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To Install Waste Heat Boiler at White Pine White Pine Copper Co.'s smelter 18 miles southwest of Ontonagon, Mich., will have a six story high boiler utilizing what otherwise would be waste heat from a copper reverberatory furnace. Designed and under construction by the Babcock & Wilcox Co., the boiler will supply steam to a turbo-generator furnishing power for the projected development. The boiler will be in line with and following the reverberatory furnace. Using waste heat from the furnace in place of fuel for steam generation, about 50 pct of heat in the fuel originally supplied to the furnace will be recovered by the waste heat boiler. Exploration conducted over the past 15 years at White Pine, wholly owned subsidiary of Copper Range Co., has disclosed reserves of 309 million tons averaging 21.3 lb of copper per ton. Ore mineral is chiefly chalcocite (Cu2s).

Jan 5, 1953

NEVADA SECTION J. W. HUTCHINSON, Chairman, FRANCIS CHURCH LINCOLN, Vice-Chairman, HENRY M. RIVES, Secretary-Treasurer, Reno, Nevada W. H. BLACKBURN, E. A. JULIAN, EMMET D. BOYLE, JOHN G. KIRCHEN, FREDERICK BRADSHAW, C. B. LAKENAN, TASKER L. ODDIE. The formation of the Nevada Section was originally suggested by Professor F. C. Lincoln, who had discussed the subject with Mr. William L. Saunders when the latter was President of the Institute. Professor Lincoln sought the assistance of the Nevada Mine Operators' Association, whose Executive Committee constituted itself a Committee on Organization, and authority for the establishment of a Nevada Section to include the entire State was secured from the Board of Directors of the Institute. The formal installation took place at 10 A.M. on May 18, Mr. William L. Saunders officiating. The Honorable Emmet D.. Boyle, Governor of Nevada (and a member of the Nevada Section), made the address of welcome. On the afternoon of the same day, a technical session was held, at which the following papers were presented: History and Development of the Cyanide Process Charles Butters Virginia City Whitman Symmes Ore Deposition at Steamboat Springs Prof. J. C. Jones

Jan 7, 1916

By Wing L. Lew

LEAD, silver, and zinc, in quantities of economic importance are found in the Aguilar ore. The lead occurs as galena and the zinc as sphalerite and marmatite. The silver occurrence is more complex. Pyrargyrite and proustite have been identified only occasionally. Galena is silver-bearing and so are the various other sulphides, though to a lesser degree. The principal nonsulphide gangue minerals include calcite, quartz, wollastonite, rhodonite, and various calcium, aluminum, and iron silicates. A typical analysis of, the ore is: Pb, 11.2; Zn, 12.3; Fe, 4.4; Mn, 2.2; Cu, 0.15; S, 11.2; CaO. 7.6; "Insoluble," 50.1 percent; and Ag 263 g per ton. Crushing is done in three stages. The primary crusher at the mine is set to deliver about a 5-in. product. The crushed ore is then transported to the secondary crushing plant by a 3-km cableway where the general practice is to hold the product of the first Symons to about 1 in., and of the second Symons to about 1/2 in. When the ore is soft and rich the product of the first Symons is by-passed directly to the ball-mill bins. Dust control in the secondary crushing plant is effected by enclosing the dust-emanating sources and exhausting the enclosures with a Clarage No. 18 fan driven at 1300 rpm by a 20-hp motor. Use is also made of spray water at one or two critical places. Every effort is made to keep the air free from visible dust. Dust counts taken at the working places show dust concentrations of less than six million particles ner cu ft. The composition

Jan 1, 1947

By James C. Ray

DURING the summer of 1931, I spent four months in a study of the Willow Creek district, Alaska. This work was part of a general investigation of the territory contiguous to the route of the Government- owned Alaska Railroad. It was conducted by the U. S. Geological Survey to determine the real and potential merits of the mineral deposits, to stimulate development of them, and thus to increase the traffic on the Alaska Railroad.

Jan 1, 1932

Expect Labrador Iron Ore Shipments by 1954 Iron ore shipments from the Quebec-Labrador area are a "definite expectation" by late summer, 1954, according to William H. Durrell, general manager of the Iron Ore Company of Canada. About $120 million have been invested in the project, with a total of $200 million expected to be reached before a ton of ore is shipped, Mr. Durrell said. According to the general manager approximately 418 million tons of open pit highgrade ore have been proven in the project. Deposits lie several hundred miles north of the mouth of the St. Lawrence River in territory which was without transportation of any kind. Construction of a railroad from Seven Islands to Knob Lake, about 360 miles, is an important part of the development plan. The railroad will be the first to adopt complete roller bearing applications. Construction is on schedule with 215 miles of the route graded. Completion involves two tunnels through rock, one of almost half mile length, a 700-ft bridge and several smaller spans.

Jan 3, 1953

BOSTON. SECTION W. E. C. EUSTIS, Chairman, H. L. AGASSIZ, Vice-Chairman., E. E. BUGBEE, Secretary-Treasurer, Mass. Inst. of Technology, Boston, Mass. ALBERT SAUVEUR, H. L. SMYTH. The 37th meeting of the Boston Section was held at the Engineers' Club, on Monday evening, Oct. 2, 1916. Fourteen members and guests attended the dinner. The Society was fortunate in having present not only the announced speaker, J. G. Carleton of Marblehead, Mass., but also a brother member from afar, Thomas Warner of California. Mr. Carleton, who has spent the' past few years in South America, gave an informal talk on the mining of the precious metals on the South American continent. He drew a comparison of the geographical distribution of the precious metals in North and South America and pointed, out the similarity in the geological occurrence of the eastern mining, regions, mentioning particularly Venezuela and Brazil. He also directed attention to the fact that the great placers of the northwestern part of North America had their counterpart in the gold-bearing region of Columbia. The marked contrast between the southern end of North America, so rich in metals, and the southern part of South America, so poor in mineral deposits, was clearly brought out. It is difficult to avoid the conclusion that the South American Cordillera is less intensely mineralized, than the corresponding mountain.

Jan 1, 1917

National Steel Shuts Weirton Coal Operation Dutch Firm May Aid Ungava Project

Jan 7, 1953

SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA LOCAL SECTION Executive Committee THEODORE B. COMSTOCK, Chairman SEELEY W. MUDD, Vice-Chairman FREDERICK J. H. MERRILL, Secretary-Treasurer, 300 Germain Building, Los Angeles, Cal. C. COLCOCK JONES FRANK ROBBINS The February meeting of the Southern California Local Section-was held at the headquarters in the Chamber of Mines and Oil of. Los Angeles on Feb. 17, C. Colcock Jones presiding. Fourteen members were present. The subject announced was Ore Sampling. W. M. Watts opened the discussion by a general outline of the important points to be covered, in sampling a mine and the methods to be used in the various stages of the work. All the members present successively contributed details from their personal experience. The March meeting of the Section was held at its headquarters on Mar. 15. Twelve members were present, with Dr. Theodore B. Comstock in the Chair. The subject announced was Secondary Enrichment and all present took part in the discussion, Frank Robbins contributing a short paper on some observations in Central America. The next meeting will be held on Apr. 14, at which time the subject of Mine Accounting will be discussed. F. J., H. MERRILL, Secretary.

Jan 5, 1914

BOSTON SECTION ALFRED C. LANE, Chairman, GEORGE A. PACKARD, Vice-chairman, H. M. BOYLSTON, Secretary-Treasurer, R. L. AGASSIZ, FRED W. DENTON. The forty-ninth meeting of the Boston Section was held at the Boston City Club on Monday evening, Dec. 23, 1918. The meeting was preceded by an informal dinner at which 29 members and guests were present; three or four others came in later. The reading of the minutes of the previous meeting was dispensed with by consent.

Jan 2, 1919

BOSTON LOCAL SECTION Executive Committee HENRY L. SMYTH, Chairman ALFRED C. LANE, Vice-Chairman AUGUSTUS H. EUSTIS, Secretary-Treasurer, 131 State St., Boston, Mass. ROBERT H. RICHARDS ALBERT SAUVEUR Meets on the first Monday evening of each winter month, Twenty-third Meeting The Twenty-third Meeting of the Boston Local Section was held at the Engineers' Club, 2 Commonwealth Ave., on Monday evening, Nov. 30,- 1914. Prof. R. A. Daly addressed the meeting on The Iron Ores of Küruna; Sweden. AUGUSTUS H. EUSTIS Secretary.

Jan 1, 1915

COLORADO LOCAL SECTION Executive Committee CHARLES A. CHASE, Chairman S. A. IONIDES, Vice-Chairman C. LORIMER COLBURN, Secretary-Treasure, 614 Ideal Bldg., Denver, Colo. F. H. BOSTWICK, W. G. SWART. The annual meeting of the Colorado Local Section of the Institute was held at the Savoy Hotel, Denver, Jan. 15.- The Chairman, Frank Bulkley, presided and made a short address on the work of the Section. The following officers were elected:

Jan 3, 1915

SAN FRANCISCO SECTION T. A. RICKARD, Chairman W. H. SHOCKLEY, Vice-Chairman C. E. GRUNSKY, JR., Secretary-Treasurer, 57 Post St., San Francisco, Cal. E. A. HERSAM H. W. YOUNG. A meeting of the San Francisco Section was held at the Engineers' Club of San Francisco on Mar. 28, 1916. Dr. Bailey Willis, Head of the Geological Department of Stanford University, read a paper on The Relation of the Major Structural . Features of the South American Continent to the Mineral Districts. Vice-Chairman Shockley interested the Section with an account of his experiences in South America. Discussion was participated in by C. F. Tolman, Jr., A. C. Lawson, Frank Probert, and E. A. Hersam. C. E. GRUNSKY, JR., Secretary.

Jan 5, 1916

CHICAGO SECTION CHARLES H. MACDOWELL, Chairman, Luther V. DICE, Vice-Chairman, HENRY WT. NICHOLS,. Secretary-Treasurer, 164.5 E. 68 St., Chicago; Ill. ALEXANDER K. HAMILTON-, HENRY P. HOWLAND, GEORGE P. HULST, FREDERICK 1. SNYDER. There were 32 members present at the dinner of the Chicago Section which was held at the Chicago Engineers' Club on Friday Evening, December 22. At the meeting after the dinner, the Chairman called attention to the work of Mr. Hoover in Belgium and spoke briefly of the assistance which' could be given him through the Belgian Kiddies, Ltd. Mr. Alonzo Kinyon read a paper on "Burring Powdered Coal" which so interested the members that many of them participated in the long discussion which followed. Prof. Harry B. Pulsifier then described the metallurgical plants about Chicago. He mentioned briefly the equipment and interesting features of 30 metallurgical plants of importance and stated that there were also 200 foundries in the district. He said that when number, size, quality and diversity of the plants are considered, the Chicago District is justified in calling itself the greatest metallurgical center on earth. The paper was followed by a brief discussion in Which attention was called to some smaller and incipient plants of an interesting character. HENRY T. NICHOLS, Secretary.

Jan 2, 1917

By C. K. Leith, W. J. NEAD

(Glen Summit Meeting, June, 1911.) . ONE Of the most significant developments in the iron industry in recent years has been the discovery and opening of enormous reserves of low-grade ore in eastern and northeastern Cuba. The two principal fields are the Mayari and the Moa, situated on Nipe bay, in the Province of Oriente. A less well-known district of the same type is that of Baracoa, at the east of the island, and another is in Camaguey province in central Cuba. In the comprehensive estimates of the iron-ore reserves of the world, published during the summer of 1910 by the International Geological Congress in Sweden,' these Cuban deposits are estimated at about 2,000,000,000 tons. Certain it is that the reserve is a large one. The Spanish-American Iron Co., the Juragua Iron Co. (Bethlehem Steel Co.), the U. S. Steel Corporation, and others have been active in this exploration.. The Spanish-American Iron Co. has established a port for the handling of these ores at Felton, has built a railway 16 miles to the ore-fields, and has opened up deposits for steam-shovel mining. Its expenditures have reached an aggregate of about $6,000,000 in preparation for the handling of these ores. Shipment of the ore to Sparrow's Point, Md., has begun and may be expected to rise to a considerable amount in the near future. The ore reaches this point at a cost per unit of iron considerably lower than Lake Superior ores, and the presence of a low percentage of nickel gives a desirable steel. It is not the purpose of this article to consider these ores from a commercial stand-point, but rather to discuss their-origin. If our conclusions are correct, they throw light on the character of the deposits which should have some commercial significance. 1 The Iron Ore Resources of the World, an inquiry made upon the initiative of the Executive Committee of the Eleventh International Geological Congress, Stockholm, vol. ii., p. 795 (1910).

Mar 1, 1911

ST. LOUIS SECTION EUGENE MCAULIFFE, Chairman, J. N. HOUSER, Vice-chairman, VICTOR RAKOWSKY, Vice-chairman., H. G. WASHBURN, Vice-Chairman, W. E. MCCOURT, Sec'y-Treas., Washington University, St. Louis, Mo. H. A. BUEHLER, G. H. COx, L. C. GLENN, E. A. HOLBROOK, W. E. NEWNAM. The eighth meeting of the St. Louis Section was held at the Mercantile Club on Apr. 15, 1918. ,, The meeting was preceded by a dinner, at which 51 members and guests were present, and at which T. T. Brewster presided. Bradley Stoughton, Secretary of the Institute, and Major J. R. Fordyce were the guests of the Section. A number' of the Joplin members were obliged to leave before the close of the dinner, in order to make train connections. The Vice, chairman, therefore, called on Victor Rakowsky, who brought a message of greeting from the Southwest district. At the close of the dinner, the Vice-chairman, T. T. Brewster, introduced Bradley Stoughton, who talked on various subjects of interest to members of the Institute, especially the affiliation of local sections with those of other national engineering societies. The minutes of previous meetings were read and approved-and-the Treasurer presented a financial report covering the previous year.

Jan 6, 1918

BOSTON LOCAL SECTION Executive Committee HENRY L. SMYTH, Chairman ALFRED C. LANE, Vice-Chairman AUGUSTUS H. EUSTIS, Secretary-Treasurer, 131 State St., Boston, Mass. ROBERT H. RICHARDS ALBERT SAUVEUR Meets on the first Monday evening of each winter month Twenty-fourth Meeting The Twenty-fourth meeting of the Boston Local Section was held at the Exeter Street Theater, Boston, Monday, Jan. 4, 1915. The Chairman, Henry L. Smyth, introduced Mr. S. Le Fevre, of Mineville, N. Y., who presented an exhibit of moving pictures, illustrating the various operations of mining and milling iron ore as carried out at Mineville. Mr. Le Fevre pointed out, as the pictures were run off, the dangers of the various operations, and the precautions that should be taken to avoid or minimize these dangers. . After the exhibition of pictures, the members adjourned to the University Club, where dinner was served. At the close of the dinner and an impromptu recital by Mr. Weeks, the meeting was adjourned. AUGUSTUS H. EUSTIS, Secretary.

Jan 2, 1915

PUGET SOUND SECTION SIMON H. ASH, Chairman, I. F. LAUCKS, Vice Chairman, CHARLES SIMENSTAD, Sec.-Treas., 425 Lyon Building, Seattle, Wash. GLENVILLE A. COLLINS, JOHN N. POTT. The Puget Sound Section met at the Arctic Club, Seattle, Wash., on Jan. 20, 1917. Sixteen members and five guests were present. Dinner having been served, the meeting was called to order. A letter from secretary of Associated Engineering Societies was read, requesting payment of this section's assessment to the quarterly budget, and upon motion it was voted that the Secretary-Treasurer be instructed to pay this assessment. It was moved and carried that this section join with the Chemical Society in a meeting. At the, close of the business meeting, Mr. Asa C. Baldwin gave an illustrated lecture on the "Alaska Boundary Survey." On Feb. 24, the Puget Sound Section again held a meeting at the Arctic Club, 16 members and three guests being present. Chester F. Lee, as member of a committee representing this section in the joint council of the Associated Engineering Societies, reported that by lots it had been decided that the term of service of said committee would be as follows: Chester F. Lee, two years; George. Watkin Evans, one year. Following adjournment of the business meeting, Prof. Joseph Daniels, of the University of Washington, delivered a very interesting lecture on "Milling Practice of The Alaska-Castineau Mining Company." CHAS. SIMENSTAD, Secretary.

Jan 5, 1917

SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA LOCAL SECTION Executive Committee THEODORE B. COMSTOCK, Chairman SEELEY W. MUDD, Vice-Chairman FREDERICK J. H. MERRILL, Secretary-Treasurer, 631 Higgins Bldg., Los Angeles, Cal. A. B. CARPENTER C. COLCOCK JONES A meeting of the Southern California Local Section, in honor of the presence of Secretary Bradley Stoughton, was held at luncheon in a private dining room of the Sierra Madre Club on Friday, May 21, 1915, 27 members and guests being present. In the absence, through illness, of the Chairman, Dr. Comstock, the vice-Chairman, Seeley W. Mudd, presided. After the luncheon, Secretary Stoughton made a short address on the activities of the Institute. George S. Rice, of the U. S. Bureau of Mines, who was present, then spoke on the activities of his Bureau. Local Secretary F. J. H. Merrill gave a description of the activities of the Southern California Section and its progress, and reported the latter as substantial and its condition as very good. After some informal remarks by other members present the meeting adjourned. F. J. H. MERRILL, Secretary.

Jan 7, 1915

By A. Lubinski, C. R. Stewart, K. A. Blenkarn

Storage porosity has been considered one of the important pore geometry characteristics of heterogeneous-porosity limestones. Storage pores are only containers for fluids, in contrast to flow channel pores which both contain fluids and provide continuity for fluid flow. The concept of another geometry characteristic, "poro-striction", is presented as a second pertinent variable in describing limestone pore space. In simple terms, poro-striction is a measure of the flow resistance between storage and flow channel pores. Alternating-flow core-testing theory provides flow relationships which can be used to divide the pore space of heterogeneous-porosity media into flow channel and storage pores and to measure the "porostriction" of the latter. Experimental application of this theory to naturally occurring heterogeneous limestones shows that "porostriction" and the ratio of storage to flow channel pores can be estimated. Porostriction and porosity ratio are microscopic characteristics which should influence oil-recovery efficiencies during certain types of displacement processes. A knowledge of pore geometry should be valuable in designing or selecting the most effective oil-recovery process for heterogeneous limestones containing storage porosity. INTRODUCTION The primary and secondary recovery of oil from limestone (carbonate) reservoirs has been and will continue to be a major source of the world's supply of petroleum. Oil recovery from this type of formation is strongly influenced by the size, shape and arrangement of the pore spaces which hold the formation fluids. Therefore, it is expected that better knowledge of pore geometry would lead to design of more effective recovery processes. The concept of storage and flow channel pores has been presented as an important characteristic of limestone porosity.1 In this concept, storage pores are only containers for fluids, whereas flow channel pores are those pores which both contain and transmit the fluids. The work reported herein involves the concept of an additional pore characteristic called "porostriction". This characteristic can be visualized as the flow resistance between the storage and flow channel pores. This resistance is an important pore geometry characteristic because it determines how easily gas and oil can replenish fluids removed from the flow channel pores. Fatt and co-workers at the U. of California have studied the effect of storage porosity and a factor similar to porostriction on transient-flow response of models of porous media during a pressure build-up or drawdown test.55 These models consisted of porous sandstone cores with artificially simulated storage pores. It is the purpose of this paper to describe tests which permit the storage porosity and porostriction of actual reservoir core samples to be estimated. The tests used for this purpose involved not transient tests but, rather, an alternating-flow technique in which pressure and flow are varied according to a sine-wave relationship. This technique may offer advantages over transient methods. THE POROSTRICTION CONCEPT Before discussing alternating-flow (A.F.) tests in core samples, it is necessary to define the porostriction parameter. For this purpose attention is focused upon an elemental volume v representative of a porous medium having both flow channel pores and restricted-access storage pores. For such an elemental volume, it is considered that the storage porosity is combined to form a single pore and that the access into the storage porosity may be represented by a single capillary tube connecting the single pore to the flow channels of the elemental volume. Let the radius of the capillary tube be designated as Rc and its length as L,. When fluid flows into or out of the pore, the following equation (Poiseuille's law) relates flow rate q to pressure drop p, and the physical characteristics of the tube and the fluid of viscosity jx.

By K. S. TWITCHEEL

THE different lines leading out from the vocation of a mining engineer are,' perhaps, the most' varied of all the professions. The expedition sent by Charles R. Crane of New York 'as a gift to the Imam Yahia, king of the Yemen, Arabia, was probably unique. Mr. Crane made a visit, in January,1927, to the Imam Yahia at Sanaa, capital of the Yemen. He was received with the utmost cordiality and respect, as his friend- . ship for the ,Arab world is famous; He was 'greatly impressed by the desire of the Imam to develop his country. The Imam stated that he had heard that there were minerals in his country and that he would like to secure engineers to advise him about them and other natural resources.. This seemed such a practical idea, and so greatly appealed to Mr. crane, that he offered to furnish an engineering 'expedition. Naturally the Imam gratefully accepted. This expedition was to study (as far as possible in 'the limited time) the natural resources of the ,Yemen, advise the Imam of what these consisted, and make suggestions regarding the most practical methods for their development. As agriculture is always such a fundamental part of a country's wealth, I first went to Indio, California, to study water-well drilling and the date industry, and eventually arrived at Hodeidah, the principal Yemen seaport, on Oct. 21, 1927.

Jan 1, 1929