in United States, Mexico and South America. Fluent Spanish. Technical graduate. Minimum salary $3000. No. 466. Member, technical, general superintendent and mill superintendent: Well experienced in latest methods of ore reduction, especially on copper and complex ores. Draft exempt. Not less than $250 per month considered. No. 469. Consulting mining geologist, member of Geological Society of America and A. I. M. E., Professor of Geology and Mineralogy, Lawrence College, desires temporary position during summer in mine surveying, mining methods, expert mine valuation or any exploration work or mine development. Applicant has had nearly three years' experience in gold mining in Mexico and many years professional mine examination work in all regions of Western U. S. Terms reasonable. No. 470. Member, mining engineer, age 46, desires engagement as manager of mining properties, coal or metal mines. Education and 25 years experience in all branches of mining. Have been successful with labor in the management of large properties. No. 471.

Jan 8, 1918

By Francis A. Thomson

IN reviewing mineral industry education a year ago, occasion was taken to congratulate the Institute in general and to felicitate the Education Di- vision in particular on "the most gratifying growth which is taking place in Institute consciousness in regard to its responsibility for the recruitment and adequate training of student personnel and for the successful bridging of the difficult gap between graduation and achievement of professional status." Continuation of this growth of interest throughout 1939 is a recognition of the validity of the splendid statement of George Otis Smith that the mining students of today are the ore reserve of the Institute for the future. In this connection one recalls the equally apt expression of another distinguished geologist, George M. Fowler, who, speaking of exploration for ore deposits, says, "The place to look for elephants is where elephants have been found."

Jan 1, 1940

By O. L. Kowalke

THE measurement and control of temperatures have assumed positions of great importance in many industries. The manufacturers of byproduct coke and carbureted water gas find that proper temperature control helps to produce a better product and economizes in the use of raw materials. In the manufacture of glass, enameled ware, brass, and high-temperature refractories, temperature control is now regarded as being coordinate in importance with the control of materials used. To control such processes as malleablizing cast iron, and hardening, tempering, and annealing of steel in a manner to meet exacting market requirements has, within recent years, involved the installation of large and expensive pyrometer equipments. In many of these installations, it was necessary not merely to measure but also to record the temperatures over a period of time and thus obtain a record of the entire heat treatment and an effective check on the workmen in charge. In view of the importance of temperature measurement and control in such a wide variety of industries and the necessity for proper supervision of the installation and operation of the outfits, the following questions may be pertinent: What instruction is offered by the engineering colleges and what departments in the colleges are responsible therefor? The latest available catalogs of ten prominent engineering colleges east of the Mississippi River showed courses in high-temperature measurements given by the departments of physics. These courses, in general, were described as comprising classroom and laboratory instruction in the theory of high-temperature measurements, together with exercises in the calibration of the various devices used. In some cases it was stated that consideration would be given, in the courses, to the practical applications in the industries. In only one. college was the course required of all engineering students; in most colleges it was optional; in a few colleges, it was required only of certain groups. In colleges offering a course in metallurgical engineering, instruction in pyrometry was always given in connection with metallurgical laboratory work. The students in ceramic,

Jan 8, 1919

By Oliver Bowles

A HEAVY gel of bentonite clay has been proposed as an effective lubricant to speed down the ways to sea, river, or lake, the mighty cargo ships now hitting the water at the rate of about three a day. Another unusual application of a nonmetallic mineral is in food conservation, for the claim has been made that the next new item on the menu for poultry and rabbits will be vitamin tablets prepared from mont-morillonite clay. These uses have minor importance but illustrate not only the diversity in utilization, but the notable trend in 1942 toward mobilizing nonmetallic minerals for the war program. Although occupying less headline space than iron, steel, copper, aluminum, magnesium, and other metals, the nonmetallics are filling important emergency needs. Mica and quartz crystal are essential to communication; asbestos is urgently needed in fireproof heat and electrical insulation; and strontium minerals are utilized in the manufacture of signal flares and tracer bullets.

Jan 1, 1943

By Dae S. Young

A new probabilistic approach is introduced for slope stability analysis including adverse impact of blasting vibrations. The material strength within a slope area is randomized in this bi-variate joint probability analysis. To be a completely general engineering method, the new probabilistic approach employs the random variable transformation technique: the Hermite model of the Gaussian transformation function, which transforms the experimental histogram of strength values to the standard Gaussian variables. Because bi- normal joint probability is analyzed on the true probability region projected on the Gaussian transformed variable plane, it is an exact solution of slope stability based on the available sample data. Details of the probabilistic approach are given through a case study on an iron ore mine. The case study demonstrated that the probabilistic approach is effective and simple enough to be a routine engineering practice for slope analysis.

Jan 1, 1984

R. U. Jackson (Conveyor vs. Track Haulage, P. 866) is the author of a previous work on conveyor systems, which was presented at the Annual Meeting of the Arizona Section of the AIME in December 1951. He has worked for the Carnegie Steel Co., Koppers Co., Fairmont Mining Machinery Co., and the Hewitt-Robins, Inc., the Robins Conveyor Div., for the past 30 years, as engineer, district manager, and manager of the mining div. Jackson is a graduate of Carnegie Institute of Technology, and was born in Steelton; Pa. His present residence is in Clifton, N. J., where in his spare time he devotes himself to hiking and photography interests. F. S. White (Co-author, Solids Fluidization Applied to Lime Burning, P. 903) is a Washington University, St. Louis, Graduate, who now lives in Stockbridge, Mass. He served as a technical apprentice at Mobile, Ala., for the Aluminum Ore Co., and after four years went to Bauxite, Ark, as technical superintendent of calcination and precipitation. After a year and a half, he became technical and operating superintendent of the sintering plant. White also worked for the Dorr Co., and is now with the New England Lime Co. serving as assistant to the president. For relaxation he collects stamps and plays the piano.

Jan 1, 1952

By C. J. Osborn

The temperature dependence of the free energies of formation of metallurgically important oxides, sulphides, chlorides, carbonates and sulphates is presented graphically, whereby the task of deriving practical metallurgical information is greatly simplified. The diagrams have been revised according to the latest available thermodynamic data. WHILE it is true that much careful investiga-tional work remains to be done, there are already available in the literature sufficient thermo-dynamic data to enable the metallurgist to predict with reasonable confidence the equilibrium conditions to be expected in most important, and potentially important, metallurgical reactions. In this connection, the careful, critical compilations of K. K. Kelley and his collaborators in numerous U. S. Bureau of Mines Bulletins are particularly valuable. However, the translation of reliable thermo-dynamic data into metallurgical language unfortunately involves lengthy manipulations of the cumbersome formulas which can be set up from heat of formation, entropy, and heat capacity data. Many years ago, Kelley20 predicted that thermo-dynamic calculations would be made in the future "with the aid of free energy, heat content, and entropy tables, rather than by means of the algebraic methods employed at present", and where such tables are available they greatly simplify the task of deriving practical metallurgical information. However, in addition to these tables, there are also available one or two reliable graphical presentations, particularly of free energy data, which may be used in the same way as the tables, but which have the added advantages that interpolation is never necessary, and that the behavior of different metals or compounds may be compared at a glance. Some years ago Professor Robert Lepsoe, Head of the Department of Metallurgy at Norways Institute of Technology (N.T.H.), began a compilation of curves showing the temperature dependence of the heat contents of the elements, and the heat contents and heats and free energies of formation of the common metallurgical compounds. With such a compilation, the thermal and free energy requirements of a reaction may be read from curves in a matter of seconds; and this statement applies not only to the formation of compounds from their elements, and to the reverse dissociation, but to any reaction involving substances whose thermodynamic properties are available. This follows from the fact that heats and free energies of formation are completely additive. For example, the free energy change associated with the chlorination of a metallic oxide at any temperature, T, is given by the free energy of formation of the chloride at temperature T minus that of the oxide also at T; both of these quantities may be read directly from curves of the type suggested above. Since this early, unpublished work of Lepsoe, both Ellingham7 and Richardson and Jeffes46 have

Jan 1, 1951

By Clyde E. Williams, JAMES L. GREGG

THIS review of the past year's progress in iron and steel metallurgy presents examples of only a few of the interesting or important accomplishments made in the United States. In the field of iron ore concentration increased attention was given to the study of the more difficultly separated wash ores and some progress was made in tabling. One difficulty with the table, in concentrating iron ore where the percentage of concentrate in the feed is large, has been the removal of fine silica from the thick layer .of concentrates in the cleaning zone. One company has -Made an important contribution toward the solution of this problem by an extension of the well-known plateau principle. By a special riffling of the plateau section of the table, the concentrates are crowded together. This action forces the fine silica to the top of the bed in the cleaning zone, whence the cross-flowing currents of water -can wash it into the middling product. Some work has been done on the application of froth flotation to the concentration of iron ores. Laboratory experiments were made at the Colorado School of Mines in which hematite was, successfully floated. Using oleic acid as a frothing and collecting agent and sodium carbonate as the conditioning agent, a high recovery of rich ,concentrate was obtained. A laboratory flotation unit is in use at Taconite, on the Mesabi range, and a commer-

Jan 1, 1932

National Slate Association, Drexel bldg , Philadelphia, Pa. This Association has published a book entitled "Slate Roofs " It is primarily intended for users of slate but it contains some information on the geology, analysis, quarrying and origin of slate It may be had from the office of the Association for $1 50

Jan 1, 1933

By George C. Stone

AS most of you probably know, Australia has had many strikes. The two places that had the worst reputation were the Broken Hill mines and Port Pirie, where the smelter was located. About four or five years ago, the smelter changed hands. The new proprietors - immediately endeavored to get on better terms with the men and made such progress in that respect that, the men came to them and said, "There is no use giving us any more money. You have just raised our pay one- bob a day, but the store-keeper and the boarding-house keeper have raised their prices. The boarding housekeeper raised our board three bob a week and the storekeeper took the rest of it and we are no better off." Learning that what the men needed most was firewood wood the company bought the wood on a tract of ground across Spencer's Gulf and- sent men over to cut it. The wood was brought to the works and given to a man to cut up. He thought he had an easy job and loafed, but when the committee representing the men discovered that his loafing added to the cost of 'the wood, it promptly disciplined him and made -him work as he had never worked before. The next question that arose was the distribution of the wood. The committee got bids from several cartmen whose prices varied from about two to five shillings. It gave the work to the next to the lowest bidder. The fact that if delivering the wood cost more, the user would have to pay for it, was an entirely new idea to the men.

Jan 1, 1920

Nov. 4, 1952, AIME, Morenci Sub-section, Longfellow Inn, Morenci, Ariz. Nov. 5, AIME, Chicago Section, Chicago Bar Assn., Chicago. Nov. 8-8, New Mexico Mining Assn. and International Mining Days, joint convention, Alvarado Hotel, El Paso. Nov. 7, AIME, Pittsburgh Section, National Open Hearth Steel Committee, off-the-record meeting, Hotel William Penn, Pittsburgh. Nov. 7-8, Birmingham Technical Meeting of Southeast Section, AIME, Birmingham. Nov. 10-11, Eighth Annual Meeting of The Magnesium Assn., Hotel Biltmore, New York City. Nov. 12, AIME. Connecticut Section, Hartford, Conn. Nov. 18, AIME, Buffalo Section, National Open Hearth Steel Committee, Hotel Statler. Buffalo. Nov. 19, AIME, Connecticut Section, Hartford, Conn. Nov. 19, American Mining Congress Coal Div. Conference, Wm. Penn Hotel, Pittsburgh.

Jan 1, 1952

By Milo W. Krejci

The plant and quarries of the Inland Portland Cement Co. are located at Metaline Palls, Wash., about 128 miles north of Spokane, on the Pend Oreille river, and within 10 miles of the Canadian border. The plant is one of a chain of cement plants controlled by the Lehigh Portland Cement Co., of Allentown, Pa. Work on this plant was commenced in June, 1910, and was completed in April, 1911, but on account of some delays in the construction of the power plant, the works were not put into operation until August, 1911. Since then it has been in continuous operation and has furnished the Inland Empire with a high grade of cement. Fig. 1 is a view and Fig. 2 is a plan of the works. Water Power Development.—The source of the water supply for the hydro-electric plant of the Inland Portland Cement Co. is Sullivan lake, a body of water approximately 5.5 miles long and' 0.5 mile wide, situated in the Kaniksu Forest Reserve. A wooden crib dam was installed so as to raise the elevation of the lake 25 ft., and the additional storage capacity was taken up by the diversion of Sullivan creek into the lake by means of a wooden flume, 0.25 mile long, 6 by 8 ft. in cross-section, and a ditch 1,200 ft. long. The water from the lake follows the natural water course to an intermediate storage reservoir, which was created by the construction of an earthen dam. This pond was used in connection with the saw mill which was installed at this point. Besides the earth dam, there was also built a crib, at the point shown in the sketch map, Fig. 3. This crib dam is 35 ft. high. From this point the excess water follows the natural course of Sullivan creek to the Pend Oreille river. The water is taken from this intermediage storage by means of a 6 by 8 ft. wooden flume approximately 13,000 ft. long. This flume is built up on the side hill, piling being driven most of the way on

Jan 1, 1914

By F. E. Bachman

There is such a great variety of opinion concerning the best method of determining phosphorus in pig iron and steel, that a list of determinations, on a uniform sample of pig iron, together with a short description of the methods used by different chemists, and a few experiments on the accuracy of some of the methods used, [nay be of interest to members of the Institute. All the results given in List A are from the same lot of drillings, thoroughly mixed, except Nos. 8 and 9, and 28 to 32 inclusive, which are from the same pig, but were taken at a later period.

Jan 1, 1882

By C. E. Agnew

The Eastern district, composed of New Jersey and eastern Pennsylvania, with its native ores, was the cradle of the iron industry of the United States. The district attained and held the leadership in production of pig iron for over 100 years, from pre-Revolutionary days to approximately 1875. The first shipment of Lake hematite ore was made in 1853. It was a small shipment, transported by a sailing vessel and a canal barge, but it was the beginning of the end of the supremacy of the Eastern district, although at that time the ore was supposed to be too rich to be successfully smelted with the block coal then in use at western furnaces. The iron made from the first shipment of Lake ore was worked into nails by the Sharon Iron Co., at Sharon, Pa. The writer's great-grandfather, David Agnew, and his brother, John P. Agnew, owners and operators of the Sharpsville furnace, Sharpsville, Pa., worked the shipment through a furnace. Because of this, the writer feels some satisfaction in having been one of a group that solved the problem of making profitable an operation using Eastern district ores exclusively. With the development of Lake mines, and the production and use of coke, the Middle West district gradually assumed the position of leadership in production; because, even though the ores were transported 1000 miles by water and rail, its cost figure on pig iron was better than that of the eastern producer whose furnace was next to his mine. Such a cost figure was possible because the ore was naturally rich in iron and reduced easily. It was possible to carry a heavy burden on the furnace, which resulted in large tonnage and low coke per ton of iron. This paper is in no sense a technical one. The purpose is to show that with the proper physical preparation of the Eastern magnetites they will reduce as easily as the Lake hematites, and because of the high iron concentration give the Eastern producer just as much advantage as formerly he was at a disadvantage in comparison with the Middle West producer.

Jan 1, 1938

By C. E. Agnew

The Eastern district, composed of New Jersey and eastern Pennsylvania, with its native ores, was the cradle of the iron industry of the United States. The district attained and held the leadership in production of pig iron for over 100 years, from pre-Revolutionary days to approximately 1875. The first shipment of Lake hematite ore was made in 1853. It was a small shipment, transported by a sailing vessel and a canal barge, but it was the beginning of the end of the supremacy of the Eastern district, although at that time the ore was supposed to be too rich to be successfully smelted with the block coal then in use at western furnaces. The iron made from the first shipment of Lake ore was worked into nails by the Sharon Iron Co., at Sharon, Pa. The writer's great-grandfather, David Agnew, and his brother, John P. Agnew, owners and operators of the Sharpsville furnace, Sharpsville, Pa., worked the shipment through a furnace. Because of this, the writer feels some satisfaction in having been one of a group that solved the problem of making profitable an operation using Eastern district ores exclusively. With the development of Lake mines, and the production and use of coke, the Middle West district gradually assumed the position of leadership in production; because, even though the ores were transported 1000 miles by water and rail, its cost figure on pig iron was better than that of the eastern producer whose furnace was next to his mine. Such a cost figure was possible because the ore was naturally rich in iron and reduced easily. It was possible to carry a heavy burden on the furnace, which resulted in large tonnage and low coke per ton of iron. This paper is in no sense a technical one. The purpose is to show that with the proper physical preparation of the Eastern magnetites they will reduce as easily as the Lake hematites, and because of the high iron concentration give the Eastern producer just as much advantage as formerly he was at a disadvantage in comparison with the Middle West producer.

Jan 1, 1938

By C. E. Agnew

THE Eastern district, composed of New Jersey and eastern Pennsylvania, with its native ores, was the cradle of the iron industry of the United States The district attained and held the leadership in production of pig iron for over 100 years, from pre-Revolutionary days to approximately 1875 The first shipment of Lake hematite ore was made in 1853 It was a small shipment, transported by a sailing vessel and a canal barge, but it was the beginning of the end of the supremacy of the Eastern district, although at that time the ore was supposed to be too rich to be successfully smelted with the block coal then in use at western furnaces The iron made from the first shipment of Lake ore was worked into nails by the Sharon Iron Co , at Sharon, Pa The writer's great-grandfather, David Agnew, and his brother, John P Agnew, owners and operators of the Sharpsville furnace, Sharpsville, Pa , worked the shipment through a furnace Because of this, the writer feels some satisfaction in having been one of a group that solved the problem of making profitable an operation using Eastern district ores exclusively With the development of Lake mines, and the production and use of coke, the Middle West district gradually assumed the position of leadership in production, because, even though the ores were transported 1000 miles by water and rail, its cost figure on pig iron was better than that of the eastern producer whose furnace was next to his mine Such a cost figure was possible because the ore was naturally rich in iron and reduced easily It was possible to carry a heavy burden on the furnace, which resulted in large tonnage and low coke per ton of iron This paper is in no sense a technical one The purpose is to show that with the proper physical preparation of the Eastern magnetites they will reduce as easily as the Lake hematites, and because of the high iron concentration give the Eastern producer just as much advantage as formally he was at a disadvantage in comparison with the Middle West producer

Jan 1, 1938

By G. M. Ritcey

The concentration of metals in the solution, the .value of the metal being recovered, together with the flow through- put, may singly or in combination conbribute to the decision on the possible use of solvent extraction. Also, as noted earlier, the upstream and downstream aspects of the overall process have to be considered. The economic considerations may be divided into: 1. Capital investments 2. Operating costs Capital Cost The capital costs can be influenced by the following: 1. number of stages; 2. kinetics; 3. coalescence; 4. entrainment; 5. flow rates and ratios; 6. building requirements; 7. ancillary equipment; 8. environment constraints or requirements; 9. engineering design.

Jan 1, 1978